1 00:00:08,750 --> 00:00:15,550 today we are going to explain how were the buildings in gothic art if you remember gothic art 2 00:00:16,109 --> 00:00:26,179 is uh is where the buildings show the importance of the cities the power of the cities 3 00:00:26,179 --> 00:00:32,979 and also some families some sort of states that were living in the cities as nobles or even the 4 00:00:32,979 --> 00:00:43,890 charge but especially the bourgeoisie who were the state who pay more these buildings but these ones 5 00:00:43,890 --> 00:00:51,649 are the most important buildings and cathedrals belongs to the church so the church is together 6 00:00:51,649 --> 00:00:58,689 with the bourgeoisie the two groups or two states that pay more for these buildings in 7 00:00:58,689 --> 00:01:07,689 Europe from the 12th century. So here is the pages that we are going to use in this class. 8 00:01:07,689 --> 00:01:14,689 So we continue showing you the different buildings that we have. 9 00:01:14,689 --> 00:01:21,689 So as we know Gothic art were a symbol of the development of the cities. 10 00:01:21,689 --> 00:01:26,689 And here we have three examples of buildings built in these cities. 11 00:01:26,689 --> 00:01:39,010 This first one is the town hall of a Belgian city in Belgium and you can see all the elements 12 00:01:39,010 --> 00:01:44,810 that the building has in the walls, in the windows, even in the towers. 13 00:01:44,810 --> 00:01:47,189 So it's to decorate. 14 00:01:47,189 --> 00:01:52,269 This is a building that is not religious but it's in Gothic art. 15 00:01:52,269 --> 00:02:02,030 So you have to see that the Gothic art is for religious and non-religious buildings 16 00:02:02,030 --> 00:02:11,129 such as cathedrals or even palaces like this and this or town halls as the first one. 17 00:02:11,129 --> 00:02:17,810 So this is the palaces that we have, the first one is in France and this is in Venice so 18 00:02:17,810 --> 00:02:28,199 you can see the water. They are also in Gothic art or Gothic style. We can see the differences 19 00:02:28,199 --> 00:02:39,199 between the three buildings that we have here because Gothic art has the same or has similar 20 00:02:39,199 --> 00:02:48,580 characteristics or basic characteristics shared in the different countries, but some countries 21 00:02:48,580 --> 00:02:58,020 have specific specific characteristics that are shown in the building so you can compare this 22 00:02:58,020 --> 00:03:06,020 italian style with this value or this french so we can compare here we have a video okay 23 00:03:06,020 --> 00:03:11,939 l'architectura gothica is too short it's in spanish and we're going to see now i'm going to 24 00:03:11,939 --> 00:03:22,340 play and it's going to be recorded also so you can see the video later if you want but now you 25 00:03:22,340 --> 00:03:28,740 are going to see i'm going to be quiet now and you are going to watch this video 26 00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:38,900 the gothic art is the denomination of the artistic style that developed in western europe 27 00:03:38,900 --> 00:03:45,900 during the last centuries of the Middle Ages, from the middle of the 12th century until the Renaissance in Italy in the 15th century, 28 00:03:45,900 --> 00:03:49,900 although in other parts it survived until the beginning of the 16th century. 29 00:03:49,900 --> 00:03:53,900 Gothic originates in the north of France and ends up expanding throughout Europe. 30 00:03:53,900 --> 00:04:00,900 According to the countries and regions, it develops in different chronological moments, so we have local variants. 31 00:04:00,900 --> 00:04:06,900 At the architectural level, the Gothic style was born around the year 1140 in France, 32 00:04:06,900 --> 00:04:11,900 being the Basilica of the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis the first example we find. 33 00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:14,900 Gothic architecture results from the evolution of the Romanesque. 34 00:04:14,900 --> 00:04:19,899 Gothic is a style characterized by the archival and the vault of the crucery. 