1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:07,459 In this video we are going to study the political system in the 18th century. 2 00:00:08,140 --> 00:00:12,359 We are not going to study the political system itself right now. 3 00:00:12,679 --> 00:00:17,739 What we are going to see is some political concepts, important political concepts, 4 00:00:17,879 --> 00:00:23,100 and you must know you do not need to study them for the exam. 5 00:00:23,100 --> 00:00:29,339 okay so you don't you do not need to study them but you must know them in 6 00:00:29,339 --> 00:00:34,679 order to understand the political system in the 18th century so the first thing 7 00:00:34,679 --> 00:00:38,600 is you need to understand that there are some political agents it means people 8 00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:43,619 that they are going to make political decisions the first ones are the 9 00:00:43,619 --> 00:00:47,700 monarchs you understand that this is an important political agent the monarchs 10 00:00:47,700 --> 00:00:54,539 in the 18th century are making political decisions secondly the cities remember 11 00:00:54,539 --> 00:01:00,700 there are political sister cities sorry there are political cities and in these 12 00:01:00,700 --> 00:01:10,379 cities they are administrating or organizing the regions the empires the 13 00:01:10,379 --> 00:01:15,500 different kingdoms so it means in the cities we are the cities are going to be 14 00:01:15,500 --> 00:01:20,900 another political agent most of the political decisions are made in these 15 00:01:20,900 --> 00:01:25,760 cities and remember in the city lives the bourgeoisie along with the king and 16 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:33,049 the nobility and clergy but basically the bourgeoisie and the third political 17 00:01:33,049 --> 00:01:37,930 agent is going to be the nobility and the clergy of course the most important 18 00:01:37,930 --> 00:01:42,409 one are going to be the monarchs but the cities with the bourgeoisie and the 19 00:01:42,409 --> 00:01:50,510 nobility and clergy are going to have also a political importance too okay so 20 00:01:50,510 --> 00:01:55,310 these are the three main political agents in the 18th century the kings or 21 00:01:55,310 --> 00:01:59,090 the monarchs the cities with the bourgeoisie and finally the nobility and 22 00:01:59,090 --> 00:02:04,549 the clergy apart from these political agents we need to talk about the three 23 00:02:04,549 --> 00:02:11,449 powers we have talked about these three powers since the very beginning okay we 24 00:02:11,449 --> 00:02:17,669 talk about the executive power we talk about the legislative power and also 25 00:02:17,669 --> 00:02:23,770 about the judiciary power so remember executive power means to make the 26 00:02:23,770 --> 00:02:31,830 political decisions legislative power means to issue the laws it means to 27 00:02:31,830 --> 00:02:41,289 create the laws the judiciary power means to evaluate if the population or a 28 00:02:41,289 --> 00:02:47,949 a person is following the law so the judiciary power means to judge to 29 00:02:47,949 --> 00:02:54,789 evaluate if someone is following the law or not apart from this we need to 30 00:02:54,789 --> 00:02:58,750 understand that there are some main institutions these institutions are 31 00:02:58,750 --> 00:03:06,189 going to be the monarchy okay the Parliament remember the monarchy is 32 00:03:06,189 --> 00:03:10,810 going to have in the 18th century all the powers the Parliament in some 33 00:03:10,810 --> 00:03:15,810 countries is going to have the legislative power and finally the judges 34 00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:19,930 that they are supposed to have the judiciary power if these powers are 35 00:03:19,930 --> 00:03:28,270 separated okay so in the 18th century we can find two main political models or 36 00:03:28,270 --> 00:03:34,750 the monarchy with all the powers that is the absolute monarchy okay the monarch 37 00:03:34,750 --> 00:03:41,870 the king with all the powers means absolute monarchy the parliament that means um 38 00:03:43,550 --> 00:03:50,189 sorry and the other option is these powers to be separated the executive only for the king 39 00:03:50,189 --> 00:03:54,189 the legislative for the parliament and the judiciary power for the judges 40 00:03:54,990 --> 00:04:01,789 okay so two systems or absolute monarchy means the king