1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,880 When someone is treated in a different and fair way in comparison with other people, 2 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,960 we say that this person has been discriminated. 3 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:14,680 Unfortunately, discrimination has been very common throughout history in many parts of 4 00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:15,960 the world. 5 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:21,320 One clear example of this is the way women have been treated throughout history. 6 00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:24,440 For a long time, women have been treated differently. 7 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:29,600 They didn't have access to the public sphere, they couldn't take important decisions, and 8 00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:34,200 even in the family, it was the men who could decide and who could manage the money, for 9 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:35,200 example. 10 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:39,200 That's why feminism appeared. 11 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:44,480 Feminism is a social and political movement that wants to achieve a real equality between 12 00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:46,320 men and women. 13 00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:51,480 The first pioneers of feminism appeared in the late 18th century. 14 00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:55,040 We could talk, for example, about Olympe de Gouge. 15 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:59,880 She was a revolutionary who lived in France, and she was quite surprised because after 16 00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:07,420 the French Revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was proclaimed. 17 00:01:07,420 --> 00:01:12,320 She was surprised because in this declaration, only men were included. 18 00:01:12,320 --> 00:01:14,240 Why not women, she wondered. 19 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:20,820 So she wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, but unfortunately her declaration 20 00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:24,760 was ignored. 21 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:30,120 Also in England, the feminist movement appeared in these days. 22 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:37,600 In 1792, the British writer Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a very influential book called The Vindication 23 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:39,640 of the Rights of the Woman. 24 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:45,800 In this book, she explained how men and women should be treated equally, and the fair thing 25 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:48,280 was to give them equal rights. 26 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:54,100 And to achieve this, she argued, it was essential that women could have a clear and equal access 27 00:01:54,140 --> 00:02:02,140 to education to make them free to decide and to take their own lives in her hands. 28 00:02:02,140 --> 00:02:05,860 Later, feminism has been a very influential movement. 29 00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:11,060 It has developed throughout the centuries, and it is generally considered that it developed 30 00:02:11,060 --> 00:02:13,500 in different waves. 31 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:18,020 The first wave of feminism developed in the 19th century. 32 00:02:18,020 --> 00:02:24,180 In these days, feminists tried to achieve a real equality of rights between men and 33 00:02:24,180 --> 00:02:26,500 women in the legislation. 34 00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:32,500 You must remember that during the 19th century, in democratic countries, women couldn't vote. 35 00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:39,940 And even in the places where the economy was very developed, only men could have access 36 00:02:39,940 --> 00:02:45,860 to the real money in the family and could take decisions about their children. 37 00:02:45,860 --> 00:02:52,260 So that's why in the first wave of feminism, feminists tried to achieve that women and 38 00:02:52,260 --> 00:02:55,300 men had the same rights in the legislation. 39 00:02:55,300 --> 00:03:02,260 It was a long fight that was only finally achieved in the 20th century, when the legislation 40 00:03:02,260 --> 00:03:08,300 included the equality of rights between men and women in many countries. 41 00:03:08,300 --> 00:03:16,340 The second feminist wave is considered to have happened in the second half of the 20th 42 00:03:16,340 --> 00:03:17,340 century. 43 00:03:17,340 --> 00:03:24,420 Around 1960, in many countries, the legislation recognized the same rights for men and women. 44 00:03:24,420 --> 00:03:29,660 But this didn't mean that in practice, men and women could live equally. 45 00:03:29,660 --> 00:03:36,100 For example, even though men and women have the same rights in the paper, in the legislation, 46 00:03:36,100 --> 00:03:40,980 it was the woman who took care of the children and who worked at home. 47 00:03:40,980 --> 00:03:48,740 So the feminist movement, this second wave, asked for a real equality in practice, in 48 00:03:48,740 --> 00:03:51,180 real life, not only in the legislation. 49 00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:57,380 And that meant, for example, that women could have access to contraception methods that 50 00:03:57,380 --> 00:04:02,260 could help them to decide when and where to have their children. 51 00:04:02,260 --> 00:04:07,420 The third wave of the feminist movement is considered to have developed at the end of 52 00:04:07,420 --> 00:04:11,220 the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. 53 00:04:11,220 --> 00:04:18,260 In this third wave, feminism has become a very diverse movement, and it includes different 54 00:04:18,260 --> 00:04:19,260 branches. 55 00:04:19,260 --> 00:04:25,340 For example, the eco-feminism that tries to join the rave indications of feminism with 56 00:04:25,340 --> 00:04:26,340 those of ecologism. 57 00:04:26,340 --> 00:04:33,820 Or, for example, the decolonial movement that tries to take care of the particular situation 58 00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:40,740 of women who live outside Western countries, for example, in Africa or in Asia. 59 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:46,580 But not only women have been discriminated throughout the times, also homosexual people 60 00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:52,080 have been discriminated for many, many centuries in many different places. 61 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:58,240 Bisexual people feel a sexual attraction towards people that have the same gender. 62 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:03,120 You must difference homosexuality from bisexuality. 63 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:07,320 Bisexual people feel attracted both to people that have their same gender and people that 64 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:09,600 have a different gender. 65 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:14,640 Bisexual people have also been discriminated everywhere in many different places throughout 66 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:16,200 the time. 67 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:21,880 And also transsexual people, who are people that don't feel that they belong to the gender 68 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,560 they were assigned when they were born. 69 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:30,800 All these types of discrimination are very unfair, because you have the right to love 70 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:34,800 whoever you want, as long as you respect other people. 71 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:40,800 That's why the LGTBQ plus movement appeared. 72 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:46,720 This movement tries to achieve real equality and to stop discrimination against people 73 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:52,920 who are lesbian, or who are gay, or who are bisexual, or who are transsexual, or intersexual 74 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:53,920 people. 75 00:05:53,920 --> 00:06:00,920 And today, they have achieved this recognition of their rights in many places, but not everywhere 76 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:01,920 in the world. 77 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:08,880 Unfortunately, even today, there are countries where homosexuality is punished by the law, 78 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:11,880 and even by the death penalty. 79 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:18,040 So homosexual people can be killed because of loving people that have the same gender.