1 00:00:03,310 --> 00:00:12,710 Hello! It has been so long since the last video. Today we are going to learn about the Andalusi society and art. 2 00:00:13,210 --> 00:00:23,769 Remember that we already know lots of things about it because we have studied it with the origins, the spread of the Islam and also the Islamic art. 3 00:00:24,809 --> 00:00:31,969 What we are going to do now is to focus in the Islamic region of the Iberian Peninsula, Al-Andalus. 4 00:00:31,969 --> 00:00:36,969 Remember to take notes, make questions and complete the survey. 5 00:00:37,850 --> 00:00:43,270 You can check also pages 86 to 93. 6 00:00:47,950 --> 00:00:48,829 Al-Andalus 7 00:00:48,829 --> 00:00:53,950 Society, Art, Cities and Economy 8 00:00:53,950 --> 00:01:04,400 The Islamic society and also the Andalusian society was divided into religious groups, 9 00:01:04,859 --> 00:01:07,140 the Muslims and the non-Muslims. 10 00:01:07,140 --> 00:01:17,140 The Muslims were the conquerors, the Arabs that they come from the Arabian Peninsula and the Berbers. 11 00:01:17,140 --> 00:01:25,140 These last come from the north of Africa and were poorer than the Arabs. 12 00:01:25,140 --> 00:01:32,140 In this group we had as well the Muladis, Christians converted to Islam. 13 00:01:32,140 --> 00:01:47,519 In the other group, the non-Muslims, we have the Musarabs, Christians who didn't convert to Islam, and also Jews, they were merchants, artisans. 14 00:01:47,519 --> 00:02:00,959 Musarabs and Jews had to pay taxes to keep their religion and customs, like in Al-Andalus, the cities. 15 00:02:00,959 --> 00:02:09,520 As you know, Islamic cities had a very regular shape and tiny strips to avoid the burning 16 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:20,659 heat of the sun and keep fresh in the dark. 17 00:02:20,659 --> 00:02:25,819 During the 10th Caliphate, Córdoba was the most important city of Al-Ándalus. 18 00:02:25,819 --> 00:02:32,280 Seville, Toledo, Valencia, Murcia were also very important cities. 19 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:40,449 Let's see the parts of a Muslim city. 20 00:02:40,449 --> 00:02:45,750 The city inside the walls was called the Medina, La Medina. 21 00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:53,250 In that part there were very important buildings, as you can see here, for the religious, the 22 00:02:53,250 --> 00:02:56,150 civil and the economic activities. 23 00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:05,569 The Alcázar, the fortress, the main mosque, the souks, los zocos en español, so they 24 00:03:05,569 --> 00:03:12,250 were the markets and also the hammams, the public baths. There were also the 25 00:03:12,250 --> 00:03:20,509 alóndigas, they were store rooms, almacenes. As you can see the urbanism was 26 00:03:20,509 --> 00:03:31,849 very irregular, the streets were very tiny also. Water was a very important 27 00:03:31,849 --> 00:03:39,610 element in every Islamic city. Fountains, gardens, irrigated gardens, seaweed, 28 00:03:39,610 --> 00:03:51,250 Alcantarillado, were very important for Muslims. Let's focus in the economy. 29 00:03:51,250 --> 00:03:59,349 Al-Andalus had a prosperous economy based on agriculture, craftwork and trade. 30 00:03:59,349 --> 00:04:10,930 They cultivated local crops such as grapes, olives, but also they imported 31 00:04:10,930 --> 00:04:19,689 crops from the other parts of the Islamic Empire, like cotton, rice, aubergines and artichokes, 32 00:04:19,689 --> 00:04:32,660 berenjenas y alcachofas. Craft work. Craftsmen developed high quality products such as ceramics, 33 00:04:32,660 --> 00:04:43,879 leather, precious metals, silk, ivory. Ceramic is actually one of the main decoration used in 34 00:04:43,879 --> 00:04:55,189 Andalusi art, trade. Lots of merchants lived near the souks, los zocos, where they sold 35 00:04:55,189 --> 00:05:08,120 their products. This is the last part of the video, the Andalusi art. Andalusi art 36 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:14,180 is very similar to the Islamic art that we have studied. The elements and the 37 00:05:14,180 --> 00:05:22,160 characteristics are the same. Let's remember them. The main buildings were 38 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:31,480 palaces, mosques, public baths and also the fortress. The materials were very 39 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:38,680 simple outside and very poor but very precious inside