1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,200
Today we begin with the unit number two, liberalism and nationalism, or, as it says in your book,

2
00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:17,800
the age of revolution.

3
00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:21,280
Right here you have the index we are going to follow.

4
00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:25,880
We are going to begin with the revolutionary process and the American Revolution.

5
00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:28,120
This will be one video.

6
00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:33,000
The second video will be about the French Revolution and the evolution of the French

7
00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,320
Revolution.

8
00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:41,000
Then we will talk about Europe under Napoleon.

9
00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:49,520
We won't see right now in this unit the Bourbon Restoration because we have a unit about Spain.

10
00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:57,840
So we will jump to the liberal revolutions of the 19th century and then we will finish

11
00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:06,240
with nationalism and the birth of new states, especially Germany and Italy.

12
00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:14,160
So first video, second video, third video, and probably we will need just four small

13
00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:18,960
videos.

14
00:01:18,960 --> 00:01:25,600
You must know that the reforms of the Enlightenment did not solve the problems of the old regime.

15
00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:27,960
They were not enough.

16
00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:31,120
The Enlightened Deputism was not enough.

17
00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:37,680
So at the end, the old regime came to an end through revolution.

18
00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:38,680
What is a revolution?

19
00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:44,640
It's a sudden and fundamental change to a system or a situation.

20
00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:50,520
So this unit we are going to talk about, it's the Age of Revolution.

21
00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:58,480
There will be many revolutions, that means many changes to a situation or a political

22
00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,600
system.

23
00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:09,080
But the most important one in this period is the Bourgeois Revolution and the end of

24
00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:11,320
the old regime.

25
00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,680
Well, it happens at the end of the 18th and 19th century.

26
00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:22,200
The bourgeoisie is the one leading this revolution.

27
00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:27,040
Well the non-privileged and the bourgeoisie were benefit from this revolution.

28
00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:34,600
They were the ones who are going to get some beneficence about this revolution.

29
00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:39,440
Well these are mainly political revolutions.

30
00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:44,240
Also economical but mostly political.

31
00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:53,920
Of course other aspects of life were also influential in the desire of change.

32
00:02:53,920 --> 00:03:00,440
Well now pay attention to the painting because at the end we will talk about it.

33
00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:03,520
Let's continue step by step.

34
00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:09,720
By the end of the 18th century the old models of government, society, science and economics

35
00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:14,560
were obsolete, were old.

36
00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:18,160
Drastic changes were imposed.

37
00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:26,880
Well right here we are going to compare the old system through the new regulatory changes.

38
00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:33,120
Now in a political level during the old regime we have the absolute monarchy.

39
00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:40,880
Well the revolutionary changes were to establish a liberal political system that is based on

40
00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:48,600
rights and national sovereignty and separations of powers that we have been talking about

41
00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:51,120
during the unit number one.

42
00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:59,560
Well at an economic level the old regime is characterized by an agrarian economy and the

43
00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:07,880
revolutionary changes are going to establish a urban and industrial system.

44
00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:08,880
Why?

45
00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:14,600
Because technology and science are going to develop.

46
00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:24,040
At a social level during the old regime there are three state systems based on birthright.

47
00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:32,040
Birthright means that nobody can change their social class.

48
00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:36,200
They live where they were born.

49
00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:41,800
During the revolutionary changes the class based society founded on values and personal

50
00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:45,200
merit measured by wealth.

51
00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:53,480
Everything now is measured by wealth, by money, power, land.

52
00:04:53,480 --> 00:05:00,720
And this new class is going to rule it.

53
00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:07,680
Then at an artistic level during the old regime we have the neoclassicism and during the revolutionary

54
00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:14,360
changes we will talk about the romanticism, the realism and the avant-garde.

55
00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:24,400
So many changes are going to occur in different types of aspects.

56
00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,680
First of all let's review the main characteristics of the absolutism.

57
00:05:29,680 --> 00:05:34,280
Now remember sovereignty belongs to the king.

58
00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:41,200
It is a divinity right, throne and altar are linked.

59
00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:48,480
The king has absolute power and answers only to God.

60
00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,960
The slogan remember everything for the people, nothing by the people.

61
00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:58,100
This is the enlightened deputism.

