1 00:00:00,050 --> 00:00:16,589 Hi guys! This is the second class of the course and we are going to speak about 2 00:00:16,589 --> 00:00:25,730 the concept of dignity. But first, briefly, we are going to remember what we learned 3 00:00:25,730 --> 00:00:33,890 the first day. Do you remember? We conclude that the subject ethical values 4 00:00:33,890 --> 00:00:36,469 is a discipline of philosophy. 5 00:00:37,409 --> 00:00:41,909 We also conclude that speaking about moral values 6 00:00:41,909 --> 00:00:45,729 is speaking about us, human beings. 7 00:00:46,450 --> 00:00:50,369 That led us to think about what we are. 8 00:00:51,070 --> 00:00:54,929 And at the end of the class, we set up the following. 9 00:00:55,530 --> 00:00:58,229 First, we are not objects. 10 00:00:58,229 --> 00:01:00,229 We are subjects. 11 00:01:00,229 --> 00:01:06,870 We are living beings and, in particular, we are animals 12 00:01:06,870 --> 00:01:14,569 Second, although we are animals and we share a lot of things with them 13 00:01:14,569 --> 00:01:18,849 we also differ enormously from them 14 00:01:18,849 --> 00:01:25,909 Third, the biggest difference is that we are social and rational 15 00:01:25,909 --> 00:01:27,689 at the same time 16 00:01:27,689 --> 00:01:45,370 And this let us sense our origin as species to develop a culture, which has influenced our own biological evolution, producing a kind of feedback. 17 00:01:45,370 --> 00:01:53,689 And fourth, one of the essential elements of our culture is the morality 18 00:01:53,689 --> 00:02:00,189 And we'll continue speaking about it along the four courses of ESU 19 00:02:00,189 --> 00:02:06,810 But today, in this second class of the first course 20 00:02:06,810 --> 00:02:09,930 We are going to focus on a concept 21 00:02:09,930 --> 00:02:13,110 The concept of dignity 22 00:02:13,110 --> 00:02:14,750 Are you ready? 23 00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:27,389 Oh, a moment, guys. First, I have to tell you what are the objectives of this lesson and how I'm going to evaluate you. Do you agree? 24 00:02:27,389 --> 00:02:40,590 Well, referring to the content, you have to demonstrate that you have internalized the concept of dignity 25 00:02:40,590 --> 00:02:47,969 and that you are able to use it in any context by a relational way. 26 00:02:47,969 --> 00:02:54,990 In regards to the language, you have to use a certain specific vocabulary, 27 00:02:54,990 --> 00:03:03,090 such as present and past verbs, comparative structures and modal verbs. 28 00:03:03,810 --> 00:03:09,150 In order to evaluate you, once the class is finished, 29 00:03:09,689 --> 00:03:16,810 you have to complete homework that you have to hand me next class, namely next week. 30 00:03:16,810 --> 00:03:27,590 These tags could be a little, let's say, about something related to what we are going to comment on today 31 00:03:27,590 --> 00:03:33,370 Or a little script for a play or a poster 32 00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:40,909 And, of course, you can look for more information in appropriate resources 33 00:03:40,909 --> 00:03:46,990 But remember, the project must be totally original and personal. 34 00:03:47,789 --> 00:03:52,729 And now, what do you know about the concept of dignity? 35 00:03:53,610 --> 00:03:58,169 Let's do a brainstorming activity for 10 minutes. 36 00:03:58,889 --> 00:03:59,189 Ok? 37 00:04:09,740 --> 00:04:11,979 Hmm, I see. 38 00:04:12,939 --> 00:04:19,060 It seems that there is quite a bit of confusion about the meaning of dignity. 39 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:21,819 That's normal, don't worry. 40 00:04:23,079 --> 00:04:27,600 That's the reason why now we are going to speak about it. 41 00:04:28,339 --> 00:04:31,860 First of all, where does this concept come from? 42 00:04:32,980 --> 00:04:37,199 Well, I'll tell you that it comes from Christianity. 43 00:04:37,199 --> 00:04:44,399 This religion regards the human being as created in the image and likeness of God. 44 00:04:44,399 --> 00:04:53,720 Thus, Christianity emphasizes the person's value and autonomy, namely his dignity. 45 00:04:53,980 --> 00:05:12,819 A little later, in Rome, dignity was associated with the prestige, the honor, the reputation, the social status, and the person's respect, and it was acquired along life. 46 00:05:12,819 --> 00:05:27,220 Much later, in the 18th century, for the philosopher Immanuel Kant, a human being has dignity because he is autonomous and rational. 47 00:05:27,459 --> 00:05:41,680 The dignity is based in a natural law and therefore it's universal, but at the same time it's a right whose respect is compulsory. 48 00:05:42,819 --> 00:06:01,740 In the 19th century, philosophers as Schopenhauer or Nietzsche didn't have a very good impression of the human being, at least as he had been conceived by the words until that time. 49 00:06:02,379 --> 00:06:05,699 So we leap to the 20th century. 50 00:06:05,699 --> 00:06:18,720 And, well, in the 20th century, the concept of dignity is framed simply in an ethical, personal, and social dimension. 51 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:41,199 As a consequence of the Second World War's horrors, and with the hope that they never come back, the idea of a dignity inherent to human beings started to develop until it became definitively respectable. 52 00:06:41,199 --> 00:06:51,379 Thus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, was conceived. 53 00:06:51,699 --> 00:07:10,379 Its preamble speaks of the intrinsic dignity of all members of human family, and its Article 1 affirms that all human beings are born free in dignity and rights. 54 00:07:10,379 --> 00:07:19,079 From there, all national constitutions are based on this concept of dignity. 55 00:07:20,079 --> 00:07:31,560 Even though it's an intangible good, every state has the obligation to acknowledge, respect, and protect it. 56 00:07:32,860 --> 00:07:36,800 Wow! Thank you very much for your attention. 57 00:07:37,579 --> 00:07:38,779 How it's going? 