35 00:04:19,899 --> 00:04:23,899 The pejorative name Gothic, which means the art of the gods, 36 00:04:23,899 --> 00:04:27,899 was invented by the erudites of the Renaissance with a despective sense 37 00:04:27,899 --> 00:04:32,339 to an art that they considered barbaric and very inferior to Greco-Roman art. 38 00:04:32,339 --> 00:04:39,019 However, it was revalued and exalted in the 19th century by the nationalist and romantic European movements 39 00:04:39,019 --> 00:04:46,379 and today it is universally considered as one of the most brilliant moments from the artistic point of view of the Western world. 40 00:05:20,399 --> 00:05:28,079 we are going to see cathedrals so these are three examples of three different cathedrals 41 00:05:28,079 --> 00:06:05,370 in three different countries so you can see the differences between them it's not the same biggest 42 00:06:09,740 --> 00:06:18,439 most important okay so today we are going to see the characteristics of these buildings so you can 43 00:06:18,439 --> 00:06:22,439 so that you can understand these ideas. 44 00:06:22,439 --> 00:06:26,439 So here you have the picture that you have in your book. 45 00:06:26,439 --> 00:06:30,439 It's a drawing showing us the different parts of a building. 46 00:06:30,439 --> 00:06:34,439 But here we have also our clan. 47 00:06:34,439 --> 00:06:38,439 And we can see that the elements are the same from the Romanesque. 48 00:06:38,439 --> 00:06:42,439 We have the central nave, the side naves, 49 00:06:42,439 --> 00:06:46,439 the transect, the obsidials and the crossing here. 50 00:06:46,439 --> 00:06:53,480 but also here we have the apes and here the ambulatory so it's the same it's latin cross plan 51 00:06:53,480 --> 00:07:01,769 so it's an evolution of the romanesque art okay but here we have innovations that means 52 00:07:01,769 --> 00:07:18,670 the innovation in other words why we call gothic this is the picture more or less that you had in 53 00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:26,350 the video okay so these different parts we are going to see one by one in this presentation 54 00:07:26,350 --> 00:07:37,350 But you have to understand the different elements that we are going to see and the differences between Romanesque and Gothic. 55 00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:54,110 At the first sight is obvious this is different from Romanesque because of the arches, because of the windows, the flying buttresses, the towers, the height of the building. 56 00:07:54,110 --> 00:07:56,110 So, one by one. 57 00:07:56,110 --> 00:08:04,110 The Gothic cathedrals are higher, brighter and complex buildings in comparison with Romanesque. 58 00:08:04,110 --> 00:08:14,110 They are higher, why? Because of these towers, also these domes and also the pineacles that we have here. 59 00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:19,110 They give us the sensation of being higher. 60 00:08:19,110 --> 00:08:33,110 Also, they are brighter because we have a lot of windows that make possible to have a lot of light in the inside of the building. 61 00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:44,110 And also we have they are complex buildings because all of these crosses that we have in our plan are walls and domes. 62 00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:51,710 so it's so complex to build a gothic cathedral 63 00:08:51,710 --> 00:08:56,909 so now we have to understand how it is possible to build 64 00:08:56,909 --> 00:09:03,470 a higher building with a lot of light and to be complex and the 65 00:09:03,470 --> 00:09:10,679 most important part of these buildings how can we preserve these buildings 66 00:09:10,679 --> 00:09:16,440 because they are too they are built in a very good way 67 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:23,960 and they are stable and we have also to make some restorations of the buildings but they are very 68 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:33,080 good buildings because it has a lot of engineering so we can preserve these buildings nowadays 69 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:39,559 later during this presentation i'm going to explain you how can these people get higher buildings 70 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:47,480 And it's thanks to these two elements, the arches and the vaults. 