62
00:05:58,100 --> 00:06:03,920
The will of the king is law.

63
00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,040
Inequality in people is natural.

64
00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:10,080
Three states nobility, clergy and third state.

65
00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:11,840
There are three states.

66
00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:16,640
Remember the social pyramid, three states.

67
00:06:16,640 --> 00:06:19,280
Ideas are controlled by censorship.

68
00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:27,440
Nobody could talk about everything they could or they wanted.

69
00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:34,280
And people are subjects who must fulfill the king's orders and demands of religions and

70
00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:35,280
traditions.

71
00:06:35,280 --> 00:06:45,240
On the other hand we have liberalism.

72
00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:55,480
This new political system says that sovereignty belongs to the nation, to people.

73
00:06:55,480 --> 00:07:02,920
The people govern themselves through their representatives, that means the parliament.

74
00:07:02,920 --> 00:07:05,240
Power is never absolute.

75
00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:11,040
That's why they talk about separation of powers.

76
00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:13,680
Remember Montesquieu.

77
00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:14,840
Now right to vote.

78
00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:21,560
They begin to talk about suffrage, the right to vote of people.

79
00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:30,600
Everyone, not everyone, but at least they began right here to talk about voting, a voting

80
00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:31,600
system.

81
00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:35,200
The beginning of democracy actually.

82
00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:44,040
Well all citizens must obey not the king anymore but a constitution, including the king.

83
00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:49,680
That means that even the king must obey a constitution.

84
00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:54,240
All men are equal in the eyes of the law.

85
00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:59,480
This is what we have today apparently.

86
00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:01,760
Now freedom.

87
00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:07,880
Freedom of press, freedom or economical freedom, freedom to life, freedom of property, freedom

88
00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:13,240
of different type of rights.

89
00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:18,440
And then we have the separation of church and state.

90
00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:30,080
This is the main principle that claims the liberalism or that the liberalism claims.

91
00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:33,440
Not all the liberals thought in the same way.

92
00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:37,980
We have two types of thinking among the liberals.

93
00:08:37,980 --> 00:08:41,040
We have the moderates and we have the radical.

94
00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:46,120
The moderates are based on three principles.

95
00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:54,000
The moderates are monarchist but limiting the power of the king or the monarchs by a

96
00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:55,840
constitution.

97
00:08:55,840 --> 00:09:01,680
But they still wanted to have a monarchy.

98
00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:04,340
That's why they want to keep the tradition.

99
00:09:04,340 --> 00:09:11,480
They want to keep the tradition about the army, about the religion, about all the things.

100
00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:18,280
And they want to have an electoral system based on sensitory suffrage.

101
00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:21,760
We will talk about what is the sensitory suffrage.

102
00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:28,560
That it's just that people can vote but not everyone, just few people.

103
00:09:28,560 --> 00:09:34,240
The ones with different characteristics.

104
00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:42,480
Manly men with quite rich, a different age, things like that.

105
00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:47,240
Now we have the radical ideas, the liberals, radicals.

106
00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:55,960
Now they are, or some of them at least, are republicans and they are also democrats, alright?

107
00:09:55,960 --> 00:09:58,580
Some of them republicans and democrats.

108
00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:02,880
They are asking for the universal suffrage.

109
00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:06,680
That means, not like this one, but everybody to vote.

110
00:10:06,680 --> 00:10:16,560
Everybody older than, I don't know, 20 years, 25 in those times, or remember, just the men.

111
00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:20,520
They were asking just for the men.

112
00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,960
And they wanted unlimited freedoms.

113
00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:30,760
For example, they also asked for the suppression of religion intervention in social life, alright?

114
00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:42,800
Because in those times, but the old regime or the moments of change, religion was very

115
00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:46,480
in everyone's life.

116
00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:50,000
Well right here you have a very easy exercise.

117
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:56,880
In which European countries did revolution happen before the 18th century?

118
00:10:57,560 --> 00:11:05,520
Come over here and tell me what country had some revolutions, liberal revolutions, before

119
00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:06,840
the 18th century.

120
00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:15,520
Now which countries began revolutions in the 18th century, before and during the 18th century?

121
00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:18,720
Just tell me the countries.

