1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,160 In the last video we explained how the directory moved into the consulate. 2 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:17,280 So Napoleon became the first consul, ok? 3 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:23,240 Remember the directory was a 5 members government, the consulate was 3 members government and 4 00:00:23,240 --> 00:00:30,680 then Napoleon became the first consul of this consulate. 5 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:39,820 So we can talk right now from consulate to empire, ok? 6 00:00:39,820 --> 00:00:46,880 Because Napoleon is going to become the first consul forever, remember we will talk about 7 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:56,600 that forever as, it's something like to say the emperor. 8 00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:04,760 Well, the first thing he did when he achieved the government was pacification. 9 00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:12,560 He wanted to achieve the pacification implementing different type of reforms. 10 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:15,680 First of all he eliminated the most radical factions. 11 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:23,120 Remember the problem there was with the Jacobins and the Girondists, ok? 12 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:30,280 He eliminated the most radical factions, that was very important to end with this reign 13 00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:32,160 of terror. 14 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:38,360 He encouraged the return of the exiled nobility, remember the nobles who went out, well he 15 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:46,240 tried them to come back with their money, with their investments, ok? 16 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:53,600 Remember in this time it's the period of the beginning of the industrial revolution so 17 00:01:53,600 --> 00:02:00,440 it's important the nobles come over here to invest. 18 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:08,760 On the other hand we have the Concordat with the Holy See, the Holy See remember, the Vatican. 19 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:16,480 Well he recognized the catholic faith in France but with some agreements. 20 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:23,640 The church would not reclaim the lands confiscated during the revolution so this is important. 21 00:02:23,640 --> 00:02:31,680 So they could recognize the catholic faith but the church couldn't reclaim the confiscated 22 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:35,520 lands. 23 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:41,120 But there were other reforms, very important reforms. 24 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:43,120 Let's talk about the internal reforms. 25 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:49,520 First of all, civil code, which is going to be very important. 26 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:55,760 In 1804 the civil code was based on revolutionary principles. 27 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:56,760 What does it mean? 28 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:03,400 Well, equality, remember, equality, everyone is equal in the eyes of the law, that means 29 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:14,120 that the nobles didn't have more rights or privileges than the rest of the people anymore. 30 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:20,960 We can talk about the right of property and economic freedom and of course the separation 31 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:22,960 of church and state, ok? 32 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:25,660 This is going to be very important. 33 00:03:25,660 --> 00:03:31,520 Remember the power of the church during the old regime. 34 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:38,720 Well, another important reform was to create a system of public welfare assistance. 35 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:46,640 This is going to be very important and it's kind of the basis or the beginning of what 36 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:49,280 we have today. 37 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,920 Same as the public education, ok? 38 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:57,680 So this is going to be very important because then many of the countries are going to adapt 39 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,920 these reforms. 40 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:11,600 Then he created many monuments to promote the regime. 41 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:19,960 Well, thanks to these reforms he did, his popularity increased, so at the end, he is 42 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:29,960 what I told you before, he was elected to be the first consul for life, ok? 43 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:33,800 So he would become the emperor forever, ok? 44 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:42,040 Well, time to talk about the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1805-1815, this is very important 45 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:43,040 to remember. 46 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:48,840 Now, Napoleon intended to build an empire in Europe and France. 47 00:04:48,840 --> 00:04:56,720 He managed to control a large portion of Western Europe, we will see the map in the next slide. 48 00:04:56,720 --> 00:05:04,000 He conducted several victorious campaigns in Austerlitz, in Ulm, Jena, well, in many 49 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:05,000 places. 50 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:08,600 Well, there was an exception, an important exception. 51 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:15,160 Great Britain defeated the French several times, especially in the Battle of Trafalgar 52 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:17,280 in 1805. 53 00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:25,440 Well, they created a continental blockade against the United Kingdom. 