with different kind of 40 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:46,120 decoration. Remember the different elements, the locked arch, the horseshoe 41 00:05:46,120 --> 00:06:00,110 art, wooden roof. Islamic art and also Andalusi art was iconoclastic because 42 00:06:00,110 --> 00:06:05,470 they didn't represent human figure. The different type of decoration were 43 00:06:05,470 --> 00:06:12,189 geometric, description from the Quran and arabesque. Remember arabesque were a 44 00:06:12,189 --> 00:06:19,810 mixture of animal and vegetal decoration. Here you can see a new type of 45 00:06:19,810 --> 00:06:29,709 of decoration the lattice work, celosia in Spanish. So they had effect of light and shade 46 00:06:30,589 --> 00:06:37,550 inside the palaces and also mosques as you can see in the picture. Remember also that water 47 00:06:37,550 --> 00:06:52,060 was very important to create a very special atmosphere. As there were different periods 48 00:06:52,060 --> 00:06:59,259 in the history of Al-Andalus we are going to find also differences in the art of each period. 49 00:06:59,339 --> 00:07:06,839 different periods, different kind of art. The first, the Caliphate art, el arte califal. 50 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:16,860 Its main characteristics are the arches, they were made in colors white and red, 51 00:07:16,860 --> 00:07:23,519 they were combined these colors. We can find them in the mosque of Cordoba and also in the 52 00:07:23,519 --> 00:07:30,699 palace of Medina Azahara. The Mosque of Córdoba took 200 years to complete, from 53 00:07:30,699 --> 00:07:38,839 Abderramán I to Al-Mansur. After the 1212, remember, La Batalla de las Nadas de Tolosa, 54 00:07:38,839 --> 00:07:44,040 when Christians took control of Córdoba, they started building a cathedral inside 55 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:57,500 the mosque to symbolize Christian power. Taifa art, el arte taifa. 56 00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:08,500 The main characteristics is that this art was a very beautiful and very decorated palace in the Taifa's kingdoms. 57 00:08:08,500 --> 00:08:18,500 Here you can see a picture of Aljacería de Zaragoza, that was the palace for the sultan of this Taifa kingdom. 58 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:45,659 Art. Arte almohade. The supported troops that came from the north of Africa were very austere, so they did a very sober art with no decoration. Here you can see some examples in the city of Seville. 59 00:08:45,659 --> 00:08:53,440 The Giralda, now the tower of the Cathedral of Seville, but remember that it was the original 60 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:55,539 minaret of the mosque. 61 00:08:55,539 --> 00:09:01,879 And on the right you can see the tower of gold in Seville, La Torre del Oro. 62 00:09:01,879 --> 00:09:12,610 It was part of the walls to defend the city. 63 00:09:12,610 --> 00:09:17,669 This is the last period, the Nasrid art, el arte nazarí. 64 00:09:17,669 --> 00:09:24,950 kings were lovers of art, music, beauty and happiness. Because of that we can find in 65 00:09:24,950 --> 00:09:37,860 Granada the best examples of Andalusi art. They built the Alhambra, a fortress city with 66 00:09:37,860 --> 00:09:45,980 palaces and gardens. It was the city of the Taifa kings. There were public and private 67 00:09:45,980 --> 00:09:54,019 areas in the Alhambra, organized around courtyards, patios. The public areas were 68 00:09:54,019 --> 00:10:00,080 around the Court of the Beertals, the Court of Machuca and the Court of the 69 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:07,879 Golden Room. The Court of Lions was the center of the private palaces. Generalife 70 00:10:07,879 --> 00:10:17,440 El Feu was an area outside the walls formed by summer palaces and beautiful gardens. 71 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:23,899 Here you can see an example of the cart of the Myrtus, El Patio de los Arrayanes, and 72 00:10:23,899 --> 00:10:31,460 also the cart of Lions, El Palacio o El Patio de los Leones. 73 00:10:31,460 --> 00:10:37,659 Here there is a view of the Alhambra, and remember that it was made up of different 74 00:10:37,659 --> 00:10:49,870 kind of palaces, public, private and also a space for garden, water and summer palaces. 75 00:10:49,870 --> 00:10:54,990 This is the end students. Remember to do the survey and see you on Monday! Bye!