71 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:55,240 Here we have in Spanish arco ojival, it means ojiva, una ojiva es como la cabeza de un misil, 72 00:09:55,240 --> 00:10:01,960 de un proyectil, fijaos aquí es como si fuera una bala, en español una ojiva es esto, 73 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:03,279 como una bala. 74 00:10:03,279 --> 00:10:13,039 So here we have the arches that are specific from Gothic art. 75 00:10:13,039 --> 00:10:20,960 In English are targeted or pointed arches, arco apuntado, pointed, arco apuntado. 76 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:29,440 So it works more or less the same as Romanesque arches because if we join together different 77 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:32,519 arches we get vaults and domes. 78 00:10:32,519 --> 00:10:40,480 But the idea is, the special idea of this arch is the point, that means the top part 79 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:49,159 of the peak of the arches, because allows the building to be higher, because the nerves, 80 00:10:49,159 --> 00:10:58,580 that we have here, los nervios, that, lo diré, que reparten el peso, o sea, los nervios, 81 00:10:58,580 --> 00:11:05,080 Yes, as I said, as different columns that are distributed in weight, they do not concentrate 82 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:06,080 all in the same. 83 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:08,759 So that allows the buildings to be higher. 84 00:11:08,759 --> 00:11:11,259 We will see it better later so that you understand it. 85 00:11:11,259 --> 00:11:16,960 But we need the arch, the flying batteries, el arbotante in Spanish, and a batteries, 86 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:17,960 un contrafuerte. 87 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:26,700 Without these elements, our building falls, okay, falls, so we need a lot of elements 88 00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:29,659 to make possible these higher beginnings. 89 00:11:29,659 --> 00:11:39,299 So here in the bottom of the screen you have the typical vault of this art and it's rift 90 00:11:39,299 --> 00:11:40,299 vault. 91 00:11:40,299 --> 00:11:47,620 Comparamos con la del románico que era barrel vault, que era la bóveda de arista y la de 92 00:11:47,620 --> 00:11:48,620 cañón. 93 00:11:48,620 --> 00:12:00,620 Here we have the arched vault, because the two vaults of the arch are crossed. 94 00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:09,620 So, thanks to this element, the arch, the flying batteries and the batteries, we can have a higher building. 95 00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:29,019 If we can have a higher building, we have so thick walls, this is one of the most important elements of Gothic architecture, the light, the windows. 96 00:12:29,019 --> 00:12:37,019 Think in this picture, the Saint-Chapelle in Paris, the walls are windows. 97 00:12:37,019 --> 00:12:46,019 We don't have walls here, we only have columns and pillars, and some columns in the inside of these. 98 00:12:46,019 --> 00:12:55,019 But we have here our vaults, here we have the different nerves that cross, 99 00:12:55,019 --> 00:13:03,019 and they get the weight through the different nerves to the different pillars. 100 00:13:03,019 --> 00:13:19,519 So the weight is not always in the same place. Here we have the center of the cross and we can share the weight through the different nerves and go to the ground. 101 00:13:19,519 --> 00:13:30,759 So if the weight of the building went to the base of the building, we can liberate some space from the walls. 102 00:13:30,879 --> 00:13:36,320 That means we don't need so huge walls, we can have thick walls. 103 00:13:36,679 --> 00:13:43,779 I'm going to say this in Spanish so you can understand it a little better because this is the essence of Gothic and if it's not clear, you won't understand anything else. 104 00:13:43,779 --> 00:13:55,779 The difference that we have between the Gothic and the Romanesque is that the Romanesque were very thick walls that barely let the light pass and that needed large counterfeits outside the building. 105 00:13:55,779 --> 00:14:05,779 The Gothic, on the contrary, what it does is that with this crossbow, that is, crossing the different nerves that we have, it distributes the weight. 106 00:14:05,779 --> 00:14:13,659 That is, the weight of the dome goes down through the pillars and rests directly on the ground. 