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So, let's start. Let's begin by explaining the end of the war in Europe, because liberation

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in Europe, the liberation in Europe, the liberation from the Nazis was hastened, fue apresurado,

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by the Normandy landings, which happened on the 6th of June in 1944. So the liberation

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of Europe, the Allies got the, the Allies, I mean the UK, the United States, got the

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liberation of Europe, the liberation of Europe was hastened by the Normandy landings, which

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happened on the 6th of June in 1944. We all know that when the troops from the UK, the

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United States, and also the Canadian troops, the Canadian troops were part in this important

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operation, exactly, invaded the coast of France, exactly, and the liberation of Europe began.

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So the liberation of Europe was hastened by the Normandy landings, which happened on the

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6th of June in 1944, when the UK, the United States, and the Canadian troops landed in

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France. But I'm going to explain, I'm going to explain the origin of this operation, which

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was called Operation Overlord, when the Allies landed in the coast of France. And I'm going

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to explain very, very quickly the Allied strategy. So how was the Allied strategy?

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The strategy, which was designed mainly by the UK and the United States. From the beginning

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of this war, the Allies tried to involve Yemeni in a two-front war. It was the main weakness

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in Germany. Hitler tried to avoid, from the beginning of this war, a two-front war, because

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he knew that if Germany had a two-front war, he would lose the war. And for this reason,

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from the very beginning, the Allies tried to involve Germany in a two-front war. They

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tried first in Italy. In Italy, they tried first. When Rommel retreated from Tunisia,

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he retreated to Italy. And we explained that the Allies landed in the spring of, from the

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spring, from the spring to the summer of 1943. The Allies thought that they might advance

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from the Italian, alongside the Italian peninsula. But actually, they were very, very quickly

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stuck. Estancados. They were stuck. They couldn't advance. And for this reason, this strategy

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to involve Yemeni in a two-front war, because the two fronts were here in the Italian peninsula.

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There was one front of war, and the other front was in the east, exactly, when they

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were fighting the Nazis against the Soviet Union. So, as this theater of war in Italy

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ended in failure, because the Allies were not able to advance in the Italian peninsula,

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they were stuck here. The defenses from the Germans were formidable, paramount. So, as

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they ended in failure, as the Allies ended in failure, they fought in another front,

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in another place to land their forces. And at the end of, I would say that at the end

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of 1943, in the Tehran Conference, at the end of 1943, the Allies very, very quickly

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changed the theater of war from Italy, and they started to prepare the future landing

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in France. I would say, as I said before, at the end of 1943. So, this is the picture

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of the landing on the 6th of June of 1943, when the troops from the UK, from the United

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States, and the Canadian troops landed on Normandy beaches. Here we have another picture

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of the coast of Normandy, when the Allies ended successfully this operation. Who was

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in charge of this operation? The Supreme Commander was General Eisenhower, from the United States,

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very important general later on in the Cold War, and he became later on a president in

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the United States. But the tactical general was General Montgomery, Monty, from the UK.

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They were planning to land on the Normandy beaches, instead of landing here in the Calais,

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and over to Calais, which was the narrowest point from Britain to France. The vast majority

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of the German troops were waiting from here, the invasion, because it was the narrowest

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point. But the Allies faked them, they tricked them, and they, in the overall operation,

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they designed the operation to land on the Normandy beaches. So, I'm going to explain

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in detail the operation in five different steps. We are going to study now in depth

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the Operation Overlord operation, but we have one question first from Alejandro. Alejandro?

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Was this kind of attack from Italy what they used in order to... I heard that there was

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an operation by the British to leave a body next to the coast in Spain, so that the Spanish

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government would find it and notify it to the Nazi government, and then so that they

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could think that they were going to land in Italy. Was this the main reason why they did it or not?

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Yes, yes. Thank you for the question. It was a very famous operation. It was called Operation

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Mincemeat. Operation Mincemeat. It was designed by the British exactly, and they

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left a dead body in the coast of Huelva so as to trick the Germans who were in the Iberian

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Peninsula. Because this dead body contained several papers which gave the information to

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the Germans that the Allies were planning to land in Greece instead of landing in Sicily,

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and they tricked the Germans because Hitler expected the landing from North Africa in Greece.

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But, as you know, Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Italy, took place in the summer.

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They tricked them, and the Allies thought that they were able to advance alongside the Italian

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Peninsula, from Sicily alongside the Italian Peninsula. But the Germans built here a very,

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very strong, formidable defensive network of fortresses which stopped the Allies.

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And later on, when the Allies managed to land in Rome in the Anzio operation,

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but it happened in January 1944, the Germans built another network of fortresses.

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This is the famous Battle of Monte Cassino. The Allies were not able to advance alongside the

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Italian Peninsula, and for this reason, the Allies finally made the decision to invade France

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instead of advancing alongside the Italian Peninsula. But this operation of espionage

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managed to trick the Germans because they were expecting the Allies in Greece instead of in

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the Italian Peninsula. Thank you so much for the question, and now we are going to explain in

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detail the Overlord operation in four or five different steps.

