0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,000 Okay, we are here in the year 1941, okay, but before that, before that, we are going 1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:13,000 to explain some knowledge to our teaching assistants. 2 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:20,000 We are going to explain, for example, what happened in the Battle of Britain, what happened 3 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:25,000 in North Africa and in the Balkans. 4 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:30,000 For example, why not, Lara is going to explain what happened in the Battle of Britain. 5 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:36,000 Could you explain to Lu what happened in the Battle of Britain, Lara? 6 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:47,000 So, you're talking about when Great Britain, sorry, when Germany tried to attack the Balkans 7 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:50,000 and Italy and all that, right? 8 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:51,000 Yes. 9 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:52,000 Okay. 10 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:53,000 Only about the Battle of Britain. 11 00:00:53,000 --> 00:01:04,000 Okay, so in 1940, in autumn, Hitler was planning to attack the Soviet Union while Mussolini 12 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:14,000 was going to attack the Balkans, but finally, Mussolini was not able to conquer and invade 13 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:15,000 the Balkans. 14 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:25,000 So in April, Germany launched another attack in Belgrade and managed to conquer in June 15 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:28,000 Yugoslavia and Greece. 16 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:36,000 So why he attacked the Balkans, the reason why he attacked the Balkans was because the 17 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:45,000 kind of like a decision taken between Italy and Germany was not fulfilled from the part 18 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:50,000 of Italy of conquering the Balkans. 19 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:58,000 He was planning from autumn 1940 to spring 1941 to the operation of Barbarossa, of attacking 20 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:00,000 the Soviet Union. 21 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:08,000 So in order to do that, he didn't want to have an enemy behind, so it was easier. 22 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:15,000 That's why he decided to conquer himself the Balkans and finally, as I said, conquer Yugoslavia 23 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:16,000 and Greece. 24 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:17,000 Exactly. 25 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:18,000 It was brilliant, Lara. 26 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:26,000 Due to the Italian failure, exactly, Hitler launched an attack on the Balkans and it was 27 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:30,000 true that he conquered the Balkans, but he lost time. 28 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:37,000 The campaign against the Soviet Union, Barbarossa operation was delayed, exactly, and it was 29 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:43,000 one important mistake in war for the Axis, for the Italians and the Germans. 30 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,000 Well done. 31 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:45,000 I give you a positive in asking questions. 32 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:46,000 Thank you. 33 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:59,000 And now, for example, for example, yes, why not Alaya is going to explain the importance 34 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:04,000 of North Africa or the Battle of Britain, choose one. 35 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:11,000 Why North Africa and the Battle of Britain were so important in this war? 36 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:15,000 The importance of Africa. 37 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:24,000 Africa was very important because when Germany, I think, when Germany discovered the, when 38 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:35,000 Germany moved the war to North Africa, after the Battle of Britain, yes, because lots of 39 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:44,000 English allies were living there, in Libya and Egypt, and they moved there the war because 40 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:52,000 they also wanted some territories there, because they wanted, they needed oil and they would 41 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,000 get it if they conquered that countries. 42 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:56,000 Yeah, man. 43 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:59,000 They needed oil, exactly. 44 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:05,000 They ran out of petrol, oil, and that's why Hitler moved the war to North Africa to get 45 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:13,000 all these resources, was to take over North Africa and get the important resources in 46 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:14,000 the Middle East. 47 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:15,000 Well done. 48 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:19,000 And the other reason, do you remember the other reason why Hitler moved his troops to 49 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:20,000 North Africa? 50 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:24,000 To avoid something, to avoid something important. 51 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,000 To avoid an alliance? 52 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,000 To avoid... 53 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:32,000 No clue. 54 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,000 Carlos Verdasco, do you remember? 55 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:36,000 Carlos? 56 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:48,000 I don't remember, but as Alaya has said, I think only about the petrol and for resources. 57 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:50,000 Yes, exactly. 58 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:51,000 You are right. 59 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:56,000 Alejandro raised his hand before, Alejandro Azeituno. 60 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:58,000 Do you remember, Alejandro? 61 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:06,000 They wanted to prevent an Allied landing in Egypt because it had been a colony of Great 62 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:10,000 Britain or had a special relationship with Great Britain. 63 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,000 Well done, but not only in Egypt. 64 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,000 And in Libya as well, right? 65 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:20,000 Libya as well, and also in Morocco, exactly. 66 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:27,000 That's why Hitler moved his troops to North Africa to avoid an Allied landing in Morocco, 67 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:29,000 Libya, and also Egypt. 68 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:30,000 Well done. 69 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,000 I'm really happy that you are studying. 70 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:33,000 Well done. 71 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,000 And could you explain to us the importance of the Battle of Britain? 72 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,000 Someone, raise your hand if you know. 73 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:43,000 Elena, thank you so much. 74 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:49,000 Could you open your microphone, Elena? 75 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:50,000 Sorry. 76 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:51,000 No problem. 77 00:05:51,000 --> 00:06:01,000 Yeah, so Germany tried to invade Great Britain and started to bomb the cities and the ports 78 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,000 of Great Britain in the Battle of Britain. 79 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:08,000 But they made some mistakes, so finally this operation ended in failure. 80 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:15,000 And the mistakes were that, well, not mistakes, but they didn't take into account some things. 81 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:25,000 And the first thing was that the Royal Air Force of Great Britain was much more powerful 82 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:32,000 because they had the hurricane and the Spitfire, and also their technology was more advanced 83 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:34,000 so they could produce more planes than them. 84 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:35,000 Perfect. 85 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:43,000 And also another reason was that the British had a radar and they could detect the attacks 86 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:47,000 that Germany wanted to do to them. 87 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:48,000 Yes. 88 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:57,000 And also because of the ultra-operation, because of the radio, yeah, because of the British intelligence. 89 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:03,000 Yes, because the British intelligence in the ultra-operation from Bletchley Park deciphered 90 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:09,000 the silence from the NIMA machine, the Yemeni NIMA machine. 91 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:11,000 Well done. 92 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:12,000 Well done. 93 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,000 And Hitler ended in failure. 94 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:20,000 In the Battle of Britain, Hitler changed his tactic over Britain. 95 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,000 It was the beginning of what? 96 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,000 Raise your hand if you know. 97 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:27,000 Mario Guijarro, for example. 98 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,000 Open your microphone, Mario. 99 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:42,000 For example, the Yemeni question, because it was at the peak. 100 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,000 Sorry, we can't hear. 101 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:46,000 It's a little hard to hear, yeah. 102 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,000 Could you turn up the volume? 103 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:51,000 I can't. 104 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,000 You can't? 105 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,000 Because it was at the peak. 106 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:56,000 Better now, better now, Mario. 107 00:07:56,000 --> 00:08:00,000 So they started to weaken. 108 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:09,000 So they bombed the British cities. 109 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,000 Yemen bombed the British cities. 110 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:14,000 And this tactic was called the...? 111 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:19,000 The recession? 112 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:20,000 I don't know. 113 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:24,000 The Blitz, the Blitz, the Blitz. 114 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:25,000 Antonio, could you explain? 115 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:27,000 Could you add more information about the Blitz? 116 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:31,000 Antonio Redaños. 117 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:41,000 The Blitz consisted of bombing the cities of... 118 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:46,000 No, consisted of bombing the British cities. 119 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:52,000 Important British cities in order to destroy their economy. 