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In 1902, Alfonso XIII, son of Alfonso XII, was proclaimed king. During his reign, social

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and political conflicts in Spain happened. Strikes organized by labor unions took place

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due to the poor working conditions. The nationalism in Catalonia, Galicia and País Vasco demanded

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more autonomy. And there were, in Morocco, where many Spanish soldiers died, and Spain

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lost territories in North Africa. There were many conflicts between workers and employers.

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Employers hired mercenaries to take down the leaders of the workers,

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and the workers attacked the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

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King Alfonso XIII was shot with a bomb. This period is known as Época del Pistolerismo.

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Taking advantage of the social and political conflict, General Primo de Rivera led a coup

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in 1923. In a coup, a person or a group takes control of a government by force.

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Primo de Rivera established the military dictatorship. He abolished the constitution,

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he banned all the political parties, he also banned all the labor unions, limiting the freedom

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of citizens. He assumed all the power of the state.

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The King Alfonso XIII supported Primo de Rivera, but he wasn't part of the government. Primo de

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Rivera won the war with Morocco, and many roads, railways and other public works were built under

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his rule. But the population opposed his dictatorship and demanded more freedom.

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In 1930, Primo de Rivera lost the support from the King, as there was a lot of corruption

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he had to receive. The general elections were held in 1931. The political parties

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that supported the Republic won, and Alfonso XIII went to France into exile.