1 00:00:03,569 --> 00:00:17,329 Okay class, we are here. We explained the late Middle Ages in Europe and today we are going to pay attention to the late Middle Ages in Al-Andalus. 2 00:00:17,570 --> 00:00:31,309 We will review on the third part of the lesson the late Middle Ages in Europe because we have many many exercises to correct, to review about the late Middle Ages in Europe. 3 00:00:31,309 --> 00:00:39,189 So, let's start by looking at the late Middle Ages in Al-Andalus, the beginning of the Narwit 4 00:00:39,189 --> 00:00:48,630 Kingdom, the latest Muslim kingdom, because remember, after the Battle of Navas de Tolosa 5 00:00:48,630 --> 00:01:01,009 in 1212, some Muslims were driven to North Africa, but other Muslims remained, and after 6 00:01:01,009 --> 00:01:09,890 this battle which took place in this area, in the area of Jaén, some Muslims remained and they founded 7 00:01:09,890 --> 00:01:19,170 the Nasrid kingdom, the latest Muslim kingdom. The Nasrid kingdom was the kingdom of Granada 8 00:01:20,129 --> 00:01:30,290 because the rulers in Granada were the Nasrid family. That's why it was called the Nasrid 9 00:01:30,290 --> 00:01:39,010 Kingdom of Granada, because the Narwit family was ruling in Granada at that time. And they ruled 10 00:01:39,010 --> 00:01:46,129 in the Kingdom of Granada, in the Narwit Kingdom, for two more centuries. The Kingdom of Granada 11 00:01:47,010 --> 00:01:59,579 lasted two centuries, from 1238 to 1492. It was incredible because after the Battle of Navas de 12 00:01:59,579 --> 00:02:08,060 Tolosa in 1212, Muslims managed to survive for two more centuries. They managed to survive 13 00:02:08,060 --> 00:02:18,539 in the territories of the Iberian Peninsula for two more centuries, from 1238 up to 1492. 14 00:02:19,819 --> 00:02:25,580 And they survived, we are going to see in this lesson, that they survived for three different 15 00:02:25,580 --> 00:02:34,139 reasons. After the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, Muslims, the Nazareth family, were the founders 16 00:02:34,139 --> 00:02:40,979 of the Kingdom of Granada, survived for three different reasons. By the way, the Kingdom 17 00:02:40,979 --> 00:02:49,300 of Granada at that time was bigger than the city of Granada now. The Kingdom of Granada 18 00:02:49,300 --> 00:03:04,000 at that time included the area of Malaga, Almería and also Granada. So, in the 14th 19 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:12,439 century the kingdom of the Nazareth kingdom was bigger than now because it included the 20 00:03:12,439 --> 00:03:19,860 area of Malaga, Almería and Granada. And they managed to survive for three different 21 00:03:19,860 --> 00:03:30,860 reasons. Reason 1. They survive due to its geographic location. Why? Because if you pay 22 00:03:30,860 --> 00:03:41,599 attention to the city of Granada, it was surrounded by ranges. The Cordillera Subbética, the Subbetic 23 00:03:41,599 --> 00:03:51,879 Range, the Penibetic Range and Sierra Nevada. So the Narwhal family managed to 24 00:03:51,879 --> 00:03:58,340 survive two centuries and the kingdom lasted two centuries, first of all due to 25 00:03:58,340 --> 00:04:07,819 its geographic location because the city of Granada was surrounded by ranges 26 00:04:07,819 --> 00:04:18,699 which were a natural defensive barrier. It was a natural defensive barrier. 27 00:04:18,699 --> 00:04:29,180 Barrera. Barrier. Actually, this is the city of Granada. We have here the city of 28 00:04:29,180 --> 00:04:39,660 Granada and the city of Granada in its back is protected by the Paisierra Nevada, 29 00:04:39,660 --> 00:04:48,459 by the range in Sierra Nevada which is a natural defensive barrier to protect the 30 00:04:48,459 --> 00:04:55,339 city so if Christians came to conquer Granada it was very very difficult for 31 00:04:55,339 --> 00:05:01,100 them because they had to pass from they had to pass through or they have to pass 32 00:05:01,100 --> 00:05:07,300 alongside three different barriers that's why it was really really 33 00:05:07,300 --> 00:05:12,980 difficult for them, for the Christians, to conquer the latest city, the latest 34 00:05:12,980 --> 00:05:22,660 Muslim city, the city of Granada. This is the first reason. Secondly, the Kingdom of 35 00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:29,860 Granada or the Nasrid Kingdom survived, this is the limits or the borders of the 36 00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:38,300 Kingdom of Granada, which included Malaga, Almeria and Granada, and the rest of the 37 00:05:38,300 --> 00:05:45,160 territory was under the hands of the Christians. It was the latest kingdom, 38 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:51,939 last kingdom, the natural kingdom. They survived, and I'm going to explain the 39 00:05:51,939 --> 00:06:01,620 second reason, because they had the support from the Muslims who were living in North Africa. 