120 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,000 There was material production. 121 00:08:56,000 --> 00:09:01,000 And also to undermine the mentality of the people. 122 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:06,000 Yeah, to undermine the people. 123 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,000 People's will, no? 124 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:10,000 Yes. 125 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:13,000 Did they get their goals? 126 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:22,000 No, it was going pretty well, but he didn't manage to conquer completely Britain. 127 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:23,000 Exactly. 128 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:28,000 And as Hitler couldn't, wasn't able to conquer Britain... 129 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:29,000 He moved there. 130 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:33,000 It was key to develop the Barbarossa operation. 131 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:41,000 Hitler developed the Barbarossa operation so as to put Great Britain in the peace table. 132 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:47,000 Because Hitler wanted that Great Britain ask for the term of peace. 133 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:53,000 And that's why he invaded the Soviet Union in the Barbarossa operation. 134 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:59,000 So let's travel, let's travel to June 1941. 135 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,000 We are there, okay? 136 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,000 We are in June 1941. 137 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:08,000 It was true that Hitler succeeded in the Balkans. 138 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:13,000 It was true, but he delayed the Barbarossa operation. 139 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:23,000 Which planned the invasion of the Soviet Union so as to put Great Britain in the peace table. 140 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,000 Okay, we are going to explain from there. 141 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,000 We are in June 1941. 142 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:38,000 So as I said before, Hitler was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union even before. 143 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:43,000 But he launched the campaign in June 1941. 144 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:49,000 Why? Because he wanted to get more food for Germany. 145 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:55,000 Remember that the Ukraine was the breadbasket in Europe. 146 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:59,000 They had a lot of wheat, cereals. 147 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:05,000 And Germany at this point in the war needed food. 148 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:09,000 And that's why Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. 149 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:18,000 And you know that Hitler wrote in the main camp that he was planning to enslave the Slavic people. 150 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:20,000 It was another reason. 151 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:24,000 He wanted to enslave the Slavic people. 152 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,000 He wanted more food for Germany. 153 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:32,000 And also in general, Germany needed more resources. 154 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:35,000 We talk about oil. 155 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:39,000 Germany ran out of petrol, oil. 156 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:43,000 And that's why Hitler also invaded the Soviet Union. 157 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:48,000 But when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, what was the main consequence? 158 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:53,000 Hitler opened the second front in the war. 159 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:57,000 Because, as you know, they were fighting on the Western Front. 160 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:05,000 And when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, he also opened the Eastern Front. 161 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,000 Which was pretty bad for Germany. 162 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,000 Because they had a war in two different fronts. 163 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:16,000 We have a question from Alejandro Loera. 164 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:20,000 Alejandro, go on. 165 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:22,000 Can you hear me? 166 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:23,000 Yes, perfectly. 167 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:29,000 Okay, so if Hitler was going to attack the USSR, 168 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:37,000 why didn't Japan also attack the USSR as a combined attack and defeat Russia easier? 169 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,000 We are raising the bar of this class. 170 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,000 Come on, what a question. 171 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,000 I'm really glad for your question, Alejandro. 172 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:47,000 It was a really good question. 173 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:49,000 I'm trying to explain. 174 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,000 Exactly. 175 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:54,000 The Japanese were key in the Barbarossa Operation. 176 00:12:54,000 --> 00:13:01,000 And the Japanese learned very, very soon in 1939 177 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:07,000 that it was going to be really difficult to defeat the Soviet Union. 178 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:16,000 Why? Because in 1931 there was a battle between the Japanese forces and the Soviet Union. 179 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:20,000 They were fighting in the area of Manchuria, 180 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:25,000 just in the border between Japan and the Soviet Union. 181 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:28,000 And it was a draw. Nobody won. 182 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:34,000 But the Japanese knew about the strength of the Soviet forces. 183 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:42,000 And from that moment, the Japanese learned that they were not able to defeat the Soviet Union. 184 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:46,000 And that's why they made an alliance with the Soviet Union. 185 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:52,000 It was the Matsuoka Treaty in 1941. 186 00:13:53,000 --> 00:14:01,000 And as the Soviet Union knew that the Japanese wouldn't invade the Soviet Union, 187 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:09,000 it was the moment when the Soviet Union moved all their troops from Siberia to Moscow 188 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,000 so as to fight against Hitler. 189 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,000 And it was key in this moment. 190 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000 That's why I really appreciate your question. 191 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,000 Because it was key in the Barbarossa Operation. 192 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,000 But this is too much level. 193 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:25,000 This is, I don't know, for Baccalaureate or more. 194 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:26,000 So, thank you. 195 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,000 More questions. 196 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,000 Elena had a question. 197 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,000 So, you said that one of the reasons 198 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,000 because Hitler invaded the Soviet Union 199 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,000 was that he wanted to enslave 200 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,000 Slavic people. 201 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,000 What? Can you repeat, please? 202 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,000 Enslave Slavic people. 203 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:48,000 Ah, Slavic people. Okay, thank you. 204 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,000 I didn't hear it very well, so thank you. 205 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,000 The Slavic population from the Soviet Union. 206 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:56,000 Thank you. 207 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,000 More questions. Enrique. 208 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:03,000 Yes, perfectly. 209 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,000 I wasn't here when you said one thing. 210 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:08,000 It's... 211 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,000 Don't worry, we're recording the lesson. 212 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,000 But I can repeat it again. 213 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,000 Why Hitler attacked 214 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,000 in the Barbarossa Operation 215 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:20,000 to the USSR? 216 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000 For different reasons. 217 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,000 First of all, because he wanted to 218 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000 enslave Slavic people. 219 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,000 He wrote in the main account 220 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:31,000 that he wanted to enslave Slavic people. 221 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:34,000 Secondly, because he wanted more food. 222 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,000 Germany ran out of food. 223 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,000 They ran out of oil. 224 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,000 And that's why they invaded 225 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:43,000 the Soviet Union. 226 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,000 And I said also that when Hitler 227 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,000 invaded the Soviet Union, 228 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,000 he opened the second front 229 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:50,000 in the world. 230 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,000 The first front was in Western Europe. 231 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:55,000 They were fighting against 232 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:57,000 Great Britain. 233 00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,000 And when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, 234 00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:01,000 he opened the second front, 235 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,000 which was pretty bad for Germany 236 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,000 because Germany was in the center of Europe. 237 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,000 And when Hitler invaded 238 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,000 the Soviet Union, 239 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:12,000 he opened the second front. 240 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:14,000 So strategically, it was pretty bad 241 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,000 for the Germans. 242 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,000 Why? Because the Soviet Union... 243 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,000 Once Hitler invaded 244 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,000 the Soviet Union, 245 00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:24,000 the Soviet Union became an ally 246 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,000 of the Allied Forces. 247 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:28,000 Remember that Stalin 248 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:30,000 signed a treaty with Hitler 249 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,000 in August 1939. 