1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:15,960 Hello, hello everyone. Today we're going to be talking about comparatives and superlatives. 2 00:00:18,339 --> 00:00:26,620 We use comparative and superlative forms to compare things, people, and actions. 3 00:00:27,300 --> 00:00:29,640 So let's take a look at the first rule here. 4 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:40,299 It says, we use the comparative form to compare one person, thing, or action to another. 5 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:41,979 So what does that mean? 6 00:00:42,079 --> 00:00:50,000 It means when we're using the comparative form, we are comparing two things to each other. 7 00:00:50,000 --> 00:01:03,119 So, whenever we have our regular adjectives here, they start with green, tall, fast, and small. 8 00:01:03,859 --> 00:01:08,760 But to make it to the comparative form, all we have to do is add er. 9 00:01:09,299 --> 00:01:10,879 Easy peasy, lemon squeezy. 10 00:01:10,879 --> 00:01:23,120 So, green becomes greener, tall becomes taller, fast becomes faster, and small becomes smaller. 11 00:01:24,099 --> 00:01:27,200 So, let's take a look at the first example here. 12 00:01:28,780 --> 00:01:33,780 It says, the grass is greener in Ireland. 13 00:01:34,700 --> 00:01:41,060 Well, we know that we're using the comparative form because we've added er to green. 14 00:01:41,700 --> 00:01:49,359 Now, even though we can't see the other thing we're comparing Ireland to, we're comparing two things here. 15 00:01:49,359 --> 00:01:59,780 I could continue the sentence and say the grass is greener in Ireland than in Spain, for example. 16 00:02:00,299 --> 00:02:03,120 So I would be comparing Spain and Ireland. 17 00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:05,980 Let's take a look at the second example. 18 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:12,400 A giraffe is taller than a lion. 19 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:17,439 Well, in this example, you can see that we're using the comparative 20 00:02:17,439 --> 00:02:22,460 because we've added er to tall, 21 00:02:22,460 --> 00:02:26,580 but also because of this word here, than. 22 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:30,740 Than lets us know that we're comparing two things. 23 00:02:30,740 --> 00:02:40,599 In this case, we're comparing a giraffe and a lion, and we can see that the giraffe is clearly taller than the lion. 24 00:02:41,620 --> 00:02:44,039 Let's take a look at the third example. 25 00:02:45,039 --> 00:02:49,180 A tiger is faster than a turtle. 26 00:02:50,419 --> 00:02:58,800 We can see that we're using the comparative because we've added er to fast, but also because we see the word than. 27 00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:03,099 And in this example, we're comparing a tiger and a turtle. 28 00:03:04,099 --> 00:03:09,180 And lastly, a spider is smaller than a bird. 29 00:03:09,939 --> 00:03:17,360 Well, we're comparing a bird and a spider, and we know that a spider is much smaller than a bird. 30 00:03:18,319 --> 00:03:22,360 Now let's take a look at the superlative form. 31 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:45,189 Okay, it says we use the superlative form to compare one thing to all the others in the same category. 32 00:03:45,849 --> 00:03:47,189 So what does that mean? 33 00:03:47,270 --> 00:03:56,530 That means that we're comparing one thing to everything else in the world or in that same category. 34 00:03:56,530 --> 00:04:06,159 So we have our adjectives here, green, tall, fast, and small. 35 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:12,560 And to make it into the superlative form, all we have to do is add EST. 36 00:04:13,819 --> 00:04:24,839 So green becomes greenest, tall becomes tallest, fast becomes fastest, and small becomes smallest. 37 00:04:25,180 --> 00:04:27,240 So let's look at the first example. 38 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:35,420 it says the grass is greenest in Ireland. So this means that the grass that we see here 39 00:04:35,420 --> 00:04:44,040 is the greenest grass out of all the grass in the world, which this is Ireland. So let's take 40 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:53,980 a look at the second example. The giraffe is the tallest animal in the world. So we can see that 41 00:04:53,980 --> 00:05:01,180 we're using the superlative here because we've added est to tall and we're comparing the giraffe 42 00:05:01,180 --> 00:05:08,579 which we have our friend here Mr. Giraffe to all the other animals in the world and it is in fact 43 00:05:08,579 --> 00:05:19,240 the tallest animal. This one says the cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. So we're comparing 44 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:25,319 the cheetah to all the other animals in the world and we know that it's the fastest. 45 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:35,660 And lastly, the Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. Well, if we take a look 46 00:05:35,660 --> 00:05:41,600 at our map over here, here we have the Vatican City and we're comparing it to all the other 47 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:50,649 countries in the world and it is the smallest country. So now we're going to take a look at 48 00:05:50,649 --> 00:06:09,160 some of our irregular forms for comparatives. Okay, it says when adjectives end in e, we drop it 49 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:17,180 and add er and est. So for example, we have the word large here, and we see that large ends in an 50 00:06:17,180 --> 00:06:26,680 So, I'm going to drop the e and add er for the comparative form and add est for the superlative 51 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:28,000 form. 52 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:32,339 So it becomes large, larger, and largest. 