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Luis?

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Elena?

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Is that Bruno and Quique are saying through WhatsApp that they are not able to hear you

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or to see you, so they are not listening to anything.

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And the rest of you?

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Yeah, perfectly, in my case.

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All of you except Enrique?

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And Bruno.

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And Bruno. So I'm going to record the lesson for them, okay?

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Actually, I'm recording this lesson for them, and I'm going to upload this lesson in the future

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platform, and I can send the class after this class, okay? So say to them that they don't have

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to worry. So let's explain in four different steps the Operation Overlord. This operation

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had many, many obstacles because the Allies were preparing an invasion before. Actually,

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in August in 1942, 5,000 Canadians landed in the famous port of Dieppe. But this campaign,

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this operation ended in failure. Actually, less than half of the soldiers returned to their

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positions, and the other half died in this operation. But this operation was really good

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for the Allies to learn some lessons for the future Overlord operation. For example, they

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learned that they would rather invade beaches instead of ports. The Dieppe port was a port,

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and it was extremely fortified. And the Allies learned that it was better to invade an open

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beach rather than a port. This is the first lesson. The second lesson that they learned,

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it was that it's better to invade, it was better to invade a place with air superiority,

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because if you don't have air superiority, if you land many, many troops in a position,

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you are not going to get this position without air superiority due to the formidable defenses

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from the Germans. Elisa.

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What does shale beaches mean?

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Playas de esquisto, made of stones. They were made up of stones.

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Exactly. This is another lesson for the Allies when they landed in Dieppe. The beach in Dieppe

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was composed of stones, and it was better to land in some beaches instead of landing in shale

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beaches, made up of stone. I'm going to explain now the Allied plan, the Overlord operation,

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which displayed 1.5 million soldiers to the coast of France. Incredible, the figure.

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And the plan was based on the following. The Allies were planning to drop paratroopers,

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paracaidistas, behind the German line. The Allied plan was based on the following. They were

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planning to land paratroopers, paracaidistas, behind the German lines. Here we have the German

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lines. And what was the main goal? The main goal was to land troops here on the beaches,

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and also to drop paratroopers behind the German lines, because the main goal, the main aim was to

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reach a beachhead, una cabeza de playa. And once they took the beachhead, they would advance

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to the interior. In what direction? Up to Paris. But it was very, very difficult because the German

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defenses were formidable. They built the Atlantic Wall, and General Rommel, who was a successful

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general from North Africa, was in charge of the Atlantic Wall. Actually, General Rommel laid,

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pay attention, what amount of mines? General Rommel gave the order to lay. He laid one million

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mines per month. Incredible. So it was very difficult. I'm going to repeat it again. It was

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very difficult for the Allies to advance. It was very difficult for them because the German defenses

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were formidable, were paramount. Rommel gave the order to lay one million mines per month,

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but it was true that it was impossible to cover 3,000 kilometers of coast. So what was the main

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weakness for the Germans? That it was impossible to cover with troops 3,000 kilometers of the French

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coast. Elisa. The Atlantic Wall? Where was it? Was it like a physical wall or are you referring

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to all the barriers? I'm referring to all barriers or fortresses which were built by the Germans

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alongside the French coast. Okay. And also, Hitler gave the order to supervise this operation.

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Hitler gave the order to supervise the operation. So when the Allies landed on the French coast,

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Hitler gave the order to command their own troops. But the Allies knew this in advance and they

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landed during the night when Hitler was sleeping. And the German generals who were close to Hitler

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decided not to wake him up. So the answer for the Germans when the Allies were landing for this

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reason was very, very delayed and weak. Actually, as I said before many times, the Allies would

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prefer to have Hitler in power because he made many, many mistakes in the war. Elisa.

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Sorry, but I don't totally understand the second point. What did Hitler say?

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Hitler gave the order to command himself his own troops if one landing like this would happen.

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Okay. But due to the intelligence, the Allies knew that and they decided to start the landing during

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the night. So Hitler was sleeping and his main generals decided not to wake him up.

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And for these reasons, the German response was very, very weak because Hitler didn't know

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about it, didn't know about it up to the morning. And also another mistake was that the Germans

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were expecting the landing here in the narrowest point from Dover to Calais. And it made sense

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because it was the narrowest point and if the Allies landed here, they would be close to

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Brussels and to Germany. And the Germans thought and Hitler thought that the landing would take

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place here and the Allies made everything to encourage this idea to the Germans.

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The Allies made everything to convince the Germans that they would land here. Actually,

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they did two important things. They built a fake army here in the region of Kent, in the Kent

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region in the UK and General Patton was in charge of it. It was a fake army because they built

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tanks and soldiers made up of plastic to trick the Germans and they managed to trick them.