250 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,000 And when Hitler invaded 251 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:36,000 the Soviet Union, 252 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,000 the USSR or the Soviet Union 253 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,000 became an ally 254 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,000 of Great Britain. 255 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,000 And later on, in December 256 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,000 of the United States. 257 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,000 Okay? 258 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,000 Is everything clear 259 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:52,000 up to here? 260 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,000 Is everything clear so far? 261 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,000 So let's see on the table 262 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:58,000 the Barbarossa operation. 263 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:00,000 So this is 264 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,000 the Barbarossa operation. 265 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,000 Exactly, the Barbarossa operation 266 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,000 was launched 267 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,000 in June 1941. 268 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,000 It was 269 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,000 an important campaign 270 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,000 because Hitler 271 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,000 launched 272 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,000 three million soldiers 273 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,000 over the Soviet Union. 274 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,000 It was impressive. Three million soldiers 275 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000 over the Soviet Union. 276 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,000 And he used the tactic 277 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,000 of the Blitzkrieg. 278 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000 I mean the same tactic 279 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,000 that in Poland and in France. 280 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,000 Remember that Poland 281 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:39,000 and the Soviet Union 282 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,000 at least up to Moscow is a flat 283 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,000 territory with a flat 284 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,000 relief in geography. 285 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:47,000 And that's why Hitler 286 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:49,000 combined 287 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,000 their tanks and their planes. 288 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,000 Remember that they were connected by radio 289 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,000 to conquer 290 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,000 very very fast and easily the Soviet 291 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,000 Union. 292 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,000 To be honest, now we are going to say something 293 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:03,000 about the Soviet Army. 294 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,000 The Soviet Army 295 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:07,000 wasn't 296 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,000 in its perfect state. 297 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,000 Why? Because 298 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:13,000 Stalin first of all 299 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,000 ordered the purchase 300 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,000 Do you remember the purchase? 301 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,000 When 302 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,000 Stalin 303 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,000 finished the 304 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:25,000 five-year plan 305 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,000 remember that many many 306 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,000 people in the government, in the elite 307 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,000 in the Soviet Union 308 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,000 complied to 309 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,000 they argued about Stalin 310 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:37,000 because they thought 311 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:39,000 that it was true that Stalin 312 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,000 turned the country into 313 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,000 an industrial force 314 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,000 a military force 315 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:47,000 but many people were sent 316 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,000 to the gulags 317 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,000 and it was the moment when 318 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,000 Stalin chose to avoid 319 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,000 so as to remove 320 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:58,000 some people in the elite 321 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:00,000 that they were 322 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,000 answering the power to Stalin 323 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,000 it was the moment when Stalin 324 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,000 began the purchase 325 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:08,000 against some generals 326 00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:10,000 some spies 327 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:12,000 in the West because Stalin 328 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:14,000 didn't trust them 329 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:16,000 he thought that they were living in the West 330 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,000 and 331 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,000 they were 332 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,000 instead of being spies 333 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,000 for the Soviet Union they were collaborating 334 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,000 they were dealing with their 335 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,000 enemies and that's why 336 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,000 the army 337 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,000 the Soviet army wasn't in its 338 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:34,000 perfect state because Stalin 339 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,000 sent 340 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,000 some people to the gulags 341 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:40,000 some important generals 342 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,000 some important members 343 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:44,000 of the intelligence 344 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,000 the most 345 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,000 brilliant generals 346 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,000 were sent to the gulags 347 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,000 before the Barbarossa operation 348 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,000 so 349 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,000 I would say that in 1940 350 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,000 1941 351 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,000 1941 352 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,000 the Soviet army 353 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,000 wasn't in its perfect state 354 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:06,000 they began to recover 355 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,000 at the end of 1941 356 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,000 and actually 357 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,000 I will give you another example 358 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,000 the Soviet Union 359 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,000 had an important defeat 360 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:18,000 against the Finns 361 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,000 in 1941 362 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,000 1941 363 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,000 which was a perfect example 364 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,000 about the 365 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:29,000 situation 366 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,000 of the Soviet army 367 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,000 before the Barbarossa operation 368 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,000 and Stalin 369 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,000 Stalin 370 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,000 received many many warnings 371 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,000 about the invasion 372 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:43,000 of Hitler and the Germans 373 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,000 over the Soviet Union but to be honest 374 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,000 Stalin didn't trust them 375 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,000 he didn't trust 376 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,000 the information from the 377 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,000 UK and from the United States 378 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:55,000 when they 379 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,000 informed Stalin that 380 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,000 Hitler was planning to invade 381 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,000 the Soviet Union because 382 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,000 Stalin 383 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,000 trusted Hitler 384 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:07,000 he thought that he had a treaty with Hitler 385 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,000 and he thought that Hitler 386 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,000 would respect 387 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,000 this treaty but it wasn't 388 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000 ok 389 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,000 so for this 390 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:19,000 reason 391 00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,000 the Soviet Union didn't 392 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,000 mobilize their troops 393 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,000 before the Barbarossa 394 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,000 operation 395 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,000 it was a complete surprise for them 396 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,000 and Hitler 397 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,000 also now I'm going to 398 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,000 explain the campaign 399 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:39,000 Hitler knew about 400 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,000 the Napoleon failure 401 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:43,000 in 1812 402 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,000 Napoleon 403 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,000 directly 404 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,000 launched a campaign 405 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,000 from Esmolens to Moscow 406 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,000 Hitler knew about 407 