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In this video we are going to start studying the point number 7, the cultural aspects, the enlightenment.

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So what we are going to see is the enlightenment and the political thinking.

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This is what we are going to see in this video.

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In the next one we will continue with the cultural aspects and we will see the different enlightenment thinkers,

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the political and the economic enlightenment thinkers.

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And finally we will see the art.

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after that we end with the 18th century and what we have left is the is just

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Spain in the 18th century so let's start studying these cultural aspects

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let's see the start what is the enlightenment okay so the enlightenment

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this is the definition it was an intellectual and cultural movement that

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appeared in Europe in the 18th century okay when we talk about an intellectual

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movement and cultural movement we are talking about an ideology okay so

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basically the Enlightenment is an ideology okay that is going to appear in

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Europe in the 18th century what is this ideology going to propose this ideology

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is going to challenge the authority of the ancient regime it means this

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ideology the Enlightenment is going to be against the absolute monarchs and he

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This ideology is going to propose a new way of organizing society

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So the idea is the enlightenment

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Okay is going to be against the absolute monarch the stratified society and also against the guilds and

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The economy based only in agriculture and livestock farming

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Okay, and they are going to propose a new way to organize a society

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of

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of course if you want to end with the privileges of the society it means to end with the stratified

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society who is going to be in favor of ending with the privileges of the nobility and clergy

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of course the bourgeoisie so that's why the bourgeoisie is going to adopt these ideas

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so to sum up the enlightenment is an ideology it's going to appear in europe and in the 18th century

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okay? This ideology is going to be against the ancient regime, it means the political system of

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the ancient regime, that is the absolute monarchy, is going to be against the society, the stratified

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society, is going to be in favor of a society where everyone is equal, okay? It's going to be

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in favor of the class society and also they are going to propose that new way of organizing the

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society that is the class society it means a society based on money

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who is going to be in favor of these ideas of course the bourgeoisie that they are rich

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okay and they are not privileged so if the enlightenment is against of privileges and

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wants everyone to be equal they are going to say okay the bourgeoisie is going to be in favor of it

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okay so that's the idea the enlightenment okay is an intellectual and cultural movement it means

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an ideology that appear in the 18th century in europe and is going to challenge this political

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economical and social structure of the ancient regime which are going to be the characteristics

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of the enlightenment the first one is that the enlightenment is going to be based on reason

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okay they are going to reject tradition or superstition as the basis for making

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decisions it means if you are going to make a decision is not you cannot

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explain it or you cannot be based on superstition or tradition it but it must

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be based on reason a logical thinking okay and they are going to use reason to

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understand and explain the world it means they are not going to explain the world based on god

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on god decisions they are going to try to explain it through the laws of the nature

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through observing the nature understanding through reason how the nature works okay and then

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that's it they will understand it okay so they believe in reason instead of

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superstitions and tradition they want to understand the world through reason the

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second idea is that they are going to believe in human progress towards what

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happiness and welfare it means they believe that the humans the human beings

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must be happy okay and they must be wealthy so they are supposed to have a

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good life quality okay good life quality along with happiness and finally the

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Enlightenment this ideology is going to support the related with religion I mean

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they support the idea of religious tolerance it means everyone okay anyone

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can think anything they want everyone can can believe in God or not or to be

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muslim or to be christian or to be catholic or to be orthodox any type of religion they are going to

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believe in religious tolerance and also they are going to believe in deism okay some of the

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Leibniz thinkers believed in Deism. Deism means that you are going to believe in

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God okay but you are not going to believe in God of the Catholic God or

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the Muslim God what you are going to believe is that nature is perfect okay

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you see the relation between the different elements in nature this

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relation is perfect so as this relation is perfect must be a God organizing the

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nature so that I'm going to believe in a God I'm not going to say a name or I'm

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not going to believe in a specific God I'm going to believe in a superpower a

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God that is organizing the world for example imagine we talk about the water

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cycle the water cycle means the water goes down a river this water from the

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river goes to the sea the water is going to evaporate this water is going to

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create clouds these clouds are going to go inside the country and they are going

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to start rain okay and this water the water from the rain is going to go

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against to the river or from the river against to again sorry to the again to

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the sea again to the ocean so this perfection of the water cycle is what

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the enlightenment thinkers are seen in nature they are seen nature is perfect

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there are natural laws as a result this natural laws must be created by a superior power and this

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superior power must be god but they are not going to say this god is jesus christ or is

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allah etc no just a god okay so to sum up enlightenment is an ideology appeared in europe

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18th century, this ideology is against the ancient regime and they want to change it.

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Of course, these changes they are proposing are in favor of bourgeoisie, so the bourgeoisie is

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going to support the enlightenment. Which are the basic ideas of enlightenment? The idea of

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using reason to understand the world, the idea of believing in happiness and welfare for the

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human progress for the humans it means to be happy and to be not rich but to have a good life quality

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and finally they are going to believe in religious tolerance and deism it means nature is perfect

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in nature we find these natural laws and these laws must be created by a god okay

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So these are the main characteristics of Enlightenment.

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So let's see the political thinking.