107 00:14:13,659 --> 00:14:19,620 This allows the wall to practically not exist, it is like a skyscraper today. 108 00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:26,299 In a skyscraper today we have the wall of cargo, which is usually a pillar in the center, 109 00:14:26,299 --> 00:14:32,259 many times there it goes close to the elevator, the wall of cargo, and then everything else is steel and glass. 110 00:14:32,259 --> 00:14:40,659 and it is much larger than a Romanesque church, because the wall is so weak that the structure of the building does not withstand the wall, 111 00:14:40,659 --> 00:14:46,100 but the structure of the building is held by the pillars, the columns and these nerves. 112 00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:52,419 Obviously the Gothic cathedrals have counterfeits, which we are going to see now, but they are much finer counterfeits, 113 00:14:52,419 --> 00:14:57,220 because what you have to understand is that in the Romanesque the weight of the building is held by the walls, 114 00:14:57,220 --> 00:15:01,059 that is, the walls, because they have to be very thick to withstand that building, 115 00:15:01,059 --> 00:15:15,659 However, in Gothic, the weight of the walls, or the weight of the ceiling, sorry, is not held by the walls, but by certain parts of the walls, which are these pillars that I have here marked in red, and as you can see, they connect with the crossing vault. 116 00:15:15,659 --> 00:15:20,820 How does that allow it? Thanks to the pointed arch, it gradually releases the tension. 117 00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:28,259 Now I'm going to put a video in which you will understand it very well, but what I want you to understand is that in Romanesque, the wall is the one that holds the weight of the building, 118 00:15:28,259 --> 00:15:52,000 And in Gothic, as it is not the wall that holds it, but rather the pillars, it allows you to raise the building much more and fill it with windows, because we no longer need so much wall, because we can remove the wall, it is like a skyscraper, if you remove a skyscraper from the walls, it will hold you, because it is all made of reinforced concrete, with ferrari, you do not need walls, because in Gothic it is more or less the same. 119 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,039 So now with the arbotantes and the contrafuertes you are going to see it very well. 120 00:15:56,039 --> 00:16:09,039 This part, the buttresses and flying buttresses are Arbotante, I'm going to put it in another color so you can see it better. 121 00:16:09,039 --> 00:16:23,039 We have the Arbotante, it's going to be here in orange, which is what we call flying buttresses. 122 00:16:23,039 --> 00:16:41,519 in Spanish it is Arbotante. And then we are going to have here the contraforte and then we have in this part, in the central drawing, we have how a church is built, 123 00:16:41,519 --> 00:16:50,519 it is like a section, a profile, a cut of a Gothic building. So we have three entrances, two side ships and a central ship. 124 00:16:50,519 --> 00:17:12,519 Until there everything is fine. We have in the central ship the first pillars, sorry for my pulse, but the first pillars, this is a wooden warehouse, if you remember Notre Dame when it was burned last year, what burned was the wood, okay, just like the roof, obviously they use wood because it is lighter than the stone. 125 00:17:12,519 --> 00:17:21,519 So, what we have here, this claristorium, is the area where more light enters, and the triforium, which is a divided area in three, is called a triforium. 126 00:17:21,519 --> 00:17:27,519 But what interests me is that you see how the central arc is pointed. 127 00:17:27,519 --> 00:17:30,519 So, when it is pointed, the weights are distributed. 128 00:17:30,519 --> 00:17:39,519 Where? To this pillar, which finishes it off with a pinnacle to give it more strength below and that also distributes the weight. 129 00:17:39,519 --> 00:17:52,519 That is, what you have to think is, I'm going to paint it again so you can see it well, what you have to think is, the weight is here, that is, the roof is here. 130 00:17:52,519 --> 00:18:03,519 So we, from here, which is the central part of the arc, distribute the force in various directions. 