40 00:06:01,620 --> 00:06:09,860 Again, they survived, they managed to survive two more centuries, it was a lot, 41 00:06:10,899 --> 00:06:17,220 two different generations, two different centuries, because they had the support from 42 00:06:17,220 --> 00:06:25,019 the Muslims who were living in North Africa. So for this reason, it was true that the Kingdom 43 00:06:25,019 --> 00:06:34,459 of Granada was surrounded by Christians and they might not trade with them, but it wasn't 44 00:06:34,459 --> 00:06:40,500 a problem for the Muslims. It wasn't a real problem because they could trade with the 45 00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:50,279 Muslims in North Africa. They might receive products from North Africa instead of receiving 46 00:06:50,279 --> 00:06:58,500 products from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. So it was true that the Christians tend to 47 00:06:58,500 --> 00:07:03,939 isolate Granada in order to conquer Granada, but it wasn't a problem for the Muslims at 48 00:07:03,939 --> 00:07:10,240 that time because they received instead of receiving products from the Iberian 49 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:19,180 Peninsula they received products products from North Africa they receive 50 00:07:19,180 --> 00:07:26,620 they had trade with North Africa and it was the second reason which explained 51 00:07:26,620 --> 00:07:32,620 why the Nordic Kingdom managed to survive two more centuries they were 52 00:07:32,620 --> 00:07:39,180 very close, as you can see here, they were very close to Ceuta, Melilla, and they could 53 00:07:39,180 --> 00:07:47,230 trade with them. The Muslims were living in North Africa. And also today we are going 54 00:07:47,230 --> 00:07:54,829 to explain the third reason. Why did the Muslims survive two more centuries? Because Castile 55 00:07:54,829 --> 00:08:04,850 and Aragon in the 14th century were in crisis. Why Castile and Aragon were in crisis in the 56 00:08:04,850 --> 00:08:16,129 14th century? They were in crisis, and remember the previous lesson, because Castile took 57 00:08:16,129 --> 00:08:26,910 part in the Hundred Years' War. Castile took part in the Hundred Years' War, the Hundred 58 00:08:26,910 --> 00:08:37,309 Years' War. Castile supported France, so they fought against the British and that's why 59 00:08:37,309 --> 00:08:47,950 there was a crisis in Castile. Castile didn't have enough resources to conquer the latest 60 00:08:47,950 --> 00:08:54,950 Nazareth Kingdom, because they were fighting against the British on the French territory. 61 00:08:54,950 --> 00:09:03,320 Okay? This is the third reason. Castile, I'm going to repeat it again, Castile in the 14th 62 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:11,200 century was in crisis. Why? Because Castile took part in the Hundred Years' War. They 63 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:19,509 supported France and they fought for this reason against the British. So as a consequence 64 00:09:19,509 --> 00:09:27,990 of that, Castile didn't have enough money, troops, resources to finally conquer the 65 00:09:29,590 --> 00:09:36,629 Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. And also Aragon. Aragon was in crisis in the 14th century. 66 00:09:37,830 --> 00:09:43,350 Why? Because Aragon conquered a lot of territories in the Mediterranean Sea. 67 00:09:43,350 --> 00:10:12,789 Do you remember that? When Aragon conquered a lot of trading posts in the Mediterranean Sea? So Aragon barely had troops, resources to conquer the natural kingdom of Granada because they needed all of these resources to maintain its position. 68 00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:22,840 in the mediterranean sea that's why the nazi kingdom survived for two more centuries 69 00:10:24,519 --> 00:10:29,240 and also class we need to remember the black death it was the moment of the black death 70 00:10:30,279 --> 00:10:36,919 that's why the whole territory of europe was in crisis they were doing quarantines 71 00:10:36,919 --> 00:10:39,820 and they were not 72 00:10:39,820 --> 00:10:41,919 ready to fight against the Muslims 73 00:10:41,919 --> 00:10:45,360 it was another reason 74 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:48,299 Can you repeat the 75 00:10:48,299 --> 00:10:48,679 Aragon? 