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So, for example, I don't know Manuel, could you explain the first reason?

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They were in a good geographical location.

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Exactly, they were in a really great geographical location. Why? Because Granada was surrounded by Sierra Nevada.

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00:00:32,299 --> 00:00:34,780
It was surrounded by different races.

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Can you hear me, Lou, and the rest?

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Yes.

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Could you close the microphones?

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Could you turn off the microphones?

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Okay.

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Because if not...

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Lou, can you hear me?

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Lou, are you there?

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Yes, yes.

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Okay, great.

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Yeah, we can hear you, but every once in a while,

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some words get lost.

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I don't know what happened today.

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We will try to do our best.

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So, Clara, could you explain the second reason?

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Exactly, the first reason was that the Kingdom of Granada,

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the Nargis Kingdom, was surrounded by different ranges.

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And that's why they managed to survive.

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Clara, could you explain the second reason?

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Clara?

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00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:47,439
It's that she got caught.

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Marta could you explain the second reason? Could you turn on the microphone?

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Juan Carlos?

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They had the support of the Muslims because they had access to the Mediterranean.

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So the Muslims came from North Africa.

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Exactly. They managed to survive also because they had many, many contacts with North Africa and they trade with them.

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And what was the third reason? Could you explain the third reason to me? I need a volunteer.

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Me.

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Who is me?

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The third reason, that the Muslims pay taxes to the Christians in order to get the peace and to not have war.

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Exactly. In this moment, Sara, Castile and Aragon were in crisis.

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They had some economic problems because it was the moment of the Black Death.

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So, both of them, Castile and Aragon, had problems, economic problems, and due to this

38
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social and economic situation, Muslims took advantage of that and they paid taxes in exchange

39
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for peace, because Muslims knew the situation that the Christians were having, and for this

40
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they reached a commitment with the Christians.

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They would pay taxes in exchange for peace.

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But who paid the taxes?

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Muslims.

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People who were living in Granada, the Nasrid Kingdom,

45
00:03:57,479 --> 00:04:02,479
paid taxes to the Christians in exchange for peace.

46
00:04:02,479 --> 00:04:03,479
Okay?

47
00:04:03,479 --> 00:04:04,479
Okay.

48
00:04:04,479 --> 00:04:07,479
And they managed to survive,

49
00:04:07,479 --> 00:04:14,379
managed to survive up to 1492 when the Catholic kings came to Granada and they

50
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finally conquered Granada. So today class we are going to pay attention to the

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most important building in the narrative art which was the Alhambra. The Alhambra

52
00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:35,519
was called like this. It was called the Alhambra which was the most important

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00:04:35,519 --> 00:04:43,920
building in the narwhal kingdom it was built during the time of the narwhal family so in the

54
00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:50,879
13th century and in the 14th century it was the moment when the alhambra was built and it was

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called like this due to its reddish reddish

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bricks reddish reddish due to the reddish color

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of its bricks okay this is the what the name

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of alhambra came from from its reddish color in its bricks and some ladrillos

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So, the Alhambra, as I said before, it was the most important building in the Nazarene Kingdom for different reasons.

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First of all, because it was a fortified palace.

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Why did the Muslims need to build a fortified palace?

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To protect themselves against who?

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Against the Christians.

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Exactly, that's why Muslims in the Nazarite Kingdom needed to build a fortified palace

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because they were fighting at that time, at that time they were fighting against Christians.

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That's why they built this fortified palace, which is called the Alhambra.

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Fortified area. It was a fortified palace because it was surrounded by walls.

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and why did the Muslims needed to build a fortified palace because they were

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fighting against Christians palacio fortificado fortified palace okay in

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00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:07,500
the Alhambra class there were two important parts the first one was the

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Alcazaba this is the Alcazaba the Alcazaba was built in the 13th

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century. It was built during the time of Mohammed I who was the first

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king in the Nasrid Kingdom and it was, as you can see here, as we might see here, it

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00:07:32,579 --> 00:07:41,019
was the fortified area because it was surrounded by walls, by towers. Here we

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00:07:41,019 --> 00:07:47,139
have the homage tower and it was very important for the soldiers, it was very

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00:07:47,139 --> 00:07:53,980
important for the soldiers because it was the place where the military

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garrison, la guarnición militar, it was the place where the military garrison was

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located. So the soldiers were here at the top of the mountain in Granada to

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protect the city and the palace against christians so it was very very you travel to granada

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you might understand very quickly this information because when the christians came from here from

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the mountains it was very difficult to conquer granada because the alhambra is in a high

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00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:37,879
altitude and it was easy to defend for the muslims because it was also surrounded by walls

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00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:40,840
It was a huge fortress.