has the three powers 41 00:04:01,789 --> 00:04:07,610 or separation of powers that means the executive powers in hands of the monarch 42 00:04:07,610 --> 00:04:12,349 the legislative power in hands of the Parliament the judiciary power in hands 43 00:04:12,349 --> 00:04:19,370 of the judges so far so good ok let's see the following one we are going to 44 00:04:19,370 --> 00:04:26,689 see the type of state ok in this type of state we have two types or centralized 45 00:04:26,689 --> 00:04:33,509 power it means all the political decisions made by the monarch and in a 46 00:04:33,509 --> 00:04:41,029 specific city the capital city or the centralized power the power is not going 47 00:04:41,029 --> 00:04:46,910 to be in hands of the monarch completely is going to be in hands of the nobles or 48 00:04:46,910 --> 00:04:53,870 in hands of the different regions okay so it means centralized power the power 49 00:04:53,870 --> 00:04:59,769 is only going to be in hands of one person or one city, a specific place, or 50 00:04:59,769 --> 00:05:04,870 the centralized power. The decisions, the political decisions, are made by the 51 00:05:04,870 --> 00:05:10,990 nobility or are made by the different regions that compose the country. 52 00:05:10,990 --> 00:05:18,329 Okay, so this is the map of the 18th century. We are going to find centralized 53 00:05:18,329 --> 00:05:25,050 countries like Portugal with Lisbon as capital city, Spain with Madrid as 54 00:05:25,050 --> 00:05:31,990 capital city, France with Paris as capital city or Great Britain with 55 00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:42,069 England with London as capital city okay so four countries with a centralized 56 00:05:42,069 --> 00:05:49,089 power while we are going to find two countries with no centralized power it 57 00:05:49,089 --> 00:05:58,990 means Italy that is fragmented divided into different states or the Holy Roman 58 00:05:58,990 --> 00:06:07,629 Empire what is Germany nowadays that is divided into different pieces too Italy 59 00:06:07,629 --> 00:06:11,949 is going to be divided for example in the kingdom of Naples in the papal 60 00:06:11,949 --> 00:06:24,670 States, Tuscany, Venice, Milan, etc. Okay? And the Holy Roman Empire is going to be 61 00:06:24,670 --> 00:06:31,990 divided in these different regions controlled by the nobility. So what we 62 00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:36,970 are going to find is in these two countries there is not going to be only 63 00:06:36,970 --> 00:06:43,689 one king ruling the country so what we find is an emperor in this case in the Holy Roman Empire 64 00:06:44,250 --> 00:06:53,449 but he has to make the decisions along with the nobles it means the nobles and the king 65 00:06:53,449 --> 00:06:58,569 made the decisions and in Italy what we are going to find is different kingdoms 66 00:06:59,209 --> 00:07:06,649 where there is a where the nobility is making the decisions or in this case the kings 67 00:07:06,970 --> 00:07:14,610 But the thing is, in Italy we are not going to find only one king making all the decisions for Italy 68 00:07:14,610 --> 00:07:16,550 Because he's divided, fragmented 69 00:07:16,550 --> 00:07:21,509 And also here in Germany we are going to find only one emperor 70 00:07:21,509 --> 00:07:24,689 But the emperor is not powerful enough 71 00:07:24,689 --> 00:07:35,149 So the emperor must make the decisions along with the nobles 72 00:07:35,149 --> 00:07:36,910 Make sense? 73 00:07:36,970 --> 00:07:44,250 so that's the idea we are going to see how the nobility is really powerful in the countries that 74 00:07:44,250 --> 00:07:50,810 they are decentralized and we are going to see how the king is really important is powerful 75 00:07:50,810 --> 00:07:59,009 in the countries that they are centralized so portugal spain france and great britain 76 00:07:59,009 --> 00:08:06,490 are centralized countries with one king ruling the country in case of italy and germany 77 00:08:06,490 --> 00:08:13,629 or the Holy Roman Empire what we find is an emperor in this case with nobles and 78 00:08:13,629 --> 00:08:19,930 the nobles and the king together are making the decisions or in Italy the 79 00:08:19,930 --> 00:08:26,430 different regions are going to have or a king or the nobility controlling the 80 00:08:26,430 --> 00:08:35,070 different regions okay so centralized countries means a strong 81 00:08:35,070 --> 00:08:41,389 