1 00:00:00,500 --> 00:00:08,279 Hispania Romana. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Rome lasted two centuries from 2 00:00:08,279 --> 00:00:17,839 218 BC to 19 AD. The Romans gave the peninsula its name, Hispania, and carried out the conquest 3 00:00:17,839 --> 00:00:24,559 for three main reasons. Firstly, to have control of the western Mediterranean, which they were 4 00:00:24,559 --> 00:00:30,460 competing for with Carthage. Secondly, to take advantage of the wealth that the mines 5 00:00:30,460 --> 00:00:38,380 generated, like gold and silver, and also to stock up on wine and oil. And lastly, with 6 00:00:38,380 --> 00:00:44,219 a geographical goal to conquer the whole of Europe, reaching the Cape of Finisterre, the 7 00:00:44,219 --> 00:00:51,750 end of land in Latin, which was the most western point of the known world at that time. The 8 00:00:51,750 --> 00:00:56,950 Conquest starts with the landing of Publio and Sineo Escipion in Emporium, 9 00:00:57,570 --> 00:01:02,049 nowadays Empurius in Girona, during the Second Punic War. 10 00:01:03,109 --> 00:01:07,909 On the side of the Carthaginians, Amilcar Barca, Asdrubal, 11 00:01:07,909 --> 00:01:11,469 and finally Hannibal, succeeded each other as leader. 12 00:01:13,109 --> 00:01:17,329 Hannibal left Carthago Nova, nowadays Cartagena, 13 00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:20,890 crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps with his army, 14 00:01:20,890 --> 00:01:24,810 which included elephants, and arrived at the gates of Rome. 15 00:01:26,849 --> 00:01:32,390 After the Roman victory at the Battle of Elipa, near Alcalá del Río in Sevilla, 16 00:01:33,109 --> 00:01:35,890 the Carthaginians were forced to abandon the peninsula, 17 00:01:36,409 --> 00:01:39,450 and finally, at the Battle of Fama in Africa, 18 00:01:40,049 --> 00:01:44,829 they were completely beaten by Publio Cornelio Escipio, the African. 19 00:01:47,359 --> 00:01:51,799 The Romans advanced their conquest through a military unit known as the Roman Legion, 20 00:01:51,799 --> 00:01:55,879 which fought not only on flat terrain but also in the mountains. 21 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,680 They were made up of 6,000 men and 300 riders 22 00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:03,780 and each unit had their own name and number. 23 00:02:04,939 --> 00:02:07,920 Like, for example, the Lechio 7th Gemina 24 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:12,500 originally from the city of Leon, whose name came from Lechio. 25 00:02:14,159 --> 00:02:17,400 However, during their advance through the Iberian Peninsula 26 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:20,979 the Romans met fierce resistance from the tribes. 27 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:31,460 In Dybal and Mandonio, 206 BC, warlords from the Iberian tribes of the Ilegetes and Ocetanos 28 00:02:31,460 --> 00:02:35,879 fought in the Pyrenees and the Valley of the Ebro against the Romans, 29 00:02:36,419 --> 00:02:40,719 although eventually they were executed for repeated treason against Rome. 30 00:02:42,620 --> 00:02:49,919 In the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, the Romans had to fight against the Portuguese warlord Viriato, 31 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:53,379 who used guerrilla warfare for seven years 32 00:02:53,379 --> 00:02:56,300 to resist all the Roman armies sent to beat him. 33 00:02:57,340 --> 00:03:00,240 In the end he reached a peace treaty with Rome 34 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:03,539 but he was assassinated by three of his lieutenants. 35 00:03:04,539 --> 00:03:07,759 The story goes that when these three went to collect their reward 36 00:03:07,759 --> 00:03:11,419 the Roman consul, Vescipion Emiliano 37 00:03:11,419 --> 00:03:14,659 ordered them to be executed for treachery 38 00:03:14,659 --> 00:03:18,400 saying, Rome does not reward traitors. 39 00:03:19,199 --> 00:03:26,419 Another example was the Celtic-Iberian resistance in the city of Numancia, on the outskirts of what is now Soria. 40 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:41,360 In the year 133 BC, the general, Escipio Emiliano, laid siege to the city for 15 months, with 60,000 soldiers against 2,500 Numancians. 41 00:03:42,360 --> 00:03:50,379 Faced with defeat, the majority of the people inside the city chose to commit suicide rather than become Roman slaves. 42 00:03:50,740 --> 00:03:57,379 The Sertorian Wars, which took place in Hispania between the years 82 BC and 72 BC, 43 00:03:58,639 --> 00:04:03,379 and pitted the Roman general Quintus Sertorius against Pompey the Great, 44 00:04:04,060 --> 00:04:11,180 also helped in the Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula, with Iberian tribes fighting on both sides. 45 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:16,060 Julius Caesar's last battle was Munda near Chaerne 46 00:04:16,060 --> 00:04:20,899 which he won and he was then assassinated in Rome a few months later 47 00:04:20,899 --> 00:04:24,139 leading to the period known as the Roman Empire 48 00:04:24,139 --> 00:04:29,240 Presence of the Romans in the Iberian Peninsula lasted six centuries 49 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:33,800 from the 2nd century BC to the start of the 5th century AD 50 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:35,920 when the Visigoths arrived 51 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:40,740 The Romanization was founded on four main principles 52 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:49,000 the language. Latin replaced the indigenous languages Iberian, Celt. It is estimated that 53 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:56,959 approximately 70% of the words in the Spanish language come from Latin. Polytheistic religion, 54 00:04:56,959 --> 00:05:03,360 many gods, was replaced by Christianity which became the official religion of the Roman Empire 55 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:08,160 at the end of the 4th century with Emperor Theodosius. 56 00:05:09,339 --> 00:05:13,360 Roman law, which introduced laws and the concept of the state 57 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,519 and also the organization of the land in Hispania, 58 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:21,339 which in the time of Emperor Octavio Augusto, 27 BC, 59 00:05:21,939 --> 00:05:23,819 was divided in three provinces, 60 00:05:24,540 --> 00:05:27,560 Baetica, Terraconense and Lusitania. 61 00:05:28,819 --> 00:05:30,060 Urban civilization. 62 00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:36,019 the Romans created an important network of roadways that joined cities up, 63 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:43,019 such as Cadiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, León, Mérida, Sevilla and Zaragoza. 64 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,300 All these cities have a similar pattern, 65 00:05:46,879 --> 00:05:51,100 made up of a main road called Cardo, north to south, 66 00:05:51,540 --> 00:05:54,079 and also the Cúmeno, east to west. 67 00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:58,699 Both converge at the forum, the heart of the city, 68 00:05:58,699 --> 00:06:03,660 where the government buildings, temples, baths and markets were to be found. 69 00:06:04,759 --> 00:06:08,120 Great feats of engineering and architecture were carried out, 70 00:06:08,699 --> 00:06:12,279 some of the most impressive being the walls of Lugo, 71 00:06:13,019 --> 00:06:19,220 the aqueduct at Segovia, the Alcántara Bridge and the Amphitheater at Merida. 72 00:06:20,660 --> 00:06:24,160 Hispania was one of the most Romanized provinces of the Empire. 73 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:32,120 In the 3rd century AD, Roman citizenship was granted to all the free inhabitants of Hispania. 74 00:06:32,959 --> 00:06:37,540 A number of important figures in the history of Rome were born in Hispania. 75 00:06:38,199 --> 00:06:42,939 For example, the emperors Trajan, Hadrian and Theodosius, 76 00:06:43,620 --> 00:06:50,639 the philosopher Seneca, the poet Marcial and the public speaker Quintiliano.