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00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:44,279
The soldiers were here because here,

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00:08:44,279 --> 00:08:45,759
this is the Alcazaba,

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it was the place for the military garrison.

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Military garrison means la guarnición militar.

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Okay, this is the first part of the palace, the Alhambra.

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Do we have questions up to here?

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No?

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So, let's move on to the second part.

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Luis.

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Tell me, Maria.

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I was writing something in the chat.

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Who?

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Jose.

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He wrote fortified, right?

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Yes.

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That's fortified.

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Why did he ask?

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Fortified.

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It means fortified.

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Yes, I wrote fortified and 45 so you can see the difference there.

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oh thank you so much yeah no problem military garrison is a military garrison means

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the soldiers it's it so muhammad the first built the fortified area that was a military

106
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garrison for the soldiers no exactly brilliant muhammad the first was the first king in the

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Kingdom who commissioned, who put the money to build the Alcazaba, okay?

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What was the second part? We explained the first part which was built in the

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13th century and now we are going to move on very quickly to the Royal

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Complex, El Complejo Real, because remember there were two different parts

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in the Alhambra. The first one was the Alcazaba and the second one was the Royal Complex,

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which was built in the 14th century. This is the Royal Complex inside of the Alhambra.

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The Royal Complex, it seems another thing, but it was built with poor materials. It was

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built with poor materials because remember muslim people used to build their buildings with poor

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materials such as ceramics ceramics plasterboard plasterboard we are here they use poor materials

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such as ceramics, terámica, plasterboard, which means yeso in Spanish, yeso, plasterboard.

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And also, what about the ceilings? The ceilings were made of wood, madera.

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However, these bolts, it seems another thing, but they built these kind of bolts with full materials.

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They built this bolt actually with wood and they were called mucarna bolting.

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Can you write bolt?

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Bolt?

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Yes.

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Can you do it?

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Okay.

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I found out.

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You have seen this before.

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So, again, they built the Alhambra with rich or poor materials.

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materials, with poor materials, because they use bricks, ladrillos, we have seen this before,

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ceramics, ceramica, plasterboard, gesso, and the ceilings were made of wood. Actually,

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They built their ceilings using this particular bolt, which was called mucarna bolting.

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If you want to learn this word in Spanish, it was called cupula de mocarabes, mucarna

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bolting.

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And it seems very rich, Teresa, but actually, in reality, it was built with poor materials. It was made of wood. It seems stone, but in reality, it was built with wood.

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So, we are in the royal complex, which was built in the 14th century, so the fortified

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area was built one century before, and the royal complex in the 14th century.

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And the royal complex class was divided also into two parts.

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The Royal Complex, we explained before some general ideas,

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we explained the materials,

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but the Royal Complex also was built,

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as I said before, it was divided into two different parts.

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This is the first one.

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The first one is called the Comares Palace.

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This is actually, if you enter,

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this is the main entrance in the Alhambra,

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You are going to enter from here and this is the first palace that you are going to see, the Comares Palace. And the Comares Palace, it was surrounded by different rooms and all of them were organized by a courier, by a square.

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And this courier, or square, is called the Arrayanes Square, or the Arrayanes Courier.

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This is the Comares Palace, it was the public area of the building.

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It was the place, for example, to reach commitments, to sign treaties, okay?

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It was the public area of the building.

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The Nazareth kings used this part in the Komares Palace to sign treaties, to make some trade

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agreements, to make business with other countries.

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Tell me.

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Can you repeat the part that you say that it was surrounded by rooms and each one was?

