0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,000 I am making the most of this virtual lesson to review very quickly the points we've already 1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:16,000 explained in class. I am talking about the definition of rural space, the organization 2 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:24,000 of the agrarian activity, the different type of techniques, and I'll explain in more detail 3 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:30,000 livestock farming, fishing, and forestry, for those groups in which we couldn't arrive 4 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:37,000 so far, and for all of you, the point number seven. It is the only thing we have to explain 5 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:45,000 before the exam we have next week, okay? I will explain very quickly these first points 6 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:52,000 because if you've already corrected the activity of the couples, the couples of definitions, 7 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:58,000 I've already passed through the slides in which you have all the explanations. So, for 8 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:04,000 example, the definition of rural spaces, I won't explain again because we've already 9 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:09,000 talked about this, the difference between the different landscapes, the abiotic with 10 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:17,000 no presence of living beings, the abiotic, the opposite, yeah? And the presence of human 11 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:25,000 beings are in this type of man-made landscapes, for example, cities, but not only cities, 12 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:32,000 also the rural landscapes are man-made, in fact, because we've organized this natural 13 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:42,000 space with plants but organized by humans, yeah? So, remember the factors determining 14 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:48,000 the existence of agrarian activity. We have to take into account the physical factors, 15 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:56,000 for example, the relief, yeah? The climate, the soil, and the water resources, and the 16 00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:03,000 human factors, the demographic, technology, economic structure, and the decisions made 17 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:12,000 by politicians, by governments, yeah? Remember that this is essential to comment agriculture 18 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:21,000 and agrarian space. We have to take into account to pay attention to the shape of the plot. We 19 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:30,000 have regular or irregular plots, yeah? We can find enclosed fields or open fields, yeah? This is an 20 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:37,000 example of enclosed, and this is open with no boundaries, yeah? Limits, frontiers, and in here 21 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:49,000 we can see clearly the bushes acting as fences, yeah? As enclosed spaces. The size, we can talk 22 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:58,000 about big or small, and the ownership, private, collective, or the direct and indirect use. We've 23 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:05,000 already talked about this in the correction of the couples of definitions, yeah? I continue talking 24 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:14,000 about the type of crops. We can distinguish between tree crops, herbaceous crops, and shrub crops, 25 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:22,000 shrub, remember bush, cultivos de arbusto, okay? We can see here the tree crops, yeah? Cultivos 26 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:33,000 arbóreos, the shrub crops, cultivos arbustivos, for example, coffee, plantation, and the herbaceous, yeah? 27 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:42,000 Cultivos herbáceos, yeah? According to the farming system, we can distinguish between polyculture, 28 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:52,000 monoculture, remember? Only one type of crop and several type of crops. The type of exploitation, 29 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:58,000 it can be intensive or extensive, I won't repeat this because I've already explained in class, 30 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:08,000 and dry land or irrigated fields, okay? We've already talked about this in the correction video. 31 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:20,000 Yeah, new element, okay, to review. Depending on the techniques we implement, we use to work 32 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:28,000 the land, we can talk about traditional agriculture or modern landscapes, yeah? In the traditional 33 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:37,000 agriculture, we can find common elements, common features, as for example, the existence 34 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:46,000 essentially in less developed, underdeveloped countries, the use of very basic, ancient, 35 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:54,000 old-fashioned, rudimentary techniques, the existence, the need of lots of people working, 36 00:04:54,000 --> 00:05:03,000 labor-intensive, yeah? And a small production whose aim is a self-consumption, remember, 37 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:11,000 el autoconsumo, okay? To be consumed in a private field, en un dominio particular, yeah? 38 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:18,000 In case we produce little more than we need, we tend to sell this in local markets, yeah? 39 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:26,000 They tend to use polyculture, yeah? Several type of crops linked to this self-consumption 40 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:30,000 and in small plots, not big properties, yeah? 41 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:38,000 In this traditional agriculture, we'll study several different types. The first, the 