king and the centralized countries means a powerful nobility 82 00:08:41,389 --> 00:08:48,220 against the king okay so you can see for example here the 83 00:08:48,220 --> 00:08:51,820 holy roman empire and all these territories these small 84 00:08:51,820 --> 00:08:55,899 pieces are controlled by the nobility by different nobles 85 00:08:55,899 --> 00:09:09,019 counts marquises duchies etc while in italy what we are going to find is different territories 86 00:09:09,019 --> 00:09:16,620 kingdoms a republic another republic different counties okay another kingdom 87 00:09:18,220 --> 00:09:27,019 so what we are going to find here is a decentralized power because the nobility is more 88 00:09:27,980 --> 00:09:35,690 is stronger than the monarchy so that's the difference between centralized power 89 00:09:35,690 --> 00:09:46,450 and decentralized power you should keep in mind the idea of a Germany and Italy 90 00:09:46,450 --> 00:09:53,110 that is divided into pieces that is not a unified country because we will see in 91 00:09:53,110 --> 00:10:01,799 the 19th century how Germany and Italy are going to unify so let's begin with 92 00:10:01,799 --> 00:10:06,600 the political system we are going to see in the 18th century two main political 93 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:13,259 systems or a republic or a monarchy and when we talk about the monarchy we talk 94 00:10:13,259 --> 00:10:21,039 about two main types the absolute monarchy and the parliamentary monarchy 95 00:10:21,039 --> 00:10:26,700 in an absolute monarchy means the king has all the power the king has the three 96 00:10:26,700 --> 00:10:33,759 executive, legislative and judiciary. In a parliamentary monarchy, that is for 97 00:10:33,759 --> 00:10:40,799 example Spain nowadays, Spain in the 21st century is a parliamentary monarchy, means that 98 00:10:40,799 --> 00:10:50,200 the king has a limited power. It means the power is divided, there is a 99 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:56,360 separation of powers the executive for the king the legislative for the 100 00:10:56,360 --> 00:11:04,179 Parliament and the judiciary for the judges so these are the two systems we 101 00:11:04,179 --> 00:11:09,639 are going to study today the absolute monarchy it means the power is in hands 102 00:11:09,639 --> 00:11:17,019 all the power in hands of the monarch of the king and the parliamentary monarchy 103 00:11:17,019 --> 00:11:29,600 It means all the power is going to be divided between the monarch, executive power, parliament, legislative power, and finally, judiciary power in hands of the judges. 104 00:11:30,740 --> 00:11:33,720 So let's talk first about the absolute monarchy. 105 00:11:35,039 --> 00:11:39,419 You need to understand that the monarch is a noble. 106 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:44,860 But it's the most important noble, the most powerful noble in the kingdom. 107 00:11:44,860 --> 00:11:53,659 so when there is an absolute monarchy means that one of the nobles has controlled all the other 108 00:11:53,659 --> 00:12:01,299 nobles because it's the most powerful one is the one with more power so what we are going to see 109 00:12:01,299 --> 00:12:08,600 in the 19th century is that we are going to have these absolute monarchs finally because they are 110 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:15,100 going to defeat the nobility and control the social class so if we look at the 111 00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:21,919 map before in Spain in Portugal in France or in Great Britain the king has 112 00:12:21,919 --> 00:12:29,220 defeated the nobility however in those countries that the king has not defeated 113 00:12:29,220 --> 00:12:34,539 the nobility what we have is a decentralized country it means the Holy 114 00:12:34,539 --> 00:12:42,220 roman empire and italy so we talk about an absolute monarch that finally defeated the 115 00:12:42,220 --> 00:12:48,460 nobility and controlled the social class in order to have the absolute power all the power 116 00:12:51,340 --> 00:12:58,379 which are the characteristics of this monarch first he his power is going to came from god 117 00:12:58,379 --> 00:13:07,320 okay is based on divine right it means his authority authority came 118 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:19,860 from God so this monarch gets the power from God or at least he is 119 