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Hello everyone, I'm going to explain you today the part that we've been in, which is fungi, so number three, fungi, remember that you need to write everything on your notebooks, including the table of contents, you need to keep with it, so fungi, you have watched some video, you have watched a video where it explains things about fungi,

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so now we're going to have all that on our notebook and we're gonna prepare the

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general characteristics of them. So the first thing we need to do is to prepare

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something drawing like this. What is it? You got it! It is a mushroom, okay? Mushrooms

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are only part of the fungi. It's not, okay, in general we call fungi to the

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mushrooms, but it's only a small part of the whole organisms of fungi. So, of fungi, there are

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multiple organisms, some of them are unicellular, as you have seen with the yeast, some of them are

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multicellular. So, but including all of them, there are 70,000 species of fungi. So, imagine how many

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different types you can have, okay? Wow, amazing! Okay, so let's gonna see the

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characteristics of the fungi. Characteristics, okay? Remember to make

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drawings as good as possible, always use different type of colors, that includes

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you you know who you are okay so let's see characteristics of the fungi first of all

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what type of cell do they have think a little bit now answer okay there are eukaryotic cells

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okay so we have eukaryotic think about the characteristic of eukaryotic cell what are

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eukaryotic cells, okay, are those cells who got a nucleus, okay, and organelles, okay, they are

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eukaryotic, they are also, what would it be for the nutrition, autotrophic or heterotrophic,

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think a little bit, yes, heterotrophic, okay, we've got it in the video too, heterotrophic,

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Okay? Remember the characteristics of the heterotrophic organisms. Next one. Okay? Fungi, as well as plants, they have a cell wall. Cell wall. Okay? They make a wall, some bricks, some bricks, okay? Resembling a wall, so you can remember better. Okay?

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but this cell wall is made of chitin, okay, chitin, okay, this is a specific type of

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of carbohydrate, what type of biomolecule are the carbohydrates? Think a little bit,

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it's an organic biomolecule, okay, you got it, if not, please revise that section,

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Okay, now, so we have a cell wall made of kitten and the nutrition of the fungi, we say they are heterotrophic, but also in this heterotrophic they can be of three different types, okay?

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They can be saprophytic, wait, I need to see how to write it, ok, saprophytic, ok, that means that they can feed on other organisms that are dead, for example, or of the excrements of some organisms, ok, and they don't harm anyone.

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they can be parasitic parasitic okay in which they get use of another animal or

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another plant another living thing in general okay and they get the energy

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from it without doing anything it's the same as when you take the homework from

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your classmate that you haven't done anything you're a parasite okay now and

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symbiotic symbiotic is a cool relationship between because with that

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two individuals get benefit from each other imagine that you were working in

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the project of the cell and you made one part and your partners made another part

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you made a symbiosis you got all a good mark thanks to that and that you all

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work okay there's a symbiotic relationship okay so let's revise 70,000

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species, they are characteristic, they are eukaryotic, they are heterotrophic, they have a cell wall made of chitin,

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and their nutrition can be saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic.

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Let's continue with the fungi.

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Okay, there's a special type of fungi that make a symbiosis.

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Remember in the last picture that we have the chart?

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chart okay we say that symbiosis is a very special relationship in which two individuals get benefit

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from each other okay so in this case fungi can have an specific symbiosis with certain organisms

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okay and we call them lichens lichens that maybe you have seen them when when you are walking on

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the countryside or on the walls of an interesting building, but outside Madrid because lichens do

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not like pollution, so they are not going to be in polluted area. But if there's clean air,

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surely you are lucky that you have seen some lichens. I will attach some pictures later.

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Okay, so lichens are composed of three different organisms, okay? We have a multicellular fungus,

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multicellular fungus remember plural fungi singular fungus then we have

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cyanobacterium what have we seen cyanobacteria do you remember okay

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what's in the bacteria domain okay these cyanobacteria are autotrophic which

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means that yes they can make their own food they make photosynthesis okay so

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cyanobacteria and then we have a green algae a green algae so three individuals

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the fungus the cyanobacteria and the green algae that make a symbiosis and

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they benefit from each other and they cannot live separately we cannot take

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this fungus and grow it somewhere or take this cyanobacteria and grow it

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somewhere no they must live together okay all the time last part for today

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the classification of fungi okay I'm gonna use a certain type of

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classification but doesn't mean that has to be the correct one I mean we can use

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different types remember when we were talking about classifying 11 things

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remember many squares triangles circles and different people on the class has

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different type of classification this happens the same I'm going to use one to

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not get into technical words okay but if you find somewhere else they will have

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different types, okay? We're going to define it in whether they are unicellular or they are

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multicellular. Okay, what would be the difference between unicellular and multicellular? Yeah, I know

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it's not the same if someone doesn't make a joke now, but you can try at least, like when you were

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doing with dora la exploradora when you were a kid okay now let's see unicellular we found an

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example in the video do you remember try think yeah they are yeast and remember we have worked

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with them remember in the laboratory with the balloons and the test tube remember that okay

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cheese obtain energy remember that fungi are heterotrophic so they cannot make

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their own food but they take things from the outside environment like the cheese

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and obtain energy through a process called let's see if someone remembers

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get an extra point in the mark let's see the the process was fermentation that

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was the process that we observe that if we add sugar to the cheese then they

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start to react and they make carbon dioxide that's the product of the fermentation okay so the

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fermentation can have different products okay but it is is going to obtain energy from that products

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and they are going to transform these sugars into lactic acid lactic acid don't worry you will see

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the picture later closer or alcohol so for example when we prepare bread or pizza and we use yeast

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the yeast that we add it makes a fermentation and the product will be lactic acid or for example

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that we use to make yogurt or the ones that we use to make a cheese but there are other

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days that are used to make alcohol in drinks for example those that are used to make beer

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or the ones that are used to make rum okay so different fermentation and can have different

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yeast and they can have lactic acid or alcohol now multicellular fungi okay more than one cell

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okay we're going to try two types molds that remember that you have in the closer in the

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definition or we can have mushrooms to tell you the truth i don't like very much this definition

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but as I say, it's not to get too technical, okay, and the mushrooms, what we can see when we are

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going to collect mushroom, if you are a mushroom picker, okay, is that if this is the countryside,

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you can see the outside of, okay, what is upper ground, but underground, there are a lot of

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things going on, okay? There are a lot, a lot of part of the fungi under earth, okay?

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To this part, okay, this is the mushroom, mushroom with its upper ground,

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and underneath it's going to release some spores. What would be the use of the

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spores, the use of the spores would be to reproduce, to move around and have fungi

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all around the place, okay? And underground, all this part is called the mycelium, okay?

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The part that is on the ground, we cannot see, and it's made like threads, okay? Look

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it up in the dictionary, you don't know what it means, threads, okay? D-H-R-E-A-T.

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yeah okay the mycelium has a lot of threads there okay and each thread is

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called hyphae okay each means the each thread in the mycelium is called hyphae

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so a lot of hyphae are the mycelium in Spanish we call it ifa mycelium so will

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be the same difficulty as if you're learning in English don't worry okay so