54 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:31,640 No country could trade with Great Britain. 55 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:37,800 There were some exceptions. 56 00:05:37,800 --> 00:05:46,640 Some countries cheated this blockade and that was an excuse for France to attack them. 57 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:54,160 It's what happened to Portugal and that's the reason they crossed through Spain to go 58 00:05:54,160 --> 00:06:01,760 to Portugal and then he managed to conquer or to invade Spain. 59 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:05,160 We will talk about that. 60 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:10,360 In the conquered countries, the government was given to members of Napoleon's family 61 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:15,360 what happened in Spain, for example. 62 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:24,080 But the most important thing of this conquers or this occupation of all these countries 63 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:30,320 in Europe is that he introduced a revolutionary or the revolutionary ideas. 64 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:35,880 So it was like the seed of the liberalism. 65 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:45,720 So in the future, these ideas, these seeds will become revolutions all over Europe. 66 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:52,280 Well, he also produced new constitution in all these countries. 67 00:06:52,280 --> 00:07:00,880 He also established the Napoleonic civil code, the one we saw just two slides before. 68 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:04,120 And at the end, he abolished seniorial rights. 69 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:08,080 This means the old regime. 70 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:12,760 So he abolished the old regime and this is seniorial rights. 71 00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:18,600 At the end, however, French domination in the occupied countries provoked nationalist 72 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:22,600 movements that fought against the foreign invasion. 73 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:30,160 So these nationalist movements just didn't agree with the French invasion, even if these 74 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:41,720 ideas were good for them because it was the transition or the end of the old regime, which 75 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:48,160 was good for the commoners and for the bourgeois classes. 76 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:57,440 Well, 15 years later, just 15 years later, we can talk about the fall of Napoleon. 77 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:02,320 Well, the French domination was not accepted and strong nationalist movements. 78 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:09,440 Remember these nationalist movements because they are going to be very important in the future. 79 00:08:11,080 --> 00:08:18,320 These nationalist movements appear in many of the regions of Europe, not just against the 80 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:27,520 French, that it was just the spark, but for many other reasons, nationalist ideas. 81 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:36,880 OK, well, after the failure of the Grand Armée in Russia in 1812 and also the defeat on the 82 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:43,680 Iberian Peninsula, important in 1814, a coalition of countries formed by the United Kingdom, 83 00:08:43,680 --> 00:08:46,760 Austria, Prussia and Russia entered in Paris. 84 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:54,440 Well, in this moment, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba and the monarchy, the 85 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:59,960 monarchy was reestablished in France with Louis XVIII. 86 00:09:00,680 --> 00:09:16,560 OK, now for this time, we have Napoleon exiled in Elba and Louis XVIII in Paris. 87 00:09:16,640 --> 00:09:25,440 OK, so there is something like a restoration just for 100 days, actually. 88 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,640 OK, then let's see what is going on. 89 00:09:29,560 --> 00:09:37,400 Exactly, Napoleon escaped, escaped from Elba and he restored the power just 100 days after 90 00:09:37,560 --> 00:09:40,080 he was exiled in Elba. 91 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:50,000 But just once he got the power of the of the army, he was defeated once again in Waterloo, 92 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:51,280 in Belgium, Waterloo. 93 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:59,560 And at the end, he was exiled in the island of Saint Helena, much more far away in the 94 00:09:59,560 --> 00:10:01,320 middle of the Atlantic Ocean. 95 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:06,680 Check where this Elba or Saint Helena was. 96 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:10,120 Let's, oops, let's move to it. 97 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:19,120 Well, as you can see, Saint Helena is just right here in the middle of the ocean. 98 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:32,560 If we go right here, Saint Helena, it was much more difficult to escape from there. 99 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:41,200 So at the end of the Napoleonic Empire, we have a period that is called the restoration, 100 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:47,800 la restauración, the restoration of the old regime and the restoration of the old 101 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:50,840 monarchies of the different countries of Europe. 102 00:10:51,560 --> 00:10:59,800 So Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia tried to restore absolutism again to rebuild 103 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,640 the map of Europe in the Congress of Vienna. 104 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:09,280 So the Congress of Vienna is going to organize the map of Europe again. 