122
00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:23,560
Look in internet or check the book or whatever.

123
00:11:23,560 --> 00:11:29,560
In the 19th century, which continents had revolutions?

124
00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:33,160
Just tell me next day.

125
00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:42,560
Well, stop right here, do the exercise, look for this information, and then we can keep going.

126
00:11:46,560 --> 00:11:49,560
Well, the American Revolution.

127
00:11:50,560 --> 00:11:59,040
As you remember, I told you that the North of America, at least one part of the North

128
00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:03,160
of America, was a colony of two European countries.

129
00:12:03,160 --> 00:12:07,560
I'm talking about France and I'm talking about UK.

130
00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:16,560
Well, the North American colonies were divided in like regions, as you can see right here.

131
00:12:17,560 --> 00:12:23,560
They are called colonies, the 13 North American colonies.

132
00:12:23,560 --> 00:12:31,560
Well, the fact is that they began a war to obtain their independence from the Great Britain

133
00:12:31,560 --> 00:12:33,560
or United Kingdom.

134
00:12:33,560 --> 00:12:40,560
As you can see, this is the border in 1776.

135
00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:46,560
And several situations are going to come up to a conflict that is going to cause the

136
00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:50,560
War of Independence of America.

137
00:12:50,560 --> 00:12:57,560
That means the birth of United States and the birth of Canada.

138
00:12:57,560 --> 00:13:02,560
Well, as I said, there are several reasons.

139
00:13:02,560 --> 00:13:08,560
One of them is that there was a permanent British army that was established in America

140
00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:15,560
and the colonists must finance this army through these new taxes.

141
00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:20,560
They were sick and tired to pay so much taxes.

142
00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:26,560
They were complaining because they were like controlled by the metropolis.

143
00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:30,560
Now, colonists had no representation in the British Parliament.

144
00:13:31,560 --> 00:13:36,560
They didn't like that because they were British.

145
00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:42,560
They were living abroad and they didn't have any voice, any representations in the British Parliament.

146
00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:48,560
So at the end, they want to say what was happening right there.

147
00:13:48,560 --> 00:13:55,560
They wanted to have a voice in the Parliament, in the British Parliament.

148
00:13:55,560 --> 00:14:02,560
There is another important fact that is that they were not allowed to occupy the territories to the West.

149
00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:05,560
They wanted to conquer the West.

150
00:14:05,560 --> 00:14:07,560
The Wild West.

151
00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:15,560
And it was reserved for the British, for the British living in UK, right there on the other side of the Atlantic,

152
00:14:15,560 --> 00:14:22,560
to come over here and to go to the West to conquer more and more territory.

153
00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:34,560
Well, you can imagine the situation if you are living right here and they don't allow to go to the West to get more territory.

154
00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:36,560
They were quite angry about that.

155
00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:43,560
Another thing is the enlightened ideas led people to consider the British government despotic.

156
00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:46,560
They didn't like this type of government.

157
00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:49,560
They thought they were controlling too much.

158
00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:55,560
And these new ideas we have been talking about asked their situation right here.

159
00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:01,560
As you can see, there are so many causes and even more.

160
00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:03,560
But this is just a summary.

161
00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:05,560
But there are so many causes.

162
00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:07,560
But there is always a spark.

163
00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:11,560
There is always something that is going to blow up the situation.

164
00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:20,560
Well, in this case, the British raised the taxes and the Americans argued that they had no vote for them.

165
00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:22,560
Because they were not in the parliament.

166
00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,560
Well, at the end, a war began.

167
00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,560
This is called the Seven Years War.

168
00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,560
From 1756 to 1763.

169
00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:38,560
Well, there are some situations we should talk about.

170
00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:43,560
One is the Stamp Act, 1756.

171
00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:49,560
They implanted a tax on commercial and legal documents.

172
00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:53,560
The British are going to tax more things to the colonies.

173
00:15:53,560 --> 00:15:55,560
Then we have the Tea Act.

174
00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:57,560
This is going to be very important.

175
00:15:57,560 --> 00:15:59,560
This is going to be very important.

176
00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:11,560
1773, the British East India Company had the monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies, as well as duty-free exports.

177
00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:15,560
They didn't like this situation.