58 00:07:39,420 --> 00:07:40,639 Are you following me? 59 00:07:41,699 --> 00:07:47,079 So, would you say that dignity is something of our body? 60 00:07:48,180 --> 00:07:49,839 Of course not. 61 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:58,759 Would you say that dignity is something of our mind or of our brain's activity? 62 00:07:59,959 --> 00:08:00,839 Of course not. 63 00:08:01,819 --> 00:08:03,860 We were born with it. 64 00:08:03,860 --> 00:08:12,500 But, in this case, you would ask yourselves, what really is dignity? 65 00:08:13,620 --> 00:08:19,199 Well, from a certain contemporary philosophical point of view, 66 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:26,180 the dignity would be a value that we, humans, attribute to ourselves. 67 00:08:26,180 --> 00:08:33,419 It would have the fury of a universally accepted agreement. 68 00:08:33,860 --> 00:08:43,100 whose target is all human beings' respect, with the hope that it will make us happier. 69 00:08:45,070 --> 00:08:50,250 Therefore, as you can see, it's a very hopeful agreement, 70 00:08:51,029 --> 00:08:55,129 which implies an advance in our civilization. 71 00:08:57,809 --> 00:09:10,220 I present six activities to practice what we have learned so far. 72 00:09:11,100 --> 00:09:13,240 Let's do them right now. 73 00:09:13,460 --> 00:09:13,779 Agree? 74 00:09:14,519 --> 00:09:17,580 This will take us 25 minutes or so. 75 00:09:18,299 --> 00:09:19,320 Let's go there. 76 00:09:19,799 --> 00:09:45,799 At this point, I would like to tell you that the concept of dignity is very closely related 77 00:09:45,799 --> 00:09:48,379 to some aspects of bioethics. 78 00:09:48,860 --> 00:09:50,779 Do you know what that means? 79 00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:57,700 Well, now it's enough to know that there are expert committees advising the authorities 80 00:09:57,700 --> 00:10:04,340 with a view to deciding whether certain practices in the research and development of science 81 00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:07,340 are compatible with human dignity. 82 00:10:07,820 --> 00:10:10,759 But now that's not important. 83 00:10:11,519 --> 00:10:15,919 At the end of this course, we will return to this topic. 84 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:21,820 Another important fact related to the concept of human dignity 85 00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:30,940 is the current debate about whether the animals, especially our pets, are also owners of dignity. 86 00:10:31,659 --> 00:10:43,659 Some contemporary movements based on Buddhist ideas and philosophers such as Schopenhauer, 19th century, 87 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:50,159 argue that animals are sentient beings who deserve to be respected. 88 00:10:50,159 --> 00:11:04,879 They claim that respecting them also implies respecting ourselves, because they conceive of human beings as being an inseparable part of nature. 89 00:11:04,879 --> 00:11:14,539 Unlike Western thought, which claims that we have to know nature to dominate it according to our needs 90 00:11:14,539 --> 00:11:22,179 groups that defend the animal's dignity conceive of humans as one of them 91 00:11:22,179 --> 00:11:33,240 so that we can't self-actualize ourselves without respecting nature in general and animals in particular 92 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:37,659 Well, we are getting to the end 93 00:11:37,659 --> 00:11:45,580 What remains is precisely to remind you of the tasks you have to do for the next day 94 00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:49,679 As I said at the beginning of the class 95 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:57,600 It consists in a project that you will use to shape your reflection on human dignity 96 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:05,500 and on whether or not we have to accept that animals also have it. 97 00:12:06,399 --> 00:12:10,539 I repeat that the project could be an essay, 98 00:12:11,220 --> 00:12:15,360 a script for a play or an elaborate poster, 99 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:20,700 but it must be totally original and personal 100 00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:24,360 and you have to use the specific vocabulary, 101 00:12:24,360 --> 00:12:26,860 present and past verbs 102 00:12:26,860 --> 00:12:29,379 as well as modal verbs. 103 00:12:30,179 --> 00:12:33,600 Of course, you can search more information. 104 00:12:34,639 --> 00:12:36,980 Anyway, I give you here 105 00:12:36,980 --> 00:12:40,519 some ideas on you can think for this tax. 106 00:12:41,379 --> 00:12:42,539 For instance, 107 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,100 research about animals' rights 108 00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:50,919 or research what the new law said 109 00:12:50,919 --> 00:12:54,860 about what to do with the pet of a divorced couple, 110 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:58,600 who does the pet stay with, etc. 111 00:13:00,919 --> 00:13:05,740 Or look for the news of October 2014, 112 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:11,320 which tells how a dog named Excalibur was sacrificed 113 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,500 because its owner had Ebola. 114 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:19,220 Finally, you can watch the movie Avatar 115 00:13:19,220 --> 00:13:23,500 and or search on the internet 116 00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:25,279 what are the threats 117 00:13:25,279 --> 00:13:28,480 and the relationships between the navy 118 00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:32,700 human-shaping inhabitants from Pandora planet 119 00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:35,539 and their domestic animals 120 00:13:35,539 --> 00:13:36,960 the ikram 121 00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:41,129 well, that's all for today 122 00:13:41,129 --> 00:13:42,769 thank you very much 123 00:13:42,769 --> 00:13:44,769 and see you next time