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,000 Napoleon's failure and that's why 408 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:58,000 Hitler 409 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,000 sent his troops 410 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,000 in three 411 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,000 different columns 412 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,000 one to Moscow obviously 413 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:08,000 to conquer the capital 414 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:10,000 another to Leningrad 415 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,000 to control 416 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:14,000 the Baltic countries 417 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,000 you know that Finland 418 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,000 above all Sweden was really 419 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,000 important for Germany 420 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,000 the oil and the steel from Sweden 421 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,000 and also 422 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:26,000 Hitler sent another column 423 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:28,000 to the Ukraine to get 424 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:30,000 basically 425 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,000 wheat 426 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,000 because the Ukraine was the breadbasket 427 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,000 in Europe 428 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,000 but in summer 429 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:40,000 during the summer of 1941 430 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,000 Hitler had several 431 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,000 problems 432 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,000 there were some cracks 433 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,000 in the summer of 1941 434 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,000 because the advance 435 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,000 the German advance 436 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,000 was slowing in the 437 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,000 summer of 1941 438 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,000 Alejandro tell me 439 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,000 when was the Barbarossa 440 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,000 operation launched? 441 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,000 in June 1941 442 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,000 and very soon in August 443 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,000 the Germans had 444 00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:11,000 some problems 445 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,000 I would say that 446 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,000 the advance was slowing 447 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,000 in 448 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:19,000 in August 449 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,000 for several reasons 450 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:23,000 first of all because 451 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,000 they ran out of oil 452 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:27,000 very very soon 453 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,000 they advanced very very quickly 454 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,000 but they ran out of oil 455 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,000 they ran out of petrol 456 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,000 and also because the Germans 457 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:37,000 had some 458 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,000 high casualties 459 00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,000 because when it was true that 460 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:43,000 the Soviet Union wasn't prepared 461 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,000 they were not in their perfect 462 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,000 shape for this campaign 463 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,000 but 464 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,000 the Red Army 465 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:53,000 I'm explaining the third reason 466 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,000 had no sign of collapse 467 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,000 they didn't sign 468 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:59,000 they didn't have 469 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,000 any sign of collapse 470 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:03,000 they were fighting very strongly 471 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:05,000 against the Germans 472 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,000 and the Germans had very very soon 473 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,000 high casualties 474 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,000 and it was the moment 475 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,000 when Hitler 476 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,000 made in August 477 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,000 two important mistakes 478 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,000 two important mistakes 479 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,000 that is going to 480 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,000 explain the failure of Hitler 481 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,000 in the invasion 482 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,000 of the Soviet Union 483 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:33,000 so we are in August 1941 484 00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,000 and it was the moment when Hitler 485 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,000 had two important mistakes 486 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,000 actually 487 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,000 the German forces were 488 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,000 in Smolensk 489 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:45,000 Smolensk in August 490 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,000 they were very close to Moscow 491 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,000 only 492 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,000 360 km 493 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,000 from Moscow 494 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,000 Hitler was about to conquer Moscow 495 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,000 but he had two 496 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,000 important mistakes 497 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,000 basically 498 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:04,000 the German general 499 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:06,000 said to Hitler 500 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,000 that it was the right moment 501 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,000 to conquer Moscow 502 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,000 but Hitler decided to 503 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,000 change the tactic 504 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:16,000 and it changed also the course 505 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,000 of history because he had two 506 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,000 important mistakes 507 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,000 so instead of attacking 508 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,000 Moscow 509 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,000 he diverted 510 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:28,000 he diverted 511 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,000 he diverted his troops 512 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,000 to the north 513 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,000 so as to conquer Leningrad 514 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,000 because he thought that 515 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,000 the Swedish 516 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,000 route to get 517 00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:42,000 steel was so important for him 518 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,000 and that's why he 519 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,000 diverted his troops 520 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,000 from the center 521 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,000 to the north 522 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,000 to conquer Leningrad 523 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:54,000 because he thought that 524 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:56,000 from Leningrad he could 525 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:58,000 control, he might 526 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:00,000 control the 527 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,000 Baltic states 528 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:04,000 and also he made another 529 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,000 mistake, really important 530 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,000 from the center 531 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,000 he weakened the center 532 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,000 he weakened the center 533 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,000 and he sent 534 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,000 another column to the Ukraine 535 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,000 to get 536 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,000 to get food 537 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:22,000 to get 538 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:24,000 cereals and also oil 539 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,000 and 540 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,000 what was the consequence 541 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,000 of that? 542 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,000 when he diverted troops 543 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,000 to the north and also to the south 544 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,000 it was true that he 545 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,000 lost time, he lost 546 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,000 important time 547 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,000 he lost important time 548 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:45,000 this is the moment when he moved 549 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,000 the troops to the north and to the south 550 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,000 a small land close 551 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,000 to Moscow 552 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,000 he lost time and this time 553 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,000 was really important because the Germans 554 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,000 lost time 555 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,000 and very very quickly the weather 556 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,000 in Russia 557 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,000 changed 558 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:05,000 the weather in the Soviet Union changed 559 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,000 because the mud 560 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,000 in autumn appeared 561 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,000 and also very very soon 562 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,000 there's snow in 563 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,000 winter 564 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,000 there was a moment when Hitler 565 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,000 might conquer 566 