178
00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:20,560
They wanted to trade freely.

179
00:16:20,560 --> 00:16:23,560
Because they were, at the end, they were British.

180
00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:25,560
But they were living abroad.

181
00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:33,560
They wanted to have the same rights as this Indian company with the monopoly.

182
00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:39,560
If you don't know what is monopoly, you should look for the meaning of this word.

183
00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:42,560
Monopoly, because we are going to use it quite a lot.

184
00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:46,560
At the end, the colonies had to pay for all the imports.

185
00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,560
I'm talking about paper, glass, lead.

186
00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:57,560
At the end, the colonies were a method to get money for the metropolis.

187
00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:06,560
The colonies were sick and tired to pay taxes and more taxes.

188
00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:09,560
And to find more excuses to pay more taxes.

189
00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:20,560
Well, at the end, 1773, a new tax, again, on the export of tea, provoked a mutiny in Boston.

190
00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:25,560
Well, and this is known as the Boston Tea Party.

191
00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:29,560
Well, the colonies dressed up as Indians.

192
00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:37,560
They threw an entire shipment of tea carried by three British ships into the Boston harbour.

193
00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:43,560
Now, I would like you to find out this episode, ok?

194
00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:45,560
Which this is important.

195
00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:47,560
The Boston Tea Party. Let's see.

196
00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:52,560
Tell me, for next class, what happened in this situation?

197
00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:56,560
What happened to the people? Why they dress up like Indians?

198
00:17:57,560 --> 00:17:59,560
Ok? You have it here.

199
00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:01,560
And there is like a protest here.

200
00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:04,560
Explain me this situation.

201
00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:09,560
Finally, we have to talk about the War of Independence.

202
00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:12,560
1775, 1783.

203
00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:19,560
Well, the harsh repression by the British led to the War of Independence.

204
00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:29,560
Ok, yes, that one that is celebrated so much by the United States.

205
00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:36,560
The rebels form an army under the command of George Washington.

206
00:18:36,560 --> 00:18:43,560
I am sure that you have seen many movies or you have read some books about this situation.

207
00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:48,560
About George Washington and the War of Independence.

208
00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:57,560
Well, and I am also sure you have seen several times this date in the Hollywood movies.

209
00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:59,560
No, the 4th of July.

210
00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:02,560
4th of July, 1776.

211
00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:05,560
What happened during this day?

212
00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:11,560
Well, the representatives of these 13 colonies we have seen before in Philadelphia,

213
00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:16,560
they draw up a Declaration of Independence.

214
00:19:16,560 --> 00:19:22,560
In this Declaration of Independence, which is very important and we will talk about it,

215
00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:30,560
they recognize the equality of the people and the right to life, to liberty and to happiness.

216
00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:33,560
Important, ok?

217
00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:39,560
Important because many of these Enlightenment ideas are written here.

218
00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:46,560
And then we have another of these Enlightenment ideas, this National Sovereignty,

219
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:52,560
that was the means to guarantee this Declaration of Independence.

220
00:19:55,560 --> 00:20:06,560
Well, as you may think, this was a very difficult war for the colonies

221
00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:13,560
because they were not so powerful as the British Empire.

222
00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:22,560
So, how could they achieve this situation, this Declaration of Independence?

223
00:20:22,560 --> 00:20:27,560
Well, because the French and the Spanish support the colonists, ok?

224
00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:32,560
And they defeated together the British in Saratoga and Yorktown.

225
00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:37,560
Probably you have seen these two battles in several movies.

226
00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:42,560
Well, they did it in 1781.

227
00:20:42,560 --> 00:20:48,560
Now, their independence was recognized through the Peace of Paris in 1783,

228
00:20:48,560 --> 00:20:51,560
creating the United States of America.

229
00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:57,560
So, as you can see, we can understand many of these things.

230
00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:02,560
Well, now you can understand something that you may have heard,

231
00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:10,560
that is, the Statue of Liberty in New York was a present made by the French people.

232
00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:17,560
Well, the new state, this United States, was organized as a federal republic

233
00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:22,560
and its political system was based on a constitution.

234
00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:29,560
I'm sure you have heard in many movies about the United States Constitution.