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And also the famous spy Garbo Juan Pujol from Spain, who was at that time a double agent for

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the British and for the Germans, but he was working mainly for the Allies. He was in favor

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of the Allied cause, but he was working also for the Germans. And Garbo gave the idea to Hitler

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also that the Allies would land in Calais. And Hitler trusted him. I strongly recommend this

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documentary about fortress operation and about Garbo if you want to know more about how Garbo

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managed to trick Hitler at this point. So what happened next? When the Allied troops landed in

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the Normandy beaches and when the paratroopers reached the beachhead behind the German troops,

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they advanced through Paris. Actually, they entered in Paris in August 1944. The Germans

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surrendered and the Allies released Paris in August 1944. Do we have questions? Alejandro was first.

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It wasn't the Spanish Volunteers Brigade the ones who liberated Paris?

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According to the myth, because it was a myth, the Allies gave the chance to the Leclerc

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Brigade, which took part in the Spanish Civil War, to be the first one to enter in Paris,

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because they fought against Nazi Germany and against General Franco in the Spanish Civil War.

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Then they left the country when the Republicans lost the Spanish Civil War. They were in a

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concentration camp in the southern part of France. This is true. But the French government

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gave them the chance to join the Allies during the Second World War. Some of them joined the

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Allies troops. And according to the myth, the Allies, Eisenhower gave the chance to them to

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enter first in Paris. But it was only a myth because the Allies were very, very mixed at this

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point of war. All of them entered together. To be honest, it's impossible to know who entered first

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because they sold us the myth that the Leclerc Brigade from the Spanish Civil War entered first.

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Thank you for the questions. Do we have more questions? No.

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So we are about to finish. All of this happened in Paris. The Allies reached the city in August.

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And after Paris, they went directly to Germany to release Germany. This is the beginning when

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the Allies were planning to bomb the Yemen cities. So as to force them to surrender. So

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after Paris, the Allies prepared an operation to bomb the Yemen cities in order to force them to

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surrender. And the most famous bombing was the bombing of the city of Dresden, the Dresden

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Bombardment, when in February 1945, more than 100,000 Germans died in this bombing. And as you

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can see here from the Gothic Cathedral, from the gargoyle, the city was completely destroyed.

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They were the British who were in charge of this bombing. They destroyed completely the city of

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Dresden. So as to force the Yemenis to surrender, but they didn't surrender and they carried on

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fighting. And what happened in the East? In the East, very, very simple. We're about to finish.

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After the Battle of Stalingrad, and after the Battle of Kursk, during the summer in July 1943,

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the Soviet Union carried on advancing from the East to the West. And actually, in August 1944,

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they were in Warsaw. They released Warsaw, the capital of Poland, Warsaw. And at this point,

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pay attention because the Soviet Union had 4 million soldiers and 4,000 tanks

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in order to advance from Poland to Yemen. So you will understand why they managed,

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they were the ones who managed to conquer first and to release first the city of Berlin. Antonio.

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So the Soviet Union took back Poland and all the territories that border Germany?

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Exactly. After the Battle of the Kursk, they released Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, then Poland,

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and also Romania and Hungary. So I will say that after the Battle of Stalingrad,

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after the Battle of the Kursk, the Soviet Union or the Russians released Poland, Romania,

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and Bulgaria. And from this point, they advanced directly to release Berlin. And they had 4

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million soldiers to release Berlin. That's why they were the first ones to release the capital,

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which was the capital of Yemen, the capital of Yemen. And what happened with the Allies?

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The Allies in March in 1943, they were stuck here. They were stuck, they were stuck here

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in the River Green, in this area between Bonn and Frankfurt. They were stuck here

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because they couldn't advance. Hitler, on purpose, destroyed all bridges in the River Rhine,

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the Rio Rin, the River Rhine, and the Allies were stuck around this area.

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They were fighting in the famous Battle of Riemagen, Riemagen Bridge, in March in 1943.

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Because they couldn't advance, Hitler destroyed all bridges except this one, but it was very,

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very difficult for the Allies to advance and to cross the Rhine. That's why the Soviet Union

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managed to conquer first and to enter first in Berlin. Okay. In April, we were in March,

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and now we are going to travel to April. In April, Mussolini and Hitler died. They knew that

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they were about to lose this war, and they decided to kill themselves. Hitler in the bunker,

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and also Mussolini. Mussolini was caught in the northern part of Italy. He was caught by

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partisans, Italian people who were against Mussolini. They were mainly communists.

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They caught him and they hanged him in the main market in Milan.

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They caught him with his lover, Clara Petacci, and both of them were hanged in the main market

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in Milan, and they died in the same month, okay, in April. In April or in May? In April, sorry.

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Both of them here, as you can see here in the conceptual map, died. Finally,

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the Soviet Union entered Berlin on the 7th of May. The Soviet Union entered Berlin,

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and on the 8th of May, it was when Germany surrendered, and it was the end of the war in

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Europe, but not on the Pacific Ocean. The war carried on on the Pacific Ocean

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up to September, but we will explain that tomorrow.