1 00:00:01,260 --> 00:00:07,940 Hello everybody, we are Enrique Chico and Javier Hernández and we are going to talk about human evolution. 2 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:15,039 First we are going to introduce the topic with a brief summary of human evolution 3 00:00:15,039 --> 00:00:21,940 and then we will talk in detail about the different stages of the evolution that humans have suffered. 4 00:00:24,100 --> 00:00:29,260 Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of modern humans, 5 00:00:29,260 --> 00:00:34,560 beginning with the evolutionary history of primates, is characterized by a number of 6 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:41,140 morphological development, physiological and behavioral changes. The most significant of 7 00:00:41,140 --> 00:00:47,679 these adaptations are bipedalism and increased brain size, because it helps obviously for them 8 00:00:47,679 --> 00:00:55,770 to move faster. The primate is extinct nowadays and it appears at the bottom of the human family 9 00:00:55,770 --> 00:01:04,609 Their brain capacity is of 450 cubic centimeters, one of the smallest in the whole evolution. 10 00:01:04,609 --> 00:01:10,489 Their facial features were different from the humans, so they look more as an ape, but 11 00:01:10,489 --> 00:01:18,420 its main feature is that they were the first that could walk at two legs and upright. 12 00:01:18,420 --> 00:01:24,500 This type of homo appeared 2.5 million years ago, and the first remains from this stage 13 00:01:24,500 --> 00:01:31,379 was found in Tanzania. They had a larger cranial capacity comparing with the Australopithecus 14 00:01:31,379 --> 00:01:39,219 because it measured 750 cubic centimeters. They innovated production due to the production of 15 00:01:39,219 --> 00:01:45,379 stone weapons and due to this they started eating meat and lipids because they hunted with those 16 00:01:45,379 --> 00:01:54,780 weapons. The home antecessor appeared one million years ago. It was found in Atapuerca and that's 17 00:01:54,780 --> 00:02:03,019 why it is also known as Homo ataporicus. They are Europe's oldest species and had a cranial 18 00:02:03,019 --> 00:02:10,219 capacity of 1000 cubic centimeters. They practiced cannibalism and they were tall and strong. 19 00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:23,199 They usually worked wood to make cattle and tools to use their daily life. Well, 20 00:02:23,199 --> 00:02:30,400 Continuing with the presentation, I'm going to talk about the homer gaster. The homer gaster 21 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:37,680 emerged 1.9 million years ago. They lived in Africa but afterwards they expanded to the east. 22 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:47,360 This stage had a distribution in terms of work. Why? Because women had to take care of children 23 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:53,360 and children also have woman to do clothes with animal fewer when they had 24 00:02:53,360 --> 00:03:00,240 grown up enough to walk. They had a good domination of fire and due to this their 25 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:09,039 chances to survive increased and they could have a easier survival. They also 26 00:03:09,039 --> 00:03:15,479 applicated the fire to other uses. For instance they drive away predators and 27 00:03:15,479 --> 00:03:26,039 they use it to get warm too. Their cranial size was about 900 cubic 28 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:36,520 centimeters so it became bigger. Well now talking about the Homo erectus, the 29 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:44,439 Homo erectus emerged 1.8 to 3 millions years ago. This type of Homo migrated to 30 00:03:44,439 --> 00:03:52,719 Europe and Asia, but the remains were first found on Indonesia. 31 00:03:52,719 --> 00:03:57,680 The skeleton is very similar to the actual human. 32 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:06,039 In this stage, they feed with animals that were already dead. 33 00:04:06,039 --> 00:04:09,259 This led to the merge of hunting tribes. 34 00:04:09,259 --> 00:04:18,819 This primate innovated a new use of fire, that consists on using fire to cook raw meat 35 00:04:18,819 --> 00:04:24,300 in this case, but they also use it for the same uses as the previous primates, for instance 36 00:04:24,300 --> 00:04:31,579 to get warm or to drive, as I said before, predators. 37 00:04:31,579 --> 00:04:36,699 Talking about the Homo Neanderthalensis, the Homo Neanderthalensis inhabited Europe and 38 00:04:36,699 --> 00:04:43,519 some parts of West Asia 230,000 years ago. 39 00:04:43,519 --> 00:04:47,019 This primate was robust and strong. 40 00:04:47,019 --> 00:04:53,379 They had a big head and a particular bulky nose and jaw. 41 00:04:53,379 --> 00:05:01,579 In this stage, they developed their own lithic industry with their own materials. 42 00:05:01,579 --> 00:05:13,100 Their cranial size get bigger than the previous one, getting the size of 1550 cubic centimeters. 43 00:05:13,100 --> 00:05:19,339 For me the most rare feature that this primate has is that nowadays we don't know for sure 44 00:05:19,339 --> 00:05:26,939 the causes of their extinction, it's a complete mystery. 45 00:05:26,939 --> 00:05:33,620 And at the end we are going to talk about Homo sapiens. 46 00:05:33,620 --> 00:05:40,120 Homo sapiens emerged 195,000 years ago. 47 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:48,220 They innovated their tools by using new materials such as bones and or ivory to make spears and 48 00:05:48,220 --> 00:05:50,019 axes. 49 00:05:50,019 --> 00:06:02,259 They increased their brain plasticity, so they started to develop very fast their culture. 50 00:06:02,259 --> 00:06:09,120 They hunted, they fished, they worked with fuels and started to make their own clothes 51 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:15,279 in order to protect from the cold winters and the cold weather. 52 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:21,959 They also innovated with domestic animals that were used for hunting, and as you see 53 00:06:21,959 --> 00:06:30,620 in the picture at the bottom, it shows a dog, the humans have a dog, and the dog is helping 54 00:06:30,620 --> 00:06:36,279 them to hunt a deer in this case. 55 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:43,399 And this is the different sources that we used to get all this information. 56 00:06:43,399 --> 00:06:46,660 So thanks for listening, and this is the end.