42 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:44,000 slash and burn cultivation, lo que llamamos en español cultivo de rozas, recordad que slash 43 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:54,000 means cut and burn, okay? So first, first, we clear the area, we cut, we slash the area, the forest, 44 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:03,000 then we burn, and in the end, we use the ashes as fertilizer to plant, yeah? In there, we tend to 45 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:11,000 plant several type of crops, so we are talking about polyculture. In addition, we tend to leave 46 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:19,000 a blank space with no crops. The name of this, remember, fallow, la zona que se queda en barbecho, 47 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:32,000 yeah? To leave the field, rest, to leave the piece of land, rest, refresh, yeah? Remember, 48 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:42,000 this cut, slash, slash, and the new type of cultivation, we study the intensive irrigated 49 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:51,000 farming. Essentially, essentially, we study this type for the monsoon in Asia, los arrozales 50 00:06:51,000 --> 00:07:02,000 monzónicos, remember that the monsoon is a type of extreme rain, yeah? Typical from the southeast 51 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:13,000 area of Asia, yeah? And in there, we plant essentially rice, very linked to the 52 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:20,000 extremely dense population of the region, yeah? And here, we are talking about an irrigation that 53 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:30,000 can be natural because of the rainfall or even artificial, thanks to ditches and systems of 54 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:39,000 watering the enclosed spaces. To finish with, we talk about the dry land or traditional farming. 55 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:47,000 This is the typical farming from pre-industrial Europe, la Europa antes de la primera revolución 56 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:56,000 industrial, I mean, till the 18th century and even the 19th. In it, we tend to use the crop rotation, 57 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:04,000 and what's a crop rotation? Yeah, we get the plot and we divide it in three parts. 58 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:13,000 The first year, yeah, the first year, we leave, follow a part, the second year, 59 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:25,000 we move to another part, and the third year, we rotate to the final part, to be rest, to be 60 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:35,000 waiting for the next year to be cultivated again, yeah? Remember, barbecho, yeah? 61 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:42,000 This is an example. Another example of crop rotation, this is not triennial but quadriennial 62 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:48,000 rotation, one, two, three, and four rotations, okay? In here, we have three, three, three, 63 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:57,000 three, yeah? This is an example of this traditional dry land cultivation. Yeah, 64 00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:03,000 what about the modern agrarian landscapes? They are linked to the massive production 65 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:15,000 in industrial fields, industrial companies, and the destination of the production is the 66 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:21,000 foreign markets, the international markets, yeah? It means to be exported, to be sold 67 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:29,000 beyond the national frontiers, yeah? The main characteristics of this type of modern 68 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:36,000 agriculture, the monoculture, as you see, we choose a single type of crop, yeah? They tend 69 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:42,000 to be irrigated to increase their productivity. We mechanize, we introduce machines, 70 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:52,000 we introduce also chemical products, fertilizers, etc. We also select the seeds to increase the 71 00:09:52,000 --> 00:10:00,000 productivity and the real capacity of growing, yeah? We reduce the labor cost, 72 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:09,000 thanks to all this introduction of modern techniques, yeah? And the birth of very, 73 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:16,000 very modern systems of the greenhouses, the greenhouses, yeah? Los invernaderos. 74 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:23,000 You can see examples of this in here. We can control the growing of plants, of crops, 75 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:30,000 not depending on the natural climate, yeah? And remember that I explained to you in class the 76 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:38,000 hydroponic system, a type of cultivation with no soil, only using 77 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:48,000 essential nutrients, okay? Yeah, this is very, very trendy nowadays. 78 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:57,000 And the plantation agriculture is another type of modern type of cultivation based on the 79 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:06,000 massive cultivation of a single type of crop. So, this is a great example of monoculture, 80 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:14,000 yeah? To be exported in the international markets, yeah? An example, coffee, banana, tea, 81 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:25,000 sugarcane, la caña de azúcar, cocoa, yeah? And the key about this plantation 82 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:31,000 is that they tend to be located in poor countries, underdeveloped countries, 83 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:40,000 African, Central American countries, but the exploitation of the resources is in hands of 84 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:50,000 very powerful international companies, as for example, Nestle