1 00:00:03,180 --> 00:00:33,159 Thank you very much. 2 00:00:33,179 --> 00:01:03,159 We'll be right back. 3 00:01:03,179 --> 00:01:36,599 Hello guys, good morning! 4 00:01:36,599 --> 00:01:45,700 Let's go for a class. At this point, as you have seen in the introduction, we are going to evaluate the changes and religious conflicts, that is, the reform and the counter-reform. 5 00:01:46,700 --> 00:02:01,319 At the beginning, I told you in the introduction that religious wars will occur and this is very important because, let's say, until now there was a certain stability with a domain, at least in Eastern Europe, of the Catholic religion. 6 00:02:01,319 --> 00:02:07,319 However, in the 16th century the Protestant Reformation began and extended through Europe. 7 00:02:07,319 --> 00:02:15,319 This is the religious rupture in Western Europe against or against the Catholic Church. 8 00:02:15,319 --> 00:02:23,319 The Catholic Church, as a reaction, began a process of spiritual renewal called Counter-Reformation, 9 00:02:23,319 --> 00:02:27,319 which, as we see in its name, means that it goes against that reform. 10 00:02:27,319 --> 00:02:33,979 That is, it is forced to improve or try to improve and do a deep internal review 11 00:02:33,979 --> 00:02:38,900 about how they are doing it, of the postulates that the Catholic Revision has and, in 12 00:02:38,900 --> 00:02:45,860 short, a review or reflection of all that, in quotation marks, or all that 13 00:02:45,860 --> 00:02:53,639 that encompasses the Catholic Church. Yes? Well, having said that, I would like to talk now, for example, 14 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:59,159 I would like to talk about the reform in the first place since it is the first thing that arises and 15 00:02:59,159 --> 00:03:06,840 agree then thinking about this reform I would like to say in the first place that the causes are 16 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:12,539 varied and numerous for example there was a lack of prestige of the papacy and the clergy that is to say the 17 00:03:12,539 --> 00:03:17,580 clergy you know that it is the testament that in the Middle Ages was addressed to the issues of the 18 00:03:17,580 --> 00:03:22,800 church or ecclesiastical therefore what I want to say is that there was 19 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:26,400 lack of prestige of the papacy and the clergy because they mainly occupied 20 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:29,939 their earthly interests, that is, the earth and not so much of their 21 00:03:29,939 --> 00:03:35,039 spiritual interests also had certain abuses in second place 22 00:03:35,039 --> 00:03:38,699 this part of the church is what is called nepotism or for example 23 00:03:38,699 --> 00:03:43,080 favoritism which is the same favoritism favoritism favoritism of the high 24 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:50,400 clergy for their relatives to occupy ecclesiastical positions also another important cause the 25 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:56,219 third would be the imprisonment of many clergymen which means that, for example, part of 26 00:03:56,219 --> 00:04:02,879 these clergymen have sexual contact when you know that in the Catholic religion it is something that 27 00:04:02,879 --> 00:04:11,979 is not collected, so to speak, also another cause would be the fourth the sale of 28 00:04:11,979 --> 00:04:16,600 ecclesiastical that is to say a paper and of the church could be sold as well as 29 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:20,439 the sale and this is very important of indulgences that is to say a series of 30 00:04:20,439 --> 00:04:25,180 payments that society made for the forgiveness of their sins at that time 31 00:04:25,180 --> 00:04:30,579 with which a situation had been generated that was against the church 32 00:04:30,579 --> 00:04:35,379 Catholic because they began to see it in a certain abusive way with respect to 33 00:04:35,379 --> 00:04:40,540 society in this way a series of movements will begin 34 00:04:40,540 --> 00:04:46,300 that will try to renew the Catholic Church and that will arise in the first place we are going to put 35 00:04:46,300 --> 00:04:53,980 here the reform because I am going to put for example development and more than development I am going to put 36 00:04:53,980 --> 00:05:03,100 origin because there will be several origin and development origin and development we are going to evaluate this that we have 37 00:05:03,100 --> 00:05:11,139 I insist this is a summary of the book well origin and development good because as we see there and 38 00:05:11,139 --> 00:05:17,019 as I have already said many times everything begins with the Lutheran reform of agreement then origin 39 00:05:17,019 --> 00:05:26,329 and development and I am going to put a Lutheran reform that is to say referred to the uterus in this 40 00:05:26,329 --> 00:05:32,629 Lutheran reform that we have to say because the Lutheran reform is a 41 00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:38,329 Renovador, we are going to put it like this, as your book