1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:18,000 The Middle Ages start in 476 with the fall of the Roman Empire and then in 1492 with the discovery of America. 2 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:31,000 In the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire was vast, but too difficult for emperors to govern, 3 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:37,619 and warlords were difficult to defend, and Germanic tribes started to get into their 4 00:00:37,619 --> 00:00:44,960 Roman territory. 5 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:53,200 To defend the Empire, Emperor Theodosius at the end of the 4th century divided it in two. 6 00:00:53,200 --> 00:01:00,460 Western with thought Rome as the capital and Eastern with Constantinople as the capital. 7 00:01:00,460 --> 00:01:14,019 But a century after, in 476 AD, the Ostrogoths took Rome and Western Empire fall down. 8 00:01:14,019 --> 00:01:21,780 In 415 AD, Roman Empire had an agreement with Visigoths that were in Gaul to protect this 9 00:01:21,780 --> 00:01:28,760 area in exchange of land. 10 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:34,859 When Western Roman Empire fall, Visigoths establish their own kingdom covering last 11 00:01:34,859 --> 00:01:40,819 large part of actual France and North Spain with Toulouse as the capital. 12 00:01:40,819 --> 00:01:49,579 But when they lost Gaul lands to the Franks, they started expanding south until they controlled 13 00:01:49,579 --> 00:01:55,480 almost all the Iberian peninsula with the king, Lirichild, establishing Codoledo as 14 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:57,599 its capital. 15 00:01:57,599 --> 00:02:06,140 Visigoths founded problems to govern what was Roman territory with Hispanic Roman people, 16 00:02:06,140 --> 00:02:13,960 they started using Roman laws and Latin as the language. Furthermore, people were Catholic 17 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:21,960 Christians, what made it harder for Visigoths to be accepted. 18 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:32,060 But in 589, King Recarat converted to Catholicism, and many other Visigoths converted too. An 19 00:02:32,060 --> 00:02:38,060 The Nilo Code was written integrating Roman and Visigoth's laws. 20 00:02:42,060 --> 00:02:52,060 At the beginning of the 8th century AD, the Visigothic Kingdom was in a chaos with disputes for the throne between different families 21 00:02:52,060 --> 00:03:00,060 and this was taken advantage by another empire was in the North Africa, the Islam Empire. 22 00:03:00,060 --> 00:03:21,599 Islam was founded in 7th century by Prophet Muhammad born in Arabian Peninsula in 470. 23 00:03:21,599 --> 00:03:30,680 He started preaching the relevations of his god Allah in 610 and when he died Islam was 24 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:34,639 expanded into Asia and North Africa. 25 00:03:34,639 --> 00:03:42,099 Muhammad's followers wrote the holy book for Islam called Qur'an, with the obligations 26 00:03:42,099 --> 00:03:46,460 of Muslims called the five pillars of Islam. 27 00:03:46,460 --> 00:03:55,219 They are, there is not God but God, ritual prayer five times a day, fasting during the 28 00:03:55,219 --> 00:04:04,120 month of Ramadan, helping the poor, pilgrimage to Mecca. 29 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:09,400 The Greeks entered in the Iberian Peninsula crossing the straits, and after winning the 30 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:20,160 Battle of Guadalete in 711, two vicigoths de-expanded quickly through most of the territory, calling 31 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:22,160 it Al-Andalus. 32 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:33,720 First fifty years, Al-Andalus was a province of Islamic Empire or Caliphate, but in 756 33 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:42,399 Abd al-Rahman I proclaimed the territory as an independent emirate, with political independence, 34 00:04:42,399 --> 00:04:45,120 but continued the religious one. 35 00:04:45,120 --> 00:04:55,220 In 929, Abd al-Rahman III declares the Caliphate of Córdoba, making it independent from religious 36 00:04:55,220 --> 00:05:02,300 authority too, and converting Córdoba as a center of learning like maths, agriculture 37 00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:06,339 and industry, and arts. 38 00:05:06,339 --> 00:05:09,680 Islamic life was centered around cities. 