is an example of it, yeah? 85 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:57,000 And to finish with the extensive mechanized monoculture, very present in Canada, 86 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:07,000 the States, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina also, and they are examples of monoculture of generally 87 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:15,000 cereals, cereals as wheat, yeah? The wheat belt, for example, this is the essential region of the 88 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:25,000 States in where we can find a very, very big extensive plots of wheat, yeah? Belonging to big 89 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:32,000 companies, but also other products as maize or even sunflowers, 90 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:44,000 yeah? This is an example, great mechanization, big plots, regular, 91 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:54,000 yeah? What about the livestock farming? The livestock farming is the raising of animals 92 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:59,000 to use the resources we can obtain from them, as for example, food, 93 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:08,000 textile, yeah? And we can also distinguish, classify as with the agriculture, taking into 94 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:17,000 account the size and the productivity, yeah? We can talk about extensive or intensive, 95 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:24,000 depending on the mobility of them, nomadic, seasonal, sedentary, and if they are more enclosed, 96 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:29,000 confined, or more free, yeah? I've already explained this in the correction video, 97 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:37,000 and I will show you the pictures again, just to review and to check and to reinforce. 98 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:47,000 This is an example of unconfined and extensive, yeah? Also extensive and confined, freely feed, 99 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:58,000 and also an example of extensive and unconfined. On the contrary, confined and intensive production, 100 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:09,000 we control the feeding of these animals, yeah? We look for the maximum profit 101 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:19,000 with the minimum cost, including the quality of pastures and the space used, yeah? 102 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:32,000 The same for chickens, yeah? And the same for the American raising of animals, yeah? 103 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:38,000 So, considering the mobility, remember that I've already explained in the correction video, 104 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:44,000 the transhumance and moving, depending on the season, looking for fresh pastures, yeah? 105 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:47,000 And remember the name of the different type of 106 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:59,000 livestock, caprin, bovine, ovine, poultry, equine, porcine, ganado ovino, porcino, 107 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:09,000 caprino, vale? Ganado aviar, ganado equino, lo llamamos en español, y porcino, yeah? 108 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:18,000 Remember that the modernization in this field, the livestock farming, led to also the mechanization 109 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:27,000 of the procedures, yeah? The introduction of foreign breeds, yeah? Razas no procedentes del 110 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:36,000 lugar donde se están criando, yeah? Looking for a bigger productivity, and the specialized farm 111 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:46,000 using a single type of livestock. This is the equivalent expression as the monoculture, yeah? 112 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:53,000 For the crops, we talk about monoculture, and with animals, we talk about a specialized farm, 113 00:15:53,000 --> 00:16:00,000 yeah? The consequences, you already know this, this is a very well-known problem, yeah? The use 114 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:12,000 of hormones, the poor quality of the feeding of these animals, yeah? The bad living conditions 115 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:20,000 in these intensive mechanized farms, and the spread of diseases. We've already talked about 116 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:28,000 these pandemic problems we've been living in the past decades. We've already talked about 117 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:35,000 la gripe aviar, la gripe porcina, las vacas locas, all that is linked to the 118 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:45,000 density of animals in the same space, the type of medical control, etc., yeah? 119 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:52,000 Fishing, I won't focus too much in here because I've already explained the correction, yeah? 120 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:57,000 Remember the difference between coastal deep-sea fishing and deep-sea fishing in international 121 00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:06,000 waters, depending on the near or far we are from the coastline, yeah? And the pictures showing 122 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:13,000 the examples. And to finish with, the forestry, remember the forestry, the exploitation of 123 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:20,000 forests to obtain products as cork, resins, rubber, remember the definitions, the translations in here, 124 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:30,000 yeah? The cork, the resins, and the rubber, yeah? For the tires, recordados los neumáticos, yeah? 125 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:38,000 Deforestation is not the same as forestry because we can explode the forest, but 126 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:45,000 trying to keep the balance, if we destroy with no control, we are talking about deforestation. 