76 00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:51,200 Yes, Aragon 77 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:53,860 didn't have enough resources 78 00:10:53,860 --> 00:10:56,379 because the Aragonese 79 00:10:56,379 --> 00:10:58,179 people needed these resources 80 00:10:58,179 --> 00:11:00,340 for the Mediterranean Sea 81 00:11:00,340 --> 00:11:02,480 because remember 82 00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:04,240 they had a lot of colonies 83 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:05,840 in the Mediterranean Sea 84 00:11:06,919 --> 00:11:16,419 They needed this money, troops, materials, products, for the Mediterranean Sea, not to conquer the Madrid Kingdom of Granada. 85 00:11:16,419 --> 00:11:22,419 And it was also the second reason. The second reason was the Black Death. 86 00:11:22,419 --> 00:11:38,179 As they were doing quarantines, as they were fighting against the virus, they were not ready to conquer the Madrid Kingdom of Granada. 87 00:11:38,179 --> 00:11:44,279 And also, we need to remember the famine in the 14th century. 88 00:11:44,279 --> 00:11:53,120 It was a moment of huge crisis because they had famines, they lost the harvest, they lost the crops. 89 00:11:54,279 --> 00:12:00,419 So they didn't have enough resources, food, money to conquer the latest kingdom. 90 00:12:00,419 --> 00:12:11,899 So, as a consequence of that, we are about to finish, Muslims took advantage of that situation. 91 00:12:12,639 --> 00:12:22,389 Muslims knew that the situation among Christians, Muslims knew about the situation among Christians, 92 00:12:22,389 --> 00:12:31,230 Muslims knew about the situation among Christians, and for this reason, 93 00:12:31,230 --> 00:12:46,269 They used the diplomacy to maintain its territory for two more centuries. 94 00:12:46,809 --> 00:12:49,870 Muslims took advantage of this situation, 95 00:12:50,049 --> 00:12:52,629 they took advantage among Christians, 96 00:12:53,190 --> 00:12:59,649 and they used the diplomacy to keep their properties, 97 00:12:59,649 --> 00:13:03,750 to keep their territories for two more centuries. 98 00:13:04,590 --> 00:13:12,789 They, instead of fighting against Christians, they used the diplomacy, the 99 00:13:12,789 --> 00:13:19,029 negotiations, they compromised. They compromised with the Christians. 100 00:13:19,029 --> 00:13:26,720 I'm going to write it down for you this verb. They compromised or they reached a 101 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:34,159 commitment, un compromiso. They compromised with the Christians, they 102 00:13:34,159 --> 00:13:41,600 reach a commitment with the Christians and in order to keep the peace in the 103 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:48,799 Muslim territory, in the Nasrid Kingdom, they paid taxes to the Christians. They 104 00:13:48,799 --> 00:13:56,480 paid paryas or taxes to the Christians. So Muslims used the diplomacy to 105 00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:08,720 maintain the peace. And for this reason they paid taxes, paryas, to the Christians in order to 106 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:16,799 maintain the peace and in order to maintain the territory. And the Christians accepted these taxes 107 00:14:16,799 --> 00:14:24,080 or paryas because they needed money. They were in need. Estaban en necesidad. They were in need 108 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:31,720 because Christians needed this money due to the Hundred Years' War, 109 00:14:32,460 --> 00:14:35,039 due to the Black Death, and due to the famine. 110 00:14:37,299 --> 00:14:38,860 That's why Candela. 111 00:14:39,539 --> 00:14:43,039 So the taxes were paid by the Muslims to the Christians? 112 00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:43,940 Exactly. 113 00:14:43,940 --> 00:14:44,059 Exactly. 114 00:14:44,259 --> 00:14:49,059 Muslims paid the taxes or parias. 115 00:14:49,299 --> 00:14:49,899 It was the same. 116 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:54,399 Muslims paid the taxes or the parias to the Christians 117 00:14:54,399 --> 00:15:01,179 in order to survive two more centuries because Muslims knew that the Christians 118 00:15:01,179 --> 00:15:04,399 were in crisis, they were in need, en necesidad. 119 00:15:04,399 --> 00:15:07,779 Okay, thank you. 120 00:15:07,779 --> 00:15:09,779 And that's the consequence. 121 00:15:09,779 --> 00:15:18,779 We explained today why the Nazareth Kingdom of Granada survived two more centuries. 122 00:15:18,779 --> 00:15:23,779 It was true that there were a lot of rivalries. 123 00:15:23,779 --> 00:15:28,940 As a consequence, I'm explaining for you the conclusion. 124 00:15:28,940 --> 00:15:34,059 It was true, we need to explain one conclusion. 125 00:15:34,059 --> 00:15:42,100 It was true that inside of the native kingdom of Granada there were a lot of rivalries. 126 00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:53,879 It was an unstable period in politics, unstable in politics because there were a lot of families 127 00:15:53,879 --> 00:15:59,480 also inside of the Nazirite family and all of them were fighting each other for the power. 