131 00:18:03,519 --> 00:18:18,519 in various directions, so that's what you have to understand, thanks to that weight distribution in various directions, the building allows you to make it higher 132 00:18:18,519 --> 00:18:27,519 why? because before in the Romanesque this part did not exist, this in the Romanesque we do not have it, we have the wall and the counterweight piece down here 133 00:18:27,519 --> 00:18:35,119 But in the Gothic, what it allows you is that with the arbotantes you distribute the weight and then you already have a counterweight, but much thinner, you see? 134 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:38,960 Obviously we have counterweights, but they are thinner than those of the Romanesque. 135 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:48,480 What the Gothic allows you to do is distribute the weight, okay? That's what I want you to understand. 136 00:18:48,480 --> 00:18:57,880 How do you distribute it? With the fly-in batteries and the contrafort itself, which we have here. 137 00:18:57,880 --> 00:19:01,880 We are going to see this better in the video that I have told you that you are going to understand it very well. 138 00:19:24,980 --> 00:19:35,569 the rosette or the rose window, the pink one, so to speak, with all the archivoltas and everything that we are seeing, okay? 139 00:19:35,569 --> 00:19:40,569 But well, you just have to know that they usually have three entrances or three doors because there are three names. 140 00:19:40,569 --> 00:19:47,569 The Gables and the Pineacles. Let's see. Gables in Spanish is gabletes, it is called that way. 141 00:19:47,569 --> 00:19:52,569 And pineacles in English, well, pinnaculos in Spanish. Let's see. 142 00:19:52,569 --> 00:20:10,569 This part is a bit, the pinnacles have a decorative function, but also a structural function, that is, the pinnacles give you weight to the counterweight and make it more stable, that is, if we go here, this is the pinnacle, this part is going to be the pinnacle. 143 00:20:10,569 --> 00:20:23,569 So if I put the weight down here and it reaches the counterweight, if I add a little more weight at the top, I make the weight go down, not to the side. 144 00:20:23,569 --> 00:20:25,569 I don't know if you see the direction. 145 00:20:25,569 --> 00:20:30,569 So the pinnacle allows us to put weight down and then the counterweight is more stable. 146 00:20:30,569 --> 00:20:37,569 Without the pinnacle, with the passage of time, the ship will gradually open and end up falling. 147 00:20:37,569 --> 00:20:47,569 However, with the pinnacle, that does not happen and decorates the pinnacle, well, the pinnacle, another part of the frontons, which are these gables or gables, 148 00:20:47,569 --> 00:20:52,569 which are simply a decoration in the shape of a fillet. 149 00:20:52,569 --> 00:20:59,059 It is good that you know that it is a small decoration. 150 00:20:59,059 --> 00:21:05,059 The fact that it is structural is that the pinnacle does have a function, the gables are simply structural. 151 00:21:05,059 --> 00:21:11,059 This is an image so that you can see how the interior of a Gothic cathedral and the exterior are. 152 00:21:11,059 --> 00:21:15,059 Look, what we have here are the arbutants. 153 00:21:15,059 --> 00:21:18,059 These are the flying matrices. 154 00:21:18,059 --> 00:21:25,380 And here we have the pinnacle. 155 00:21:25,380 --> 00:21:31,380 What this arbutant allows is to distribute the weight inside the ship of these walls. 156 00:21:31,380 --> 00:21:35,380 If you distribute it, it allows you to lift buildings much higher. 157 00:21:35,380 --> 00:22:12,619 Look at the inside of this cathedral, the arch pointed, as you can see, this would be the central nave, here we have the claristory or the triforium, you see how we have several plants, the vineyards, which are what illuminate everything, the nerves, look at all the nerves that we have here in this corner, this allows you to connect with more domes, electronic, but it is ingenious. 