235
00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:32,560
Ok, it's going to be very important, ok?

236
00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:40,560
Because then many of the colonies in South America, the colonies of Spain,

237
00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:45,560
are going to adapt this constitution to their own, alright?

238
00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:55,560
Even the French Revolution are going to base this new constitution on the American Constitution.

239
00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:03,560
Well, and the point is that the United States Constitution is very important

240
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:07,560
because it was the first one to be written in history, ok?

241
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,560
So, that's why it's very important to know the date.

242
00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:16,560
1787, the first constitution ever written in history.

243
00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:19,560
Now, so what this constitution says?

244
00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:25,560
Well, as something that you can remember,

245
00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:32,560
because we have just studied that during the Enlightenment ideas,

246
00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:36,560
it established a division of power, alright?

247
00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:42,560
That means the different powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary.

248
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:48,560
Well, it has a president, it has a congress, and it has a supreme court.

249
00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:52,560
Well, it guarantees the rights.

250
00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:59,560
Now, rights is another of the things that liberals in the Enlightenment ideas asked for, ok?

251
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:06,560
The rights, especially the right to life, to liberty, and to property.

252
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:14,560
But also freedom of expression, the freedom of press, and the freedom of religion.

253
00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:23,560
As you can see, many of these ideas of the Enlightenment are written in this constitution.

254
00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:26,560
It's what I write right here.

255
00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:29,560
The ideas of the Enlightenment were put into practice,

256
00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:40,560
so that's why this first constitution of the United States was so important for human history,

257
00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:44,560
or at least for the development of our democracies today.

258
00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:49,560
Let's talk a bit more about this United States Constitution.

259
00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:55,560
Well, the electoral system was universal manhood suffrage.

260
00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:56,560
What does it mean?

261
00:23:56,560 --> 00:24:04,560
That not all the people could vote, just the men could vote, ok?

262
00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:07,560
That's why it says universal manhood suffrage.

263
00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:10,560
But there were also some exceptions.

264
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:18,560
Well, the Native Americans, the women, and the black slaves were not allowed to vote.

265
00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:22,560
That's why we cannot talk about a real democracy yet,

266
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:28,560
and we cannot talk about universal suffrage, ok?

267
00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:30,560
That's why we have to talk about manhood,

268
00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:36,560
and not exactly because there were some men that couldn't vote just because they were Native Americans,

269
00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,560
or they were just black slaves.

270
00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:45,560
Well, the states of the North wanted to abolish slavery,

271
00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:51,560
but those in the South, because they had plantations of cotton and other stuff,

272
00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:56,560
they were opposed to this abolition of slavery,

273
00:24:56,560 --> 00:25:01,560
and they tried to form independent slave states, ok?

274
00:25:01,560 --> 00:25:07,560
They wanted to have the independence to avoid, to abolish slavery.

275
00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:17,560
So, this situation triggered the American Civil War that you have watched in several movies.

276
00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:26,560
This Civil War in America happened during the 1861 and 1865.

277
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:32,560
Well, the North, which was more liberal and industrialized,

278
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:39,560
it was more powerful economically, won the war under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln.

279
00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:43,560
I'm sure you know all these names we are talking about.

280
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:49,560
Well, at the end, slavery was abolished and all the slaves were freed.

281
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:58,560
Yes, I know what you are thinking, that not all the states happened at least at the same time.

282
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:08,560
There were so many states that slavery, or something similar to slavery,

283
00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:16,560
continued until the end of the Second World War.

284
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:23,560
That's it. This is the end of this first video.

285
00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:28,560
Now, you have just to do some easy exercises.

286
00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:34,560
Look for these three words, independence, mutiny and constitution.

287
00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:40,560
Then, make a timeline of the process of American independence.

288
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:49,560
I want you to make a timeline because it's just to practice for the French Revolution

289
00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,560
that it's quite more harder to understand than this one.

290
00:26:55,560 --> 00:27:02,560
Another easy exercise, just find out who the person on the US $1 bill is

291
00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:10,560
and explain how he is connected to the content of this unit and write a small, very small,

292
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:14,560
just tell me something about his biography.

293
00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:20,560
That's it. We have finished this part of the unit. Enjoy.