128 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:07,080 There were many, many power struggles inside the Nazirite family. 129 00:16:10,259 --> 00:16:15,779 So I would say that in terms of politics, it was a pretty unstable period. 130 00:16:16,980 --> 00:16:23,940 But in terms of the economy class, it was a really good moment for the Muslims. 131 00:16:23,940 --> 00:16:32,740 because they got many, many products from the Silk Road, from the Sahara Desert. 132 00:16:34,379 --> 00:16:38,279 And that's why the Muslims managed to survive 133 00:16:38,279 --> 00:16:42,659 because with all of these resources, they developed agriculture, for example. 134 00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:53,080 They developed trade and they got money to pay taxes to the Christians, 135 00:16:53,379 --> 00:16:55,039 paryas to the Christians. 136 00:16:55,259 --> 00:17:09,259 It was the key moment, it was the key explanation that they explained finally why did they manage to survive two more centuries. 137 00:17:09,259 --> 00:17:23,259 And with all of this money, class, they built Muslims who remained in the Nazareth Kingdom, they built the famous royal palace of the Alhambra. 138 00:17:23,259 --> 00:17:28,759 but I will explain the Alhambra on the following class 139 00:17:28,759 --> 00:17:31,259 because we have many, many exercises to correct. 140 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:31,579 Maria. 141 00:17:37,579 --> 00:17:45,599 The Castilians and Castilians had a social and economic crisis. 142 00:17:45,599 --> 00:17:52,440 So the Muslims decided to take advantage. 143 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:54,619 and made a treaty 144 00:17:54,619 --> 00:17:58,309 yes with the Christians 145 00:17:58,309 --> 00:18:00,450 with the Castilians and the Aragonese 146 00:18:00,450 --> 00:18:02,569 and the treaty 147 00:18:02,569 --> 00:18:03,250 was called 148 00:18:03,250 --> 00:18:05,730 it was 149 00:18:05,730 --> 00:18:07,609 it wasn't a treaty 150 00:18:07,609 --> 00:18:08,369 it was 151 00:18:08,369 --> 00:18:10,750 they reached a commitment 152 00:18:10,750 --> 00:18:13,309 they reached a compromise 153 00:18:13,309 --> 00:18:15,190 they didn't sign 154 00:18:15,190 --> 00:18:16,930 a specific document 155 00:18:16,930 --> 00:18:19,730 they didn't sign a specific document 156 00:18:19,730 --> 00:18:21,390 they didn't sign a treaty 157 00:18:21,390 --> 00:18:22,670 but 158 00:18:22,670 --> 00:18:39,220 But we will say that they reached the status quo, el equilibrio, because Christians needed money and the Muslims needed peace. 159 00:18:39,779 --> 00:18:47,859 So Muslims said to the Christians, we are going to give you various taxes in order, in exchange for peace. 160 00:18:47,859 --> 00:18:55,619 And the Christians accepted. That's why they didn't conquer the Nazarite kingdom up to World Year. 161 00:18:57,619 --> 00:19:09,960 When was the moment when finally Christians in the year 1492, it was the year of the Catholic kings, 162 00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:17,359 when Isabella and Ferdinand from Aragon got married. 163 00:19:18,019 --> 00:19:20,420 They got married before. 164 00:19:21,519 --> 00:19:23,640 But this year, in 1492, 165 00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:27,759 it was the moment when Isabel from Castile 166 00:19:27,759 --> 00:19:29,660 and Fernando from Aragon 167 00:19:29,660 --> 00:19:33,160 decided to conquer the Muslim, 168 00:19:33,619 --> 00:19:35,559 the Nari kingdom of Granada 169 00:19:35,559 --> 00:19:37,859 or the Muslim kingdom of Granada. 170 00:19:37,859 --> 00:19:48,940 And the reconquest ended, and the reconquest ended because the Christians, because Christians 171 00:19:48,940 --> 00:19:57,960 conquered finally the whole territory in the Iberian Peninsula. 172 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:04,440 We were analyzing in this year, we have explained, we have explained many, many lessons explaining 173 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:09,599 the reconquest and finally we have ended this process. 174 00:20:09,599 --> 00:20:16,730 It finished in the year 1492. 175 00:20:16,730 --> 00:20:20,710 And on the following class, I will explain the Alhambra, because if not, it's too much 176 00:20:20,710 --> 00:20:21,710 for today. 177 00:20:21,710 --> 00:20:24,730 We are going to start in a smooth way. 178 00:20:24,730 --> 00:20:29,009 Okay, did you understand everything? 179 00:20:29,009 --> 00:20:34,079 It was clear so far? 180 00:20:34,079 --> 00:20:35,079 Was it clear so far? 181 00:20:35,079 --> 00:20:36,079 Yes? 182 00:20:36,079 --> 00:20:37,079 You understand everything? 183 00:20:37,079 --> 00:20:37,700 Great.