158 00:22:12,619 --> 00:22:23,619 This is another picture to show you the different parts of the church, to be clear on it, ok? 159 00:22:23,619 --> 00:22:28,619 Here we have the different colors and the legends, the chapels, that is the apsirioles, 160 00:22:28,619 --> 00:22:30,619 the central nave and the transept, ok? 161 00:22:30,619 --> 00:22:36,619 In blue, the ais or the deambulatori, that is, the lateral nave or corridor and the deambulatorio 162 00:22:36,619 --> 00:22:44,700 of Girola, the entrance, here, here in this picture where you have more or less the same, 163 00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:56,700 the rosette, here we have the flying batteries, the transept, the lift pole, the flying batteries, 164 00:22:56,700 --> 00:23:02,140 the central nave, the tower, the entrance, it's more or less the same. I think the parts 165 00:23:02,140 --> 00:23:09,140 are clear. But here we have what did a master cathedral builder do. This is from the point 166 00:23:09,140 --> 00:23:15,859 3 you are going to make a summary from this point you will see later but i i select some parts to 167 00:23:15,859 --> 00:23:21,779 explain you this part in here you have a video you see we have the minutes and the seconds 168 00:23:21,779 --> 00:23:27,700 from the parts that i want to focus on but you can watch the whole video i'm going to 169 00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:34,740 to write the link in the audio virtual if you want okay it has two parts 170 00:23:34,740 --> 00:23:46,740 And it's a documentary showing us how to restore a cathedral and also how to rebuild. 171 00:23:46,740 --> 00:23:50,740 So here we have the video I want to show you. 172 00:23:50,740 --> 00:24:02,740 And it's a model of how to create an arch with the flying batteries, the batteries and the pineapple. 173 00:24:02,740 --> 00:24:08,900 we can bring it a little closer is the same problem that is faced by frank in 174 00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:16,140 california is pushing outwards if you remove in the frame of 175 00:24:16,140 --> 00:24:20,720 wood now the arch would collapse because the push line is pushing 176 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:27,900 these two dobelas out frank needs to counteract that force 177 00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:36,420 así que coloca un soporte para apuntalar lo así es la línea de empujes llega hasta aquí 178 00:24:36,420 --> 00:24:43,779 que es donde ejerce presión este segmento sirve para contrarrestar lo de esta ingeniosa solución 179 00:24:43,779 --> 00:24:50,079 se conoce como arbotante eso es para que funcione debe estar perfectamente colocado 180 00:24:50,079 --> 00:24:59,380 if this button is too high then the arch could be combined here below if it is 181 00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:05,539 too low the arch could be opened here so it is very important that it is at the 182 00:25:05,539 --> 00:25:13,180 right height we are going to remove these two side pieces it is the moment of truth 183 00:25:14,319 --> 00:25:19,200 frank is about to find out if his arch of stone is held only without using a hammer 184 00:25:20,079 --> 00:25:29,740 the team carefully removes the spines the wooden supports slowly we are going to see if it does not 185 00:25:29,740 --> 00:25:38,910 fall great we are doing well now I am going to let go it does not move perfect 186 00:25:42,130 --> 00:25:45,750 it is very exciting it always seems like a miracle that the bow is 187 00:25:45,750 --> 00:25:51,529 sostenga cuando retiras las cimbras 188 00:25:51,529 --> 00:26:05,359 votantes alcanzan dimensiones espectaculares en las catedrales góticas 189 00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:10,660 se alzan majestuosamente 190 00:26:10,660 --> 00:26:19,240 creando una intrincada telaraña de piedra 191 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:24,920 with the invention of the pointed arch and the archer the medieval engineers 192 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:30,519 were able to flood their celestial light constructions and raise them towards the sky 193 00:26:36,099 --> 00:26:40,299 the arch and the archer are the basic components of any cathedral 194 00:26:42,799 --> 00:26:47,519 but they form a castle of naipes in which the position of each of the dobelas has 195 00:26:47,519 --> 00:26:50,359 crucial role 196 00:26:51,019 --> 00:26:56,480 to demonstrate frank moves a dobel ready 197 00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:06,759 here we go without a spring that counteracts the 198 00:27:06,759 --> 00:27:12,059 pressures the push of the arch out displaces the column 199 00:27:12,059 --> 00:27:16,039 and the structure crumbles 200 00:27:16,039 --> 00:27:26,039 The force that has caused this structure to collapse is the same that is deforming the columns of Ammian. 