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,000 Moscow during 567 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:23,000 the summer but 568 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,000 with this historical decision 569 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,000 he lost time and very very soon 570 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,000 the weather in Russia you know that is 571 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:31,000 terrible terrible 572 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,000 and very very soon the mud appeared 573 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,000 in autumn and the snow in winter 574 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,000 okay 575 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,000 and 576 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,000 yes Elena 577 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,000 so I've got a 578 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,000 question, you said that he sent 579 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,000 troops to three 580 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,000 different places which were the Baltic States 581 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,000 Ukraine and another one 582 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:54,000 which was it? 583 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,000 it was Moscow but 584 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,000 he weakened the center 585 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,000 he was close to Moscow 586 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,000 but he wasn't able to 587 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:04,000 conquer definitely Moscow 588 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,000 why? because the mud 589 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,000 appeared very very soon in the autumn 590 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,000 we were in the autumn 591 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,000 so I mean in September 592 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,000 it appeared very very soon the mud 593 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,000 the rainfall 594 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,000 appeared in Moscow 595 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,000 and they turned the roads into quagmires 596 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,000 and 597 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:28,000 the German tanks 598 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,000 were not able to advance 599 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,000 thank you 600 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,000 so what happened 601 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,000 next? 602 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,000 we were talking about the mistakes 603 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,000 the terrible conditions 604 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,000 yes yes ask me 605 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,000 okay so 606 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,000 it's just to make sure that I've got it correct 607 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:48,000 so we've said that in summer 608 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,000 they didn't advance to these 609 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,000 three cities 610 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,000 they tried 611 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,000 and then it was in August 612 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,000 when he made the two mistakes, right? 613 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,000 yes, correct 614 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:02,000 in September it was when the mud 615 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,000 the rainfall appeared 616 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,000 and in October it was 617 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:08,000 when it began to snow 618 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,000 okay great 619 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,000 thanks 620 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,000 great 621 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,000 what happened next? 622 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,000 so the Germans 623 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,000 it was true that they were close 624 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:23,000 to Moscow I would say 625 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,000 in October 626 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,000 and in November 627 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,000 but 628 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,000 in November 629 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,000 the weather conditions were terrible 630 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,000 they were terrible because it was 631 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,000 the coldest winter 632 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:39,000 basically 633 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,000 in the 634 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:43,000 I don't know if I'm correct but 635 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,000 it was one of the coldest years 636 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,000 in history in the 20th century 637 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,000 so it was 638 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:51,000 extremely cold 639 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:53,000 temperatures went to 640 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:55,000 minus 25 to 641 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,000 minus 40 642 00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,000 and the Germans 643 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,000 were not ready 644 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,000 they didn't have the proper clothes 645 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:05,000 and also the oil 646 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,000 the German oil 647 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,000 was pretty bad 648 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:11,000 the Soviet Union had better oil 649 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,000 they were ready for these temperatures 650 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,000 the Germans 651 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,000 had a lack of antifreeze 652 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,000 anticongelante 653 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,000 antifreeze 654 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,000 but they were not ready for this campaign 655 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,000 basically and they made the same 656 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,000 mistakes as Napoleon did 657 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,000 and 658 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,000 we are going to see this 659 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,000 in the battle of Moscow 660 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,000 in December in 1941 661 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:37,000 it was the beginning of the battle 662 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:39,000 of Moscow 663 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,000 as I said before 664 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:44,000 Hitler was close to Moscow 665 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,000 and in December it was 666 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,000 the beginning of the battle 667 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,000 of Moscow 668 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,000 the weather conditions were terrible 669 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,000 the Germans were not ready 670 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,000 they didn't have the right clothes 671 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,000 and by contrast 672 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:00,000 the Soviet Union 673 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,000 the Red Army was 674 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,000 completely ready 675 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,000 because they had their forces in 676 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,000 Siberia and it was really good 677 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:10,000 I had a question from Alejandro before 678 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:12,000 because it was the moment 679 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,000 the Soviet Union knew 680 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,000 that the Japanese wouldn't attack 681 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,000 the Soviet Union 682 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,000 they moved their troops 683 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,000 from Siberia 684 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,000 to Moscow 685 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,000 and these troops were completely 686 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:28,000 ready for 687 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,000 this campaign to fight against the Germans 688 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,000 they had the right clothes 689 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,000 the right weaponry 690 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,000 they were really well trained 691 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,000 they were well trained 692 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,000 for this 693 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,000 war, for this winter 694 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,000 warfare 695 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:46,000 and 696 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,000 the Soviet Union 697 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,000 prepared in December a massive 698 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,000 massive 699 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,000 force 700 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,000 close to Moscow 701 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,000 and the Germans didn't knew about it 702 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,000 so basically 703 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,000 as I said before 704 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,000 the Soviet Union moved their troops from Siberia 705 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,000 to Moscow 706 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,000 they trained a massive force 707 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,000 in Moscow 708 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,000 it was 709 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,000 General Zhukov 710 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:17,000 who was in charge 711 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:19,000 of this army 712 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,000 I'm going to write it down for you 713 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,000 Zhukov 714 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,000 it appears here on the map 715 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,000 but I don't know if you can see it 716 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,000 Zhukov 717 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,000 was the general who prepared this massive 718 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:33,000 force 719 00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,000 to fight in Moscow against the Germans 720 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,000 so the situation 721 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,000 was pretty bad for the Germans 722 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,000 