105 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:12,240 They want to to control. 106 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:25,360 So they want to create an agreement so no country becomes too powerful. 107 00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:32,280 So they want to manage a balance between the power of the different countries of 108 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:39,480 Europe. Well, this Congress of Vienna are going to restore the borders to the ones 109 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:45,400 there were before the French occupations. 110 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:49,200 Then they're going to depose the monarchs they were reinstated. 111 00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:55,400 Remember those ones that Napoleon put into the government of the different countries? 112 00:11:55,760 --> 00:12:04,880 Well, and they decided that international questions should be discussed at diplomatic 113 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:07,440 conferences before going to war. 114 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:14,440 This is quite a good thing because they are trying to manage the differences peacefully, 115 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:16,120 or at least they try to. 116 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:22,880 And then there is something very important, especially to Spain, not just Spain, but 117 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:28,480 other countries. But to Spain was very important that they decided that foreign 118 00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:34,880 intervention would be allowed in the case of revolution because revolution was their 119 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:37,600 main enemy. 120 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,320 OK, the enemy was the revolution. 121 00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:47,760 So they were going to act in any country that the revolution appear. 122 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:50,720 That that happened to Spain. 123 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:52,440 OK, that happened to Spain. 124 00:12:52,440 --> 00:12:55,720 That's why I say it was going to be important. 125 00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:03,080 Well, despite the return of the absolutism, the ideology, the ideology of the French 126 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:04,480 Revolution has a spirit. 127 00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:12,080 Remember about the seat I told you before, the ideology, the ideas of the liberalism 128 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:19,960 spirit started to be defended by the middle classes, especially the bourgeois and even 129 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:24,600 the communists, of course, in different European countries. 130 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:32,880 So the seat of the Napoleonic Empire and the French Revolution was very good, at 131 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:40,920 least to spread the ideas of what ideas the liberalism and what this liberalism 132 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:47,880 proclaimed. Individual freedom, remember, and this liberalism, if you remember, it 133 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:53,640 was against the absolute monarchy and this liberalism also demanded constitution and 134 00:13:53,640 --> 00:14:01,520 this constitution, if you remember, declared the separation of powers, parliamentary 135 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:04,280 representation and religious tolerance. 136 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:08,760 That means that they could believe in whatever religion they wanted. 137 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:21,040 OK, but during this restoration, the liberalism was forbidden, even the seat was 138 00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:30,480 there. So there will be several revolutions to restore the liberalism. 139 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:40,720 OK, so we can talk about revolutionary waves, OK, revolutionary waves in the 20s, in 140 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:43,640 the 30s and in the 1848. 141 00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:45,680 OK, this is going to be very important. 142 00:14:46,040 --> 00:14:52,400 Well, in the 20s, in several countries appear anti-absolutist movements, like in 143 00:14:52,400 --> 00:15:00,080 Spain, in Portugal, in Piedmont, which is right here in the north of Italy, also in 144 00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:05,680 Greece and Naples, which is another state, independent state in the south of Italy. 145 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:11,400 Well, the monarchs of these territories had to accept, they didn't want to, but they 146 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,120 had to accept the proclamation of constitution. 147 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,960 OK, why? Because there were revolutionary movements. 148 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:22,760 OK, so the people uprise against this absurdism. 149 00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:33,520 So they proclaim the liberalism and the monarch had to write or had to sign up and 150 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:34,960 accept a constitution. 151 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:47,440 But as we talk about just before, the Congress of Vienna attacked, sent the army 152 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:54,560 against these movements, these anti-absolutist movements, this revolution. 153 00:15:54,880 --> 00:16:01,840 So that's why this wave of revolutions in these countries failed. 154 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:03,240 OK, they failed. 155 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:09,400 And monarchies and absolutism were established again. 