127 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:53,000 And when we try to reintroduce species and to control the growing of the good, we talk about 128 00:17:54,000 --> 00:18:06,000 reforestation, yeah? Yeah. And this is the new part for you all, yeah? The primary sector in 129 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:12,000 Spain. It is exactly the same, we've been explaining through the unit, but focusing on 130 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:21,000 the Spanish case, yeah? So, the agriculture, the agrarian activities represent a very small 131 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:34,000 percentage of the people working, yeah? The employees, yeah? And also a few quantity of the 132 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:41,000 GDP, remember the gross domestic product, el producto interior bruto, of the country, yeah? 133 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:51,000 The great characteristics of agriculture in Spain are linked to irrigated farming, essentially, 134 00:18:52,000 --> 00:19:02,000 in the huerta, in the regions of huerta, for example, yeah? Also, the growing of rice 135 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:12,000 or fruits, yeah? Vegetable. But we also have a big, big quantity of dry land farming, yeah? 136 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:21,000 We are talking about the growing of cereals, yeah? But also the growing of, for example, 137 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:29,000 grapes, grapes, las uvas, el cultivo, no olvidéis del vino, uno de los primeros 138 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:40,000 productos de exportación española, and we cannot forget the oil, yeah? Las olivas, 139 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:48,000 another key product, yeah? To be exported. This is the Spanish gold. 140 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:58,000 What about the livestock farming? We tend to build cattle, we are talking about 141 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:05,000 cows for meat and milk, yeah? Essentially, in the northern part of Spain. 142 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:12,000 Sheeps, very, very typical from the central plateau, de la meseta, yeah? 143 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:19,000 In here you have las churras y las merinas, lo he puesto como curiosidad por el refrán este 144 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:26,000 español de no confundir churras y merinas, son dos razas de oveja española, vale? 145 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:37,000 Raised from the, before the Middle Ages even, yeah? The growing of pigs, yeah? Essentially 146 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:44,000 in Extremadura, the region of Salamanca, la zona de la dehesa, vale? La dehesa extremeña, 147 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:52,000 la dehesa salmantina, okay? These black pigs in these grasslands, en estas regiones de dehesa. 148 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:59,000 And in mountain areas, very typical, the raising of goats, vale? Las cabras, 149 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:05,000 essentially for the milk, even more than the meat in this case. 150 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:15,000 What about the intensive farms? We have lots of farms essentially close to big cities as 151 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:25,000 Madrid or Barcelona to supply urban markets, okay? Essentially the growing of pigs and chicken. 152 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:35,000 What about the mining? Another primary activity that used to be essential in the Spanish economy 153 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:42,000 during the 19th and even a big part of the 20th century, but nowadays in decline, yeah? Nowadays 154 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:49,000 most of these mines in the north of Spain, in Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco are closing 155 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:59,000 and they are transforming into essentially a touristic destination and the creation of 156 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:08,000 alternative companies, yeah? And here I show you a map with the main mining resources 157 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:16,000 obtained in the different regions of Spain, yeah? You have carbón, cobre, estaño, hierro, yeah? 158 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:26,000 What about the fishing in Spain? Taking into account the long coastline, yeah? The fishing 159 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:34,000 is a great activity even nowadays for us, yeah? I strongly recommend you to open this video 160 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:45,000 to learn a little more, yeah? And we also have restrictions from the European Union about the 161 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:55,000 quantity of catches, las capturas, yeah? And the volume of the catches and the size of the 162 00:22:55,000 --> 00:23:04,000 fishes, yeah? Nowadays we are opting for alternative methods as the aquaculture, 163 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:10,000 yeah? Very very interesting, las piscifactorías, vale? La cuicultura, good? 164 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:18,000 Good. And to finish with you have in here two graphs showing what I've already explained, 165 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:25,000 yeah? The percentage representing the primary sector, yeah? And in here what factors explain 166 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:32,000 the reduction in the primary sector workforce? The answer for this question is easy, 167 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:38,000 the modernization. As we've introduced machines in the agrarian activities, 168 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:45,000 the quantity of people needed to produce is being reduced and reduced and reduced, okay? 169 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:52,000 Okay, and that's enough for today. Thank you. If you have doubts, please don't hesitate to write to me.