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Related with the Enlightenment political thinking we can see two main political thinkings.

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The first ideology or the first thinker is Bossuet.

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Bossuet supported the absolute monarchy.

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Bossuet is not exactly an Enlightenment thinker, however he

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is supporting one of the political thinkings or one of the political

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systems in the 18th century, the absolute monarchy. So Bossuet supported

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the absolute monarchy as the political system in the 18th century. The other

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option is, well this is Bossuet, okay, and the other option is John Locke. We have

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seen already John Locke and John Locke is going to be the father of liberalism.

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I'm going to explain the characteristics of liberalism and then I will explain

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the political freedom and social equality. Okay, the thing is John Locke is

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the other political thinker he is going to support you know the separation of

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powers okay and a parliament controlling the king okay remember that from the

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British parliamentarism so the important thing of John Locke is he is going to

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defend the separation of powers okay the executive for the king the legislative

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for the Parliament and the judiciary for the judges the second is that John Locke

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is going to support a social contract what is a social contract a social

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contract means a constitution it means so John Locke believes that the

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population must elect okay the ruler that is going to control the society

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okay he is against the absolute monarchy so the idea is he is supporting the idea

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of the king and the population or the ruler and the population to sign a

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contract to reach an agreement okay in which the people the person that is

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going to rule the society okay is going to obtain the power from the population

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it means to have a law that is going to control the ruler the Constitution and

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also to be able to vote the ruler that is the social contract it means a

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constitution and a democratic system okay so separation of powers and also

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social contract, la idea de un contrato social, ¿vale? Un contrato entre el gobernante y el

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gobernado. El gobernante tendrá el poder porque los gobernados se lo ceden a través del voto y

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el gobernante tendrá un poder limitado por un documento aprobado por todos, que es la

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constitución, ¿vale? So the social contract is that a constitution, a law that is going to limit

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the power of the king. This law has been voted by all the population and this

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population is going to elect the government or the ruler. The third

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idea that John Locke is going to support is tyrannicide. It means John Locke is

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going to be in favor of executing or ending with the power of a ruler if this

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ruler is not following the laws so it means the population okay as they have

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this social contract with the ruler if the ruler is not following the laws the

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population has the right to end with the ruler they could execute it or they

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could say that they are going to end with his rule with his power okay so

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these are the ideas of liberalism that is the ideology of John Locke and this

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liberalism is based on enlightenment ideas okay the basis of liberalism are

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political freedom is me it means you are going to elect the government or the

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governor or the ruler and also social equality it means all of us are equal

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everyone can vote okay everyone can be elected as ruler

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make sense this is the two different systems the one that is going to succeed

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in the 19th century is this liberalism so two system absolute monarchy

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supported by bossuet all the power for the monarchy or liberalism that means

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political freedom you can elect your ruler and social equality

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everyone is equal everyone can vote the ruler second the basis of liberalism

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okay or the ideas that John Locke is going to defend are separation of

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powers social contract and tyrannism it means these three ideas are going to be

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the basis for establishing a political freedom and a social equality

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separation of powers or separation of powers and social

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contract are going to be the basis of this political freedom and social

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equality so after these these two political theories what we are going to

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see in the 18th century is that liberalism is not going to be established

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it's not going to succeed in the 18th century and the absolute monarchy is

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going to be changed a little what we are going to have in the 18th century is the

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enlightenment despotism enlightenment despotism means the king is going to be

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an absolute monarch but this monarch is going to accept some of the ideas of the

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enlightenment basically that the population must be happy okay and the

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king must improve the life conditions of the population and the economy of the

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country using reason okay so enlightenment despotism is a

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political movement that is going to be developed in the by some absolute

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European monarchs in the 18th century some absolute monarchs not all the

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European monarchs okay but some absolute monarchs what they are going to do is to

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accept the enlightenment idea of progress the idea of the population must have a

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better life quality the the the king is supposed to develop the economy of the

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of the country okay so that's the idea when we talk about enlightenment

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despotism we are talking about this okay an absolute monarch is going to be an

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absolute monarch but his decisions are going to be address not gonna start

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to economic development and social progress it means to give

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happiness and to give a welfare to the population that's why that but the

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problem is the motto is going to be all for the people nothing by the people it

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means all for the people the king is going to give to the people the

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happiness is going to be is going to give a better economy a better life quality but the

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population cannot make any decision okay so it's nothing by the people the population is not going

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to decide because the king is an absolute king it means that he's an absolute monarch he has all the

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power okay so the king knows what is better for the population what is better for the population

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to be happy what is better for the economy of the country what is better to have a better life

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quality okay examples of this enlightenment despotism or sorry of this alignment despotic

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monarchs are in spain carlos tercero in in russia catalina segunda or catalina la grande

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and in Prussia Federico II okay so these three monarchs are going to be absolute monarchs okay

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they are going to have all the power but their ideas their decisions are going to be addressed

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to give to the people everything happiness better improvements in economy a better life quality okay

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but without letting the population making decisions because all the

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decisions are going to be made by the king in the next video we will talk

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about the main alignment thinkers okay and the main alignment thinkers related

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to economy