because they were fighting 723 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,000 close to Moscow 724 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,000 and at the end of December 725 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,000 when temperatures 726 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:49,000 went to minus 727 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,000 25 728 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,000 General Zhukov 729 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:55,000 launched 730 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:57,000 as you can see here 731 00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,000 a massive counterattack 732 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,000 against the Germans 733 00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,000 the Germans were 734 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,000 overwhelmed 735 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,000 according to the sources at that time 736 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,000 they 737 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,000 they 738 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,000 couldn't 739 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,000 think about the amount 740 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,000 of 741 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,000 Soviet forces which were 742 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,000 launched by General Zhukov 743 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,000 they were overwhelmed 744 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,000 and they lost the battle 745 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,000 the battle of Moscow 746 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:29,000 the Germans lost the battle 747 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,000 of Moscow 748 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,000 and actually the Red Army 749 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,000 as I wrote here 750 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,000 recaptured the territory that they had lost 751 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:40,000 from the beginning of 752 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,000 the Barbarossa operation 753 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,000 so write it down 754 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,000 after the battle of Moscow 755 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:48,000 was complete failure 756 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,000 for the Germans 757 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,000 and the Red Army by contrast 758 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,000 recaptured the territory 759 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,000 that the 760 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,000 Soviet Union had 761 00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:00,000 lost from the beginning 762 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,000 of the Barbarossa 763 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,000 Barbarossa operation 764 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:06,000 ok 765 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:08,000 all of this happened 766 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,000 at the end of December 767 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,000 in 1941 768 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,000 and at the beginning of January 769 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:16,000 in 1942 770 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,000 and it was 771 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,000 I would say that it was a huge 772 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,000 turning point in this war 773 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:24,000 some 774 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,000 historians said that the turning point 775 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:28,000 for the 776 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,000 Axis and for the Allies 777 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:32,000 began in 1942 778 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,000 I would say that it started 779 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,000 at the end of 1941 780 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:38,000 or the failure 781 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,000 of the Barbarossa operation 782 00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,000 we have several 783 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,000 questions Antonio we are about to finish 784 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,000 Antonio 785 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,000 Did they attack 786 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,000 Moscow indeed 787 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,000 or just was a 788 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,000 sorry I didn't hear the first part Antonio 789 00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,000 like 790 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:01,000 you said that 791 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:03,000 it was a failure the Moscow attack 792 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,000 but they didn't 793 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,000 attack it right 794 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,000 yes yes yes 795 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,000 they were 796 00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,000 close to Moscow they were 797 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,000 they 798 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,000 reached up to 799 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,000 60 kilometers 800 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,000 I'm talking from my memory 801 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,000 now but the Germans 802 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:25,000 they were close to 803 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,000 Moscow around 60 kilometers 804 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,000 and it was a moment when the battle 805 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,000 took place 806 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:33,000 in October 807 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:35,000 it began the rainfall 808 00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,000 in December the snow 809 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,000 and at the end of November they were close 810 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:41,000 to 60 kilometers to Moscow 811 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,000 and it was when the battle 812 00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,000 took place 813 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:47,000 but they didn't reach the city 814 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:49,000 they 815 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,000 reached the 816 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,000 outskirts of Moscow 817 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,000 and they fight in the outskirts 818 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,000 of Moscow 819 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,000 yes 820 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:01,000 first Alejandro 821 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,000 what I wanted to ask 822 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:09,000 is that 823 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,000 during 824 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,000 September if 825 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,000 I'm not mistaken 826 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,000 it started 827 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,000 the evening 828 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,000 I actually don't know how to say that 829 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,000 in English 830 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,000 and it 831 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,000 lasted until 1944 832 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,000 right? 833 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,000 exactly until 1944 834 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,000 so what happened 835 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:35,000 were they 836 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,000 defeated by 837 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:39,000 the Red Army after this 838 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,000 attack 839 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,000 after the battle of 840 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,000 Moscow or 841 00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,000 what happened? 842 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,000 really good question Alejandro 843 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,000 yes another important siege 844 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,000 was the siege of 845 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:56,000 Leningrad 846 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,000 remember that Hitler diverted 847 00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,000 his troops from the center to the north 848 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,000 and it began 849 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,000 the siege of Leningrad 850 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:06,000 it was terrible for the Soviet people 851 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,000 for the Russians 852 00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:10,000 because Hitler isolated 853 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:12,000 the city 854 00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:14,000 the only way to 855 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,000 get resources 856 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,000 for the people in Leningrad 857 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,000 was from the Soviet side 858 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,000 but during 859 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:24,000 most part of the year 860 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,000 this part 861 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,000 was completely frozen 862 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:30,000 they couldn't get resources 863 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,000 there were cases of cannibalism 864 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:34,000 in Leningrad 865 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:36,000 right? 