53 00:06:32,339 --> 00:06:36,379 And this is for all of our adjectives that end in e. 54 00:06:36,379 --> 00:06:45,319 Next it says, additives that end in one consonant are doubled before adding ER and EST. 55 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:48,879 So for example, we have red. 56 00:06:48,879 --> 00:06:55,399 And red ends in one consonant because before the D here, there's an E, which is a vowel. 57 00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,100 So I double the D and add ER. 58 00:06:59,899 --> 00:07:03,899 So from red, it becomes redder for the comparative form. 59 00:07:03,899 --> 00:07:07,259 and reddest for the superlative form. 60 00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:12,300 Next it says, when adjectives end in Y, 61 00:07:12,899 --> 00:07:18,199 we change it to an I and add ER and EST. 62 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:21,579 So for example, I have the word juicy. 63 00:07:21,579 --> 00:07:26,040 I will drop the Y and add an I, 64 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,339 and for the comparative form, I add ER. 65 00:07:30,319 --> 00:07:32,579 So from juicy, it becomes juicier, 66 00:07:32,579 --> 00:07:36,240 Juicier, and then for the superlative, juiciest. 67 00:07:37,379 --> 00:07:51,120 And lastly, it says, if a word has two syllables or more, we add more for the comparative form and most for the superlative form. 68 00:07:51,860 --> 00:07:57,420 So, for example, I have the word beautiful, and beautiful has more than two syllables. 69 00:07:57,680 --> 00:07:58,740 It's quite a long word. 70 00:07:58,740 --> 00:08:10,879 So, for the comparative form, all I have to do is add more, so it becomes more beautiful, and then most for most beautiful for the superlative form. 71 00:08:12,779 --> 00:08:24,959 So, here I have some more examples for you guys of how to change adjectives to comparative and superlative forms, especially our irregular adjectives. 72 00:08:24,959 --> 00:08:31,019 For example, fat. We see that fat here ends in one consonant. 73 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:40,039 So instead of just adding er, first we have to double the t and then add er and est. 74 00:08:41,340 --> 00:08:49,860 Or also, for example, one of our irregular verbs is, well, irregular adjectives, is pretty. 75 00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:55,100 We see that pretty here ends in a Y, so what do we have to do? 76 00:08:55,179 --> 00:09:01,679 We have to drop the Y and add an I and then add ER or EST. 77 00:09:03,539 --> 00:09:09,519 Also, we have some adjectives here that are more than one syllable. 78 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:11,600 For example, interesting. 79 00:09:11,980 --> 00:09:15,940 Interesting is also quite a long word and has more than two syllables. 80 00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:27,759 So instead of saying interesting-er, which is not a word, we just have to add more to make it comparative and most to make it superlative. 81 00:09:28,840 --> 00:09:36,259 And lastly here, I want to highlight these last two columns or rows. 82 00:09:36,259 --> 00:09:41,340 These are our adjectives that we just have to remember 83 00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:46,639 Because there's no rule for them, they're just special adjectives 84 00:09:46,639 --> 00:09:47,879 Good 85 00:09:47,879 --> 00:09:53,379 Instead of saying gooder and goodest, which is not a word and does not exist 86 00:09:53,379 --> 00:10:00,220 We change good to better for the comparative and best for the superlative 87 00:10:00,220 --> 00:10:09,440 And for bad, we change bad to worse for the comparative and worst for the superlative. 88 00:10:12,629 --> 00:10:17,289 Lastly, I would like to do some examples with you guys. 89 00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:23,889 So, number one says, my house is big than yours. 90 00:10:23,889 --> 00:10:32,389 And we see here that big ends in one consonant, so they doubled it and added er to make bigger. 91 00:10:32,870 --> 00:10:36,789 Now, let's look at the next example. 92 00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:42,509 This flower is beautiful than that one. 93 00:10:43,309 --> 00:10:49,549 Well, we see that beautiful here is more than two syllables. 94 00:10:50,370 --> 00:10:58,090 So, instead of saying beautifuller, we would say more. 95 00:10:58,090 --> 00:11:00,769 Let's make this a bit smaller. 96 00:11:00,769 --> 00:11:16,779 we would say more beautiful. Now how do we know that we use more and not most? Well if you remember 97 00:11:16,779 --> 00:11:23,000 for the comparative form we're comparing two things and we know that we're comparing two 98 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:30,259 things because of this word here than. Than lets us know that we're going to use more instead of 99 00:11:30,259 --> 00:11:40,899 most. Okay, so number three says this is the interesting book I have ever read. Well, first 100 00:11:40,899 --> 00:11:47,720 we have to think which rule we're going to use. So we see that interesting is also a very long 101 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:56,419 word. It's more than two syllables. So now I have to decide if I'm going to add more or most. And 102 00:11:56,419 --> 00:12:04,419 because it's comparing this book to all the books he's ever read, we know that we are going to say 103 00:12:04,419 --> 00:12:20,789 that this is the most interesting book I have ever read. Okay, now number four. Non-smokers usually 104 00:12:20,789 --> 00:12:33,049 live long than smokers. Okay, so let's think about which rule we should use here. So this 105 00:12:33,049 --> 00:12:39,889 doesn't end in one consonant, it ends in two consonants. So long is actually just a regular 106 00:12:39,889 --> 00:12:56,659 adjective so we all we have to do is add er non-smokers usually live longer than smokers 107 00:12:56,659 --> 00:13:04,679 and we know that we're using longer and not longest because of this word here than we're 108 00:13:04,679 --> 00:13:13,779 comparing two things, non-smokers and smokers. Okay, so now I want you to actually finish the 109 00:13:13,779 --> 00:13:17,080 rest of the examples on your own in your notebook.