39 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:12,899 Mill buildings were inside the city walls, 40 00:05:12,899 --> 00:05:18,800 like Citadel or Al-Ghazaba, that was situated in hills. 41 00:05:18,800 --> 00:05:23,000 Warehouse or al-Andagas and mosques. 42 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:29,459 Poor people lived outside the walls in Arab valleys. 43 00:05:29,459 --> 00:05:40,079 At the beginning of 11th century, Caliphate of Córdoba began to decline, when it was broken into 28 different kingdoms, or taifas. 44 00:05:40,980 --> 00:06:00,120 The only region that was not conquered by the Islam was northern Spain, where an Abyssinian noble called Pelayo founded the kingdom of Asturias in 722 after the Battle of Covadonga. 45 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:19,720 After some centuries, when typos appeared, Christians started to conquer Iberian territories, in the age called Reconquista, and in 914, Kingdom of León was founded, conquering the Rerro River in the 10th century. 46 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:45,100 In the 11th century were founded Kingdom of Castilla and won Battle of Navas de Tolosa which led them to control big part of South Iberia, also Kingdom of Navarra, Kingdom of Aragon, conquering most Mediterranean land and Balearic Islands, and Catalan countries were founded. 47 00:06:45,100 --> 00:06:56,100 In 12th century Aragon joined two Catalan countries to form Crown of Aragon and in 13th 48 00:06:56,100 --> 00:07:04,100 century Kingdom of Castilla and Crown of Aragon joined to form Crown of Castilla with the 49 00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:12,100 marriage of Catholic kings Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragon. 50 00:07:12,100 --> 00:07:17,899 In the 13th century, only the Kingdom of Granada remained in the Iberian Peninsula, 51 00:07:18,579 --> 00:07:23,680 but in the 1492, Crown of Castilla conquered it. 52 00:07:31,519 --> 00:07:35,680 Society in the Middle Ages divides people in three groups. 53 00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:40,339 Nobles as the powerful landowners and armies. 54 00:07:40,339 --> 00:07:45,779 Clergy with lives dedicated to God and pray for others 55 00:07:45,779 --> 00:07:52,019 And commoners or peasants as the largest part of people working for nobles 56 00:07:52,019 --> 00:07:59,060 Many of these commoners were serfs with no land of their own 57 00:07:59,060 --> 00:08:02,959 Slaves existed in the Middle Ages too 58 00:08:03,839 --> 00:08:09,730 In the cities appeared the guilds as groups of artisans 59 00:08:09,730 --> 00:08:15,870 organized by themselves for controlling prices and how products were made, 60 00:08:16,529 --> 00:08:22,470 but paying taxes for the king for it, so they could be more independent from nobles. 61 00:08:24,410 --> 00:08:27,470 As Christians expanded through the Iberian Peninsula, 62 00:08:28,649 --> 00:08:31,689 they started to create buildings to pray God. 63 00:08:32,690 --> 00:08:37,309 After monks in Compostela claimed they found St. James' tomb, 64 00:08:37,309 --> 00:08:46,110 Many people from the rest of Europe came, making region grow and sharing culture and art knowledge. 65 00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:59,629 This made that in 11th and 12th century churches were built in Romanized style, with thick walls, small windows and barrel bouts. 66 00:08:59,629 --> 00:09:08,370 After that, in late 12th century, a new way to build called Gothic was the main style, 67 00:09:08,950 --> 00:09:14,850 with thinner walls, big windows, and higher roofs with pointed arcs, 68 00:09:15,269 --> 00:09:19,190 decorated with paintings and sculptures outside. 69 00:09:21,769 --> 00:09:25,230 Three religions coexisted during the Middle Age. 70 00:09:26,110 --> 00:09:35,409 Christians that started in the first century, Jews that came from their country, and Muslims that came with the Islamic Empire. 71 00:09:36,330 --> 00:09:47,690 When the Islamic Empire was strong, many Christians converted to Islam, called Mullahs, but others not, called Mothrabs. 72 00:09:47,690 --> 00:10:00,899 When the Reconquista began, Muslims were expelled, but also Jews were persecuted sometimes, so they had to live in different parts of the cities. 73 00:10:01,759 --> 00:10:10,580 That's why many Muslims converted to Christianity, called Moriscos, as well as some Jews, Mudejers. 74 00:10:11,580 --> 00:10:18,580 At the end of the 15th century, Catholic monarchs expelled all Jews who were still in the peninsula. 75 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:42,639 An inquisition court was created to persecute non-Catholics.