866 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,000 because Russians couldn't get 867 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,000 resources 868 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,000 and when it began 869 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,000 the spring in 1941 870 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,000 sorry 1942 871 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,000 it was the moment 872 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,000 when thanks to 873 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,000 the resources from 874 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:54,000 United States and 875 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,000 the UK they got 876 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,000 more food, people in Leningrad 877 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:00,000 and the situation was better 878 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,000 but the population diminished 879 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,000 a lot during the siege 880 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,000 it was terrible 881 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,000 you read the sources from that moment 882 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,000 but in terms of the 883 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,000 strategic in the battle was less 884 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,000 important than the battle of Moscow 885 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,000 but in terms of the population 886 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,000 it was terrible in the history of Russia 887 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,000 tell me if I'm going too far 888 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,000 but 889 00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:33,000 you said that the Russian army 890 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:35,000 was ready 891 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000 but 892 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,000 for example when they 893 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:41,000 were trying to retake Stalingrad 894 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,000 the soldiers 895 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,000 that were there 896 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:47,000 only had one weapon for each 897 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,000 soldier so I don't think that's 898 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,000 being ready 899 00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:53,000 yes, no you are not 900 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,000 going too far 901 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,000 I would say yes that the situation 902 00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,000 changed for the 903 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,000 Soviet Union step by step 904 00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:03,000 from 1941 905 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:05,000 to 1942 906 00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:07,000 I said 907 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:09,000 this in terms of the generals 908 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:11,000 the generals weren't ready 909 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000 in 1940 or in 1941 910 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,000 but in 1942 911 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,000 due to the terrible 912 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,000 conditions in Stalingrad 913 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:21,000 Stalin knew that 914 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,000 he didn't have enough knowledge 915 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,000 to defeat the Germans 916 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:27,000 and he trusted more 917 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,000 his generals and there was 918 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:31,000 another generation 919 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:33,000 who say from the purchase 920 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:35,000 and General Zhukov 921 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,000 belonged to this generation 922 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,000 and they were the ones who 923 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:42,000 convinced Stalin to change 924 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:44,000 tactics and we will see this 925 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,000 in the battle of Stalingrad 926 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,000 and yes you are right 927 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,000 and I would say more 928 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:52,000 I would say that 929 00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:54,000 if it wasn't 930 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,000 if it wasn't for the help 931 00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,000 from the UK and above all 932 00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,000 from the United States 933 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,000 it wouldn't be impossible 934 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:04,000 for Stalin to win 935 00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:06,000 in Stalingrad because due 936 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,000 to the Lend-Lease Treaty 937 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:10,000 the Soviet Union received 938 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:12,000 more weapons, more food 939 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,000 from the UK 940 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,000 and from above all 941 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,000 from the United States 942 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,000 and these resources were 943 00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:22,000 key to win in Stalingrad 944 00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,000 but we will see that 945 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:26,000 in the following lessons. 946 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:28,000 Thank you for the question 947 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,000 we are raising the bar 948 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,000 in this class 949 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,000 you were great 950 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,000 What happened next? 951 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,000 We explained what happened 952 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:40,000 in the Barbarossa operation 953 00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,000 in 1941 and very very quickly 954 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,000 I am going to explain 955 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:46,000 very very quickly 956 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,000 what happened in Asia 957 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:50,000 ok? 958 00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:52,000 In Asia 959 00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,000 on the Pacific Ocean 960 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,000 Japan 961 00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,000 wanted to have some influence 962 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,000 sorry Enrique 963 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,000 Enrique go on 964 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:05,000 What happened 965 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,000 in Ukraine? 966 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,000 I don't have time 967 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:13,000 to explain the situation in the Ukraine 968 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,000 but there was a genocide 969 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,000 a genocide because when 970 00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:19,000 Hitler invaded 971 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:21,000 the Ukraine 972 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:23,000 some 973 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:25,000 Ukrainian people fought 974 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,000 against the Soviet Union 975 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,000 and also against the Nazis 976 00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,000 because they wanted to get independence 977 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,000 and 978 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,000 it was the moment 979 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,000 when Hitler launched 980 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:39,000 a huge campaign against the Ukrainians 981 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:41,000 many many people 982 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,000 died, they suffered from 983 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,000 air starvation 984 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,000 and also it was the moment 985 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:49,000 when Hitler invaded the Ukraine 986 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:51,000 it was the moment of the final 987 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:53,000 solution 988 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:55,000 when Hitler gave the order 989 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,000 to kill more and more Jews 990 00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,000 members of the Jewish community 991 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:01,000 so it was terrible 992 00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,000 if I explain the situation 993 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:05,000 in Leningrad which was terrible 994 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,000 the situation in the Ukraine 995 00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,000 was also very very tough 996 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,000 if you read the sources from that time 997 00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:13,000 regrettably we don't have time to explain more 998 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:15,000 but 999 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,000 you have this collection 1000 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,000 about, I can't remember the name 1001 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:21,000 the 1002 00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,000 the wall at war 1003 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,000 and if you carry on watching the episodes 1004 00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:28,000 you will see the images about what happened 1005 00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,000 in Leningrad and the Ukraine 1006 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,000 and now you have time, you have time, I don't know 1007 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,000 you have more subjects 1008 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,000 so what happened 1009 00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:38,000 no problem 1010 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:40,000 Enrique, thank you for your question 1011 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,000 so what happened in 1012 00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:44,000 Asia, in Asia 1013 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,000 Japan wanted to increase 1014 00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,000 its influence 1015 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:50,000 he wanted 1016 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,000 to be the first 1017 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,000 country in Asia 1018 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:56,000 they wanted to create an empire 1019 00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:58,000 you know that they invaded Manchuria 1020 00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,000 in 1932 1021 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000 but from 1931 1022 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:04,000 to 1932 1023 00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,000 they invaded China in 1937 1024 00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:10,000 and what was the situation 1025 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:12,000 in 1941 1026 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:14,000 as I said before, Japan 1027 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:16,000 wanted to increase even more 1028 00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:18,000 its influence in Asia 1029 00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,000 and the United States 1030 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,000 was against this 1031 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,000 idea because the United States 1032 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:26,000 had several businesses 1033 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:28,000 in China 1034 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,000 and they wanted to keep the free trade 1035 