00:13:19,860 --> 00:13:29,110 supposed to acquire the power from God second the monarch is going to control 120 00:13:29,110 --> 00:13:35,909 three powers legislative that means issue the laws it means to create the laws executive power 121 00:13:35,909 --> 00:13:43,909 to govern the country and judiciary power to administer justice okay so it means an absolute 122 00:13:43,909 --> 00:13:51,029 monarch has defeated all the nobility okay first second the he is going to have all the power 123 00:13:51,029 --> 00:14:01,350 okay the three powers and his power is going to came from god okay is based on divine right 124 00:14:03,190 --> 00:14:09,750 what else well you have here Ruiz XIV you can see here the crown you can see here 125 00:14:11,669 --> 00:14:18,789 the stick that shows that he controls the power and the army along with the sword 126 00:14:18,789 --> 00:14:26,950 and what you see here is the boots with the heels, the shoes with the heels 127 00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:35,169 that explains or shows us that Luis XIV could ride a horse and if you can ride 128 00:14:35,169 --> 00:14:40,850 a horse is because you are part of the nobility of the rich people okay so he 129 00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:49,750 is giving us the image of an absolute monarch apart from this he is going to 130 00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:54,789 control a professional and permanent army it means it's a well-trained army 131 00:14:54,789 --> 00:15:03,309 and it's a permanent army it means he is not going to have mercenaries he is 132 00:15:03,309 --> 00:15:09,009 going to have a permanent army it means an army forever and this army is going 133 00:15:09,009 --> 00:15:18,559 to be professional they are going to be well trained okay he is going to 134 00:15:18,559 --> 00:15:23,279 establish also a centralized and efficient administration remember we were talking about 135 00:15:23,279 --> 00:15:28,539 the administration centralized administration absolute monarch okay all the decisions made by 136 00:15:28,539 --> 00:15:35,100 the monarch in the capital city okay the centralized monarchies or the centralized 137 00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:44,120 countries means the power is in hands of the nobility the king is not strong enough to control 138 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:53,039 the nobility and finally the monarch is going to collect the taxes from the non-privileged people 139 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,279 okay so the monarch is going to be able to collect those taxes 140 00:15:58,799 --> 00:16:04,240 however there is a real situation we are saying okay the absolute monarch has all the power but 141 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:10,960 the problem is the nobility and the clergy they have privileges so that they do not pay taxes 142 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:19,679 and they cannot be tortured so it means the king has not all the power okay completely because he 143 00:16:19,679 --> 00:16:25,200 cannot make the nobility and the clergy to pay taxes or he cannot torture the nobility and the 144 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:33,200 clergy okay so the king he's going to is supposed to have all the power but in the real situation 145 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:40,559 is he is not having exactly all the power because there are some limitations that they are the 146 00:16:40,559 --> 00:16:46,620 privileges of the nobility and the clergy so that the absolute monarch had 147 00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:54,539 an unlimited power in theory but a limited power in practice okay is 148 00:16:54,539 --> 00:17:01,139 limited by the privileges okay however you are he is saying or he's supposed to 149 00:17:01,139 --> 00:17:08,039 have an unlimited power all the power executive legislative and judiciary we 150 00:17:08,039 --> 00:17:13,720 We have some examples of this situation, for example in Great Britain the parliament is 151 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,619 going to limit the power of the monarch. 152 00:17:16,619 --> 00:17:22,420 The parliament is going to limit the power of the monarch. 153 00:17:22,420 --> 00:17:27,180 So in Great Britain we are not going to have an absolute monarch because the parliament 154 00:17:27,180 --> 00:17:34,099 has power and is limiting the power of the monarch. 