201 00:29:05,940 --> 00:29:10,940 Do you remember that they were based on the apprentice, the craftsman and the master? 202 00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:13,940 Well, this is the master, the strongest of the guild, so to speak. 203 00:29:13,940 --> 00:29:21,940 And also we have here the stonemason, the carpenter, the builder, the peon, 204 00:29:21,940 --> 00:29:32,829 and hoist to the stones, a crane. This is a representation of how it is built. 205 00:29:32,829 --> 00:29:47,210 So here we have the two stonemasons, the pillars and the columns. 206 00:29:47,210 --> 00:29:57,210 First, we have a wooden frame that was built, that was like the model of stone, I mean, sorry, of wood that they call us in the video, okay? 207 00:29:57,210 --> 00:30:02,210 So, as we have down here, we have a wooden script and on top we are placing the stones. 208 00:30:02,210 --> 00:30:08,210 So, the stones are placed on top with mortar, the mortar, the cement, okay? 209 00:30:08,210 --> 00:30:14,210 A building made of cement, a little cement so that it stays seated, if not, it falls. 210 00:30:14,210 --> 00:30:21,210 Then it was built practically the same as now, a brick, cement, another brick, and so on. 211 00:30:21,210 --> 00:30:28,210 Well, here we have this word, aslars, they are called sillares, that is, stone sillares, stone blocks. 212 00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:44,210 And the wassers are the dowels, which are dowels that are each one of the parts that make up an arch, each one of the pebbles that go into the arch. 213 00:30:44,210 --> 00:30:47,210 The central dowel is usually called clave. 214 00:30:47,210 --> 00:30:50,210 And the last thing that interests me is this symbol that says here, 215 00:30:50,210 --> 00:30:54,210 It says here in Stone Masons Spiral Shaped Mark on the block of stone. 216 00:30:54,210 --> 00:30:59,210 I don't know if it sounds like the Freemasons and Freemasonry or the Frankmasons. 217 00:30:59,210 --> 00:31:01,210 It is currently a lodge, it is like a sect. 218 00:31:01,210 --> 00:31:03,210 And at that time it was a guild. 219 00:31:03,210 --> 00:31:05,210 They are the lodge of the canteros. 220 00:31:05,210 --> 00:31:08,210 That is, each cantero master, that is, each stone mason that we have here, 221 00:31:08,210 --> 00:31:11,210 created a mark, it was like a sign of a cantero. 222 00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,210 So he said that he had worked on those blocks, 223 00:31:14,210 --> 00:31:19,210 therefore he had participated in the construction of that building. 224 00:31:19,210 --> 00:31:29,210 simply so that you know that there they were looking for a little recognition from the rest of the world. 225 00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:38,210 So far it will be the explanation, if you have any questions, I will create a specific forum of questions on topic 8, 226 00:31:38,210 --> 00:31:40,210 if you have any questions you ask me there. 227 00:31:40,210 --> 00:31:42,210 And then exercises or duties. 228 00:31:42,210 --> 00:31:46,210 Exercise 1 and 2 of page 156. Why do I put you on the page? 229 00:31:46,210 --> 00:31:52,210 because since we each have a numbering, it is my page 156, I remember that in the virtual classroom 230 00:31:52,210 --> 00:32:06,380 this is pdf with the scanned book, page 156, it does not coincide with yours, it has to be done in the notebook 231 00:32:06,380 --> 00:32:12,380 copying all the questions, as you already know, and then make a summary of point 3, that is, 232 00:32:12,380 --> 00:32:14,380 Andres de Máster Cáceres Vídeo. 233 00:32:14,380 --> 00:32:16,380 At 6.3, the summary. 234 00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:18,380 And that's it. 235 00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:20,380 It has to be uploaded on the 21st of March, 236 00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:25,549 September 2nd. 237 00:32:25,549 --> 00:32:30,660 You write to the website 238 00:32:30,660 --> 00:32:32,660 and you can download it. 239 00:32:32,660 --> 00:32:34,660 Thank you.