00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:32,000 in China 1036 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:34,000 and in July 1037 00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:36,000 the situation was 1038 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:38,000 even worse for the United States 1039 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:40,000 in Asia 1040 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,000 I would say that Japan and the United States 1041 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:44,000 were the rivals in Asia 1042 00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,000 the situation 1043 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:48,000 was even worse 1044 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:50,000 in July because they 1045 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,000 the United States invaded 1046 00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:55,000 Indochina 1047 00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,000 and when Japan 1048 00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,000 invaded Indochina 1049 00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:01,000 in July, what is now Vietnam 1050 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,000 Laos, Cambodia 1051 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:05,000 it was the last straw 1052 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,000 it was the last straw 1053 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:11,000 for President 1054 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,000 Roosevelt in the United States 1055 00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:15,000 when Japan invaded 1056 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,000 Indochina, it was the moment 1057 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:19,000 when Roosevelt ordered 1058 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,000 an embargo 1059 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:23,000 he cut off 1060 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,000 80% of the 1061 00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,000 oil and steel 1062 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,000 he cut off 1063 00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,000 these resources 1064 00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,000 for Japan 1065 00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,000 80% of the oil and steel 1066 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,000 and it was a revolt 1067 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:41,000 for Japan because the Japanese 1068 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:43,000 knew that without this oil 1069 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,000 and steel 1070 00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:47,000 they 1071 00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:49,000 couldn't carry on 1072 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:51,000 fighting in this war 1073 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:55,000 without these important 1074 00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:57,000 resources, key resources 1075 00:44:57,000 --> 00:44:59,000 the Japanese were not 1076 00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,000 able to carry on fighting 1077 00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,000 in this war 1078 00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:05,000 so 1079 00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:07,000 when President Roosevelt 1080 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,000 ordered the embargo 1081 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,000 we are here, he explained that the causes 1082 00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:13,000 were China, Indochina 1083 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,000 and also the embargo 1084 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,000 which was ordered by 1085 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,000 President Roosevelt in the United States 1086 00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:22,000 so when President Roosevelt 1087 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,000 ordered the embargo 1088 00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,000 the most important 1089 00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000 general in the Japanese forces 1090 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,000 Yamamoto 1091 00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:32,000 Yamamoto 1092 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:34,000 thought that the only 1093 00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,000 possibility for Japan to win 1094 00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:38,000 this war was 1095 00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:40,000 to have a short 1096 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:42,000 war 1097 00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,000 Yamamoto knew that if the 1098 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,000 war would last 1099 00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,000 more than six months 1100 00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,000 or more than one year 1101 00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:52,000 Japan 1102 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,000 wouldn't win this war 1103 00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:56,000 and in order to 1104 00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,000 have a short war 1105 00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,000 Yamamoto 1106 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:02,000 planned the attack 1107 00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,000 over Pearl Harbor 1108 00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,000 okay 1109 00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:08,000 in December 1110 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,000 in December in 1941 1111 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,000 we are at 1112 00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:14,000 the end of 1941 1113 00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:16,000 it was the moment when the Japanese 1114 00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:18,000 bombed the 1115 00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:20,000 US fleet in Pearl Harbor 1116 00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:22,000 Alejandro tell me 1117 00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,000 you can answer 1118 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,000 it later, you can finish 1119 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:28,000 in December 1120 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,000 in 1941 it was the moment when 1121 00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,000 Yamamoto ordered the 1122 00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,000 attack over Pearl Harbor 1123 00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,000 against the US fleet 1124 00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,000 pay attention because in only one hour 1125 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,000 in only one hour 1126 00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,000 exactly 1127 00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,000 the Japanese destroyed 1128 00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,000 four battleships 1129 00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:49,000 there were 1130 00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:51,000 around 2,000 1131 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:53,000 deaths among the American forces 1132 00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:55,000 this is the moment of the 1133 00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,000 attack, I don't know if you can appreciate 1134 00:46:57,000 --> 00:46:59,000 the Japanese 1135 00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:01,000 planes when 1136 00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:03,000 they were attacking the 1137 00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:05,000 battleships which were in 1138 00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,000 the port of Pearl Harbor 1139 00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,000 but to be honest 1140 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,000 to be honest 1141 00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:13,000 it was true that 1142 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:15,000 2,000 people 1143 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:17,000 American people died and it was 1144 00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:19,000 another turning point for the 1145 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:21,000 United States, it was when they 1146 00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,000 decided to join the war 1147 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:25,000 but this attack 1148 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,000 wasn't decisive 1149 00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:29,000 in the war, this is really important 1150 00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,000 to point out 1151 00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:33,000 this attack strategically 1152 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,000 wasn't decisive in the war 1153 00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:37,000 why? because 1154 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,000 at the moment of the attack 1155 00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,000 from the 7th 1156 00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:43,000 to the 8th of December in 1157 00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:45,000 1941 1158 00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,000 at the moment of the attack 1159 00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,000 there were 1160 00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:51,000 not 1161 00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:53,000 aircraft carriers 1162 00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,000 portaviones in the port 1163 00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:57,000 of Pearl Harbor 1164 00:47:57,000 --> 00:47:59,000 they were in another place 1165 00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:01,000 they were destroyed 1166 00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:03,000 and the American forces 1167 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:05,000 the American fleet 1168 00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,000 used these 1169 00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:09,000 important key aircraft 1170 00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:11,000 carriers, portaviones 1171 00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:13,000 in other battles 1172 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,000 on the Pacific Ocean 1173 00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:17,000 and the Americans 1174 00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:19,000 regained the initiative very 1175 00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,000 very soon 1176 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,000 so it was true that Pearl 1177 00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:25,000 Harbor was the moment, the turning 1178 00:48:25,000 --> 00:48:27,000 point that the American forces joined 1179 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:29,000 the war but it wasn't decisive 1180 00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:31,000 because the 1181 00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,000 Americans 1182 00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,000 the United States 1183 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:38,000 fleet recovered 1184 00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,000 very very soon and they regained 1185 00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:42,000 the initiative on the Pacific Ocean 1186 00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,000 as a conclusion 1187 00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,000 that I will say that 1188 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,000 1941 was the turning 1189 00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,000 point in this war