155 00:17:34,099 --> 00:17:40,099 This is the Parliament, this is the Big Ben, this is the Parliament, and this is an inner 156 00:17:40,099 --> 00:17:43,660 view of the building. 157 00:17:43,660 --> 00:17:49,720 So here are the deputies, this is the Parliament, the British Parliament, and these institutions 158 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:57,180 limit the power of the King, in this case nowadays the Queen. 159 00:17:57,180 --> 00:18:02,400 The other example is the Holy Roman Empire, because the Emperor, if he wants to make a 160 00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:09,299 decision he needs to reach an agreement with the nobles okay remember the Holy 161 00:18:09,299 --> 00:18:13,579 Roman Empire is divided into different territories controlled by the nobility 162 00:18:13,579 --> 00:18:21,119 so the nobility needs to approve the decisions of the Emperor so we have not 163 00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:29,529 an absolute monarch in the Holy Roman Empire the last system is the British 164 00:18:29,529 --> 00:18:36,089 parliamentarism okay remember in Great Britain we have no absolute monarch and 165 00:18:36,089 --> 00:18:41,990 we are and they are not going to have an absolute monarch because the bourgeoisie 166 00:18:41,990 --> 00:18:48,009 and the nobility are going to carry out two revolutions one in 1641 and the 167 00:18:48,009 --> 00:18:58,769 other in 1689 so the king in 1641 and 1689 tried to be an absolute monarch to 168 00:18:58,769 --> 00:19:03,750 control the nobility etc and the Parliament however the Parliament the 169 00:19:03,750 --> 00:19:09,029 bourgeoisie and the nobility are going to revolt against the king in this first 170 00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:13,710 revolution the king is going to be beheaded it means they are going to 171 00:19:13,710 --> 00:19:20,309 execute the king in this second one they are going to elect a different king from 172 00:19:20,309 --> 00:19:25,950 a different dynasty so they are going to change the king in the first revolution 173 00:19:25,950 --> 00:19:30,609 they execute the king in the second revolution what they are going to do is 174 00:19:30,609 --> 00:19:38,190 to change the dynasty to change the king okay thanks to these revolutions the 175 00:19:38,190 --> 00:19:42,990 Parliament is going to have more power and they are going to establish the 176 00:19:42,990 --> 00:19:47,069 separation of powers it means executive power in hands of the king and the 177 00:19:47,069 --> 00:19:51,630 government chosen by the monarch legislative power controlled by the 178 00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:57,690 parliament and finally the judiciary power in hands of the free courts okay 179 00:19:57,690 --> 00:20:05,670 judiciary power in hands of the judges the free judges who is going to be the 180 00:20:05,670 --> 00:20:11,950 intellectual that proposed this separation of power John Locke this 181 00:20:11,950 --> 00:20:20,549 person here we will see John Locke again later on okay so these are the basic 182 00:20:20,549 --> 00:20:24,730 system political system in the 18th century you need to keep in mind these 183 00:20:24,730 --> 00:20:28,789 ideas okay in the British parliamentarism that means a parliament 184 00:20:28,789 --> 00:20:35,329 controlling or limiting the power of the king it means no absolute monarch okay 185 00:20:35,329 --> 00:20:39,990 they are going to cut the Parliament the bourgeoisie and the nobility carry out 186 00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:44,170 two revolutions against the monarchy because the monarch wanted to be an 187 00:20:44,170 --> 00:20:50,789 absolute monarch in 1641 they execute the monarch in 1689 they are going to 188 00:20:50,789 --> 00:20:54,289 change the monarch and they are going to establish this separation of power 189 00:20:54,289 --> 00:21:00,490 executed for the king and the government chosen by the king legislative power 190 00:21:00,490 --> 00:21:04,630 controlled by the Parliament and the judiciary power in hands of free courts 191 00:21:04,630 --> 00:21:10,210 or the judges remember the intellectual father it means the person that is going 192 00:21:10,210 --> 00:21:13,650 to propose this separation of power is going to be John Locke.