0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:08,000 So I'm going to explain the agricultural progress in the medieval Europe. 1 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:15,000 So before the 11th and 13th century, European farmers had a low production on the land they 2 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:22,000 worked, because they used a Roman plough, which barely cut into the ground and was pulled 3 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:26,000 or dragged by oxen held by a yoke. 4 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:33,000 Also they used a Viennese rotation system, which consists on leaving half the farming 5 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,000 surface fallow. 6 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:44,000 However, between the 11th and 13th centuries, European farming activities experienced a 7 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:51,000 strong growth due to the progressive spread of technical innovations. 8 00:00:51,000 --> 00:01:02,000 The most important ones were the Marlborough plough and the Triennial crop rotation. 9 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:11,000 The Marlborough plough was made of iron and enabled the soil to be turned and aerated. 10 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:19,000 It was heavier than the Roman plough and they used horses instead of oxen to pull it. 11 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:27,000 The Triennial crop rotation consisted of dividing the land into three parts. 12 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:33,000 A rotation was established each year by planting cereals leaving one part fallow. 13 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:47,000 So this way, only one third of the land was left cultivated. 14 00:01:47,000 --> 00:02:05,000 Other agricultural innovations applied in this period were the use of a collar, metal 15 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,000 instruments and the water mill. 16 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:16,000 The collar allowed rough animals like the horses to be attached to the plough. 17 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:22,000 This improved their control and stability to fallow the seeds. 18 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:31,000 Two examples of metal instruments were the sieve and the metal horse shoes. 19 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:38,000 The sieve, which made harvesting cereals much easier and the metal horse shoe, which protected 20 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,000 the animal's hooves. 21 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:47,000 The water mill was perfect because it was much more efficient than the windmill which 22 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:56,000 had been used until then. 23 00:02:56,000 --> 00:03:00,000 Now the consequences of agricultural progress. 24 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:08,000 These were all of these developments led to important consequences in the agricultural 25 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:13,000 not only for the countryside but also for the cities and Adriana is going to explain 26 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:14,000 all of them. 27 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:16,000 Adriana, the floor is yours. 28 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:22,000 So for example, the agricultural production increased. 29 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:29,000 This improved the nutrition of the population and as a result, Europe experienced strong 30 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:41,000 population growth, passing from 36 to 18 million people between the 11th and 14th century. 31 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:48,000 Another example was that the cultivated surface was extended due to the demands of the growing 32 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:49,000 population. 33 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:58,000 The forest surrounding the villages were failed to make way for new fields, marches and wetlands 34 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:13,000 were drained, lands were gained and new and cultivated areas in Eastern Europe were colonized. 35 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:27,000 Other examples were that cities were revitalized as their populations grew quickly and became 36 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:33,000 exchange centers for trades and handcrafts. 37 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:41,000 And finally, local and long-distance trade was reactivated as we can see in the image below. 38 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:47,000 Exactly, and that's why as a consequence, what happened Adriana? 39 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:49,000 You want to add something? 40 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:54,000 No, that's all the agricultural progress in medieval Europe. 41 00:04:54,000 --> 00:05:00,000 That's why, as a consequence, cities emerged due to all of these changes in agriculture 42 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:11,000 and then in the cities in the late 13th century onwards, which will come the modern age. 43 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:12,000 You will study next year. 44 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:13,000 Thank you so much, Adriana. 45 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,000 It was great.