156 00:16:10,440 --> 00:16:13,720 So let's talk about the 30s now. 157 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:25,520 Well, the wave of revolution, the revolution of the 30s began in France, especially when 158 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:34,160 the liberal revolution deposed Charles X, who wanted to go back to something, to the 159 00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:36,600 hardest way of old regime. 160 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:39,120 Well, so people didn't accept. 161 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:46,280 At the end, they tried to kill him, but he could to flee to England. 162 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:54,080 Well, he was replaced by Louis-Philippe d'Orleans, who accepted to create a 163 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:55,960 constitutional monarchy. 164 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,520 That's why he agreed to write a constitution. 165 00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:10,000 Well, this wave extended to Belgium, to Spain, Portugal, Poland and other countries of 166 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:17,080 Europe. Once in power, the liberals became conservatives. 167 00:17:17,080 --> 00:17:23,840 The liberals who were the bourgeois, the bourgeoises, they became conservatives and 168 00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:29,240 they limit rights and liberties and they established census suffrage. 169 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:32,000 That means that just the wealthy people could vote. 170 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:40,480 So just was very good for the upper classes, but not for the commoners, not for the rest 171 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:49,520 of the people. Well, then we have the one of the most important wave of revolution in 172 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:50,800 1848. 173 00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,720 This had a stronger popular support. 174 00:17:55,480 --> 00:18:00,000 In France, the Second Republic is proclaimed. 175 00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:09,440 This is going to be important in Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Germanic 176 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,200 Confederation and several Italian states. 177 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:21,560 These movements proclaim in all these territories, they proclaim popular sovereignty, 178 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:27,000 which we have been talking about quite a lot, universal male suffrage, we have been 179 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,440 talking about this quite a lot, social equality. 180 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:35,480 We have been talking about this very much and more civil rights. 181 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:37,760 So that means liberalism. 182 00:18:40,120 --> 00:18:46,880 OK, as the movements became more radical, the middle class established conservative 183 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:48,360 liberal regimes. 184 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:51,720 OK, the middle class established conservative liberal regimes. 185 00:18:54,360 --> 00:18:55,400 And what does it mean? 186 00:18:56,840 --> 00:19:06,320 They tried, they achieved to create the liberalism, but they were further on 187 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:13,000 conservative. They want to, they didn't want to keep moving forward to achieve more 188 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:20,240 rights for the people, especially for the low class or the lower class people, the 189 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:21,560 workers, the peasants. 190 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:32,480 This is just what the bourgeoisie wanted, what the bourgeoisie wanted, which was to 191 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:39,200 achieve not just the economical power, but also the political power. 192 00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:40,400 They got it right now. 193 00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:46,320 And from now on, now, once they have the political power and the economical power, 194 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:48,560 they become conservatives. 195 00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:58,120 Well, the consequences of these liberal revolutions, well, in most of these Western 196 00:19:58,120 --> 00:20:04,560 countries, they adopted constitutions, important, they adopted universal male suffrage. 197 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:12,840 Be careful with this because they are going to fight quite a lot to achieve the 198 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:21,600 universal male suffrage because they are going to move through different type of this 199 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:26,840 census suffrage until they reach the universal male suffrage. 200 00:20:27,480 --> 00:20:33,600 And then they are going to adopt these liberal ideas in most of these countries. 201 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:39,680 On the other hand, we have the Central and Eastern Europe, which they cannot manage to 202 00:20:39,680 --> 00:20:44,640 adopt all these improvements they did in the in the Western Europe. 203 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,960 They achieve all the things, not very much. 204 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:54,920 For example, the serfdom was abolished, OK? 205 00:20:56,440 --> 00:21:02,840 It was abolished in paper, but in real life, they continue until the 20th century. 206 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:09,560 And all the new democratic ideas spread during the second half of the century. 207 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:11,520 They spread, but they didn't apply them. 208 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:18,440 So at the end, the Central and Eastern Europe, they were still living in the old regime. 209 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:26,240 OK, and this is the last part of this video.