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Yes, I will say that the Alhambra was divided, the royal complex in the Alhambra,

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the real complex in the Alhambra, was divided into two parts.

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The first one is the Comares Palace. This is the Comares Palace,

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which was surrounded by three different rooms.

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which were also organized by the Arrayanes Square.

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This is the Arrayanes Square or the Arrayanes Courtyard, patio.

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Here we could see the fountain and the gardens

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because you know that Muslims, Muslim people

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always build their buildings with gardens, with water.

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Why did the Muslim people build always their buildings with gardens

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and fountains. Hugo? Because they used to live in the desert, the water is like a treasure for them.

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Exactly, it was like a treasure for them. Yes, I couldn't agree more. So, the Comares Palace was

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the public area because they used this building to sign treaties, to receive ambassadors from abroad,

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to receive ambassadors from abroad,

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to receive ambassadors from abroad,

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to receive ambassadors from abroad,

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to make business, to sign trade agreements.

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That's why it was the public area, okay?

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And the most important room in this part of the palace,

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the most important room in this part of the palace,

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in the Comares Palace, in the public area,

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which was organized by the Arrayanes Square, was the Mexuar.

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The Mexuar, which was inside of this palace, inside of the Comares Palace,

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the Mexuar was the main room in the public area. This is the Mexuar,

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which is called also the Hall of Ambassadors,

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La Sala de los Embajadores, the Hall of Ambassadors.

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And why the mesuar was called the Hall of Ambassadors?

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Because in this place, in this room, we could see the throne for the, el trono, the throne for the Nazareth kings.

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And in this place, in this room, the Nazareth kings used to receive the ambassadors from abroad.

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This is the place, this is the room that the Nazarite kings used to make some business, to sign treaties,

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to reach commitments with other countries, with other kingdoms.

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That's why the Comares Palace was the public area.

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and inside of the Komares Palace, we might find the Hall of Ambassadors.

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And that was where they signed and all that?

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Exactly. Inside of the Hall of Ambassadors, inside of the Mexuar,

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it was the place for signing treaties, commitments, to make trade agreements with other kingdoms.

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Can you write treaty and commitment?

191
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:25,700
Yes, of course.

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Treaty, treaties in plural, commitments, commitments, compromises.

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Thank you.

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Okay.

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Luis?

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Yes.

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Can you repeat why in the Mexuda they signed the treaties and the communes?

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It was called like this, the Mexua, the Hall of Ambassadors, because in this place, it was the place, the room,

199
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where the Nazareth king signed the treaties or reached trade commitments with other kingdoms.

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00:20:17,690 --> 00:20:20,210
Sara, was it clear or not?

201
00:20:20,210 --> 00:20:21,210
Yes.

202
00:20:21,210 --> 00:20:22,210
Okay.

203
00:20:22,210 --> 00:20:23,210
Thank you.

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If it was clear, if everything was clear so far, we are going to explain now the other part.

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so only in the next one they were made the treaty commitment and the and when they received the

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ambassadors from abroad exactly it was the only public area of the palace this part only in that

207
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hole they made all of them exactly only in this part only the first part of the alhambra was the

208
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public area to receive people from from the street from outside okay because the other part the other

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00:21:14,670 --> 00:21:23,950
part were the private quarters and it was called the area of the court of the lion so now we are

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going to explain we explained before the public area and now let's move on to

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00:21:30,190 --> 00:21:38,029
explain the private area Maria and the two parts and asking say

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00:21:38,029 --> 00:21:46,990
hello que las dos partes de donde salen both parts came from the royal complex

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El Complejo Real. One thing was the Alcazaba. The Alcazaba was the fortified area and the other part, the most luxurious part, was the Royal Complex, El Complejo Real.

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but this part of the palace was divided into two parts Maria one part was the

215
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public area and the other part was the private area the public area was the

216
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part for people from outside from the street and the private area was the

217
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specific part for the king and his family that's why it was called the

218
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private area this area which is called the court of the lions and patio de los leones it was also

219
00:22:42,269 --> 00:22:52,910
the private area it was surrounded by different rooms they use it seems very rich i mean in terms

220
00:22:52,910 --> 00:23:00,910
of materials but they build this part also with pool materials because here we might see the

221
00:23:00,910 --> 00:23:05,910
the mucarna bolting, horseshoe arches, plasterboard,

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the ceilings were made of wood.

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It seems very rich, but in reality,

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they built their buildings with poor materials.

225
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And this part was private because all these rooms

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were only for the Nazareth king and his family.

227
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There were different private rooms in this part. The private area, as I said before, was organized by this square, by this courtyard.

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This courtyard, patio, was called the court of the lions, el patio de los leones.

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And if we see this part of the Royal Palace in D'Alhambra, we are going to find different and really beautiful rooms, which were called with different names. One was called the Avencerraje's room, the other one, the Two Sisters rooms, and the final one, the Queen's room.

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So now we are going to travel to all these rooms. This is the Avencerraje's room, really beautiful, due to its mucarna vaulting. Remember that it was made of wood. It seems stone, but in reality it was built with wood.

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This is the mucarna vaulting again in the Abencerraje's room and it was called like this, the Abencerraje's room, because this room was for the personal guard for the Nazareth king.

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This room was for the personal guard, a guardia personal, the personal guard for the Nazirite king.

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They were called the Avencerrajes.

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And actually, in this room, it became really, really famous because these soldiers organized,

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they organized, at some point in the history of the Nazareth Kingdom,

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they organized a revolt against the Nazareth King.

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And the Nazareth King at that time gave the order to kill all of them.

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And the Abencerrajes were the personal guard for the Nazareth King.

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And when they organized this revolt, this is only to know more,

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When the avencerajes organized this revolt or revolution against the king,

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the king gave the order to lock them up here.

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He locked them up here and he gave the order to kill all of them.

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Clara, ask me.

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That the avencerajes room was only for the personal guard of the Nazi king

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and he was living there or what only the soldiers the the very few the limited soldiers who were

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the personal guard for the narwhal king were living there in the private quarters because

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sometimes the narwhal king remember remember the power struggle remember the power struggles in

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the narwhal kingdom there were many many power struggles and for the reason the narwhal king

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was afraid of his own life and that's why he had a personal guard living close to him

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okay the other room the other room was the two sister room it was called like this

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because there was a myth behind another Nazareth king

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who used to have two different sisters

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who gave support to the Nazareth king.

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And for this reason, both sisters were living close to the Nazareth king.

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And this room received the name of the two sisters' room.

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They use the same materials, poor materials, the mucana bolting.

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And the final one is the queen's room with a view from outside.

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This is the queen's room and the Daraxa view.

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It was called the Daraxa view because from here we might see from outside

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And I don't know if you appreciate, but we have here ceramics, plasterboard, gesso, ceramics,

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poor materials.

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The mucarna vaulting is here also, and we might see from here different gardens, trees,

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muslim people value a lot the vegetation because they used to live in a desert

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this is one of the most impressive views in the alhambra they combine they combine this

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particular architecture with the trees from outside to give a better impression for them

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So, in the two sisters' room, they lived the sisters of the king, or were they the daughters of the king?

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It was called like this because two different sisters from a particular king used to live there,

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and for this reason, this room received the name of the two sisters' room.

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But other Nazareth kings used this room for their family.

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The name came from this.

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So these two sisters weren't from the Nazareth kings, they were from others?

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Yes, there was one king who was called Yusuf I.

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He then had a wife, and for this reason he wanted to live together with his two sisters.

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And in honor of his two sisters, he gave the name of the room in honor of his two sisters.

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But other Nazareth kings used the room for the rest of their family.

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But the name came from this particular story of Yusuf the First.

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It was clear or not?

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Yes.

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So with this, we have finished the Alhambra.

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We traveled today to the Alhambra.

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We explained the two different parts, the Alcazaba and the Royal Complex.

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Remember the fortified area and the palace.

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This is the area of the palace.

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But the area of the palace was divided in turn into two different parts.

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The public area, which was called the area to the Comares Palace, and the private area

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in exclusive for the king and his family, that it was organized, surrounded by this

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really really beautiful courtyard which is called the court of the lions okay I

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finish here