says, I am making a scheme, 42 00:05:38,329 --> 00:05:50,990 Renovador movement is a Renovador movement, we remove the black, it is not a Renovador movement 43 00:05:50,990 --> 00:06:03,050 initiated, you know, by Martin Luther, okay? And where? Well, in Germany, if you go further than 44 00:06:03,050 --> 00:06:13,110 where he presented his 95 theses. Well, we can say that this monk, okay? Exposed, related to what 45 00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:28,389 I am saying this monk was exposed in 1517 90 and 7 I write it with I write it with letter sorry it is not 97 46 00:06:28,389 --> 00:06:40,370 it is a 95 I have said it several times 95 is a 95 thesis in this case against especially the sale of 47 00:06:40,370 --> 00:06:48,750 indulgences to remember what it is for it served for the forgiveness of sins and also against certain 48 00:06:48,750 --> 00:07:01,889 aspects of the Catholic doctrine, it is worth here it starts everything, okay, well, secondly, we will have to 49 00:07:01,889 --> 00:07:11,649 to talk about the Calvinist reform. What happens here? What is it about? Well, after Martin 50 00:07:11,649 --> 00:07:17,970 Lucero, we have to talk about the emergence of this Calvinist reform, in which we can say that the 51 00:07:17,970 --> 00:07:33,420 protagonist or dedicator of this reformist branch will be Juan Calvino, hence the name. In what 52 00:07:33,420 --> 00:07:46,180 year? Well, in 1536, okay? Well, what else can we say? Well, of course, we can say that, 53 00:07:48,060 --> 00:07:53,139 as I said before, before I dedicated myself to cite Germany, well, I am going to put, for example, that in this 54 00:07:53,139 --> 00:08:04,980 case it arises in Switzerland, okay? What can we say? That it is based on the belief of predestination, 55 00:08:04,980 --> 00:08:30,639 You already know a little about these things, but basically what we can say is that people, I put it in parentheses, are destined by God, in this case by God, to be saved or condemned, according to the cases, to the margin of their actions. 56 00:08:30,639 --> 00:08:36,639 That is, it does not matter our behaviors and actions, but predestination really exists. 57 00:08:36,639 --> 00:08:42,639 That is, people are destined by God to save themselves or condemn themselves to the margin of their actions. 58 00:08:42,639 --> 00:08:47,639 And this doctrine was very successful in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Scotland and France. 59 00:08:47,639 --> 00:09:06,639 So, we can say that there is a diffusion between the Netherlands, for example, France and Switzerland, which is where it comes from. 60 00:09:06,639 --> 00:09:08,639 What do you think? 61 00:09:08,639 --> 00:09:14,639 Okay, now let's go with the third one, which would be the Anglican Reformation, okay? 62 00:09:14,639 --> 00:09:18,639 Well, this Anglican Reformation, what are we talking about? 63 00:09:18,639 --> 00:09:24,639 In this case, it arose in England, okay? 64 00:09:24,639 --> 00:09:27,639 When does an important event happen here? 65 00:09:27,639 --> 00:09:31,639 It arises in England because an important event happens. 66 00:09:31,639 --> 00:09:52,980 is that it arises when King Henry VIII proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. 67 00:09:52,980 --> 00:10:09,250 In this case we have to say that at first this Anglican doctrine was very similar to the Catholic one 68 00:10:09,250 --> 00:10:23,320 And then, to put it in another way, I gain my own features. 69 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:24,320 Ok? 70 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:26,320 Come on guys, we're almost there. 71 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:31,320 And now we only have to talk about the counter-reform. 72 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:32,320 Ok? 73 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:37,320 So, we already have this with respect to the reform. 74 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:40,320 I insist, this would be the key word. 75 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:42,320 We can put it super big if you want. 76 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:47,320 We put the causes and also, of course, the origin and development. 77 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:55,320 And it is that, as we have said here, there is a lot of disprestige of the papacy and the clergy, we have said that there are certain abuses of the church. 78 00:10:55,320 --> 00:11:07,320 In addition, there was favoritism to put in ecclesiastical places to the family members, the embezzlement, that is, the excessive contact of many clergy, or the sale of ecclesiastical positions, or the sale of indulgences. 79 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:14,320 These indulgences, which were not well written, were used by peasants and the whole society in general 80 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:17,320 through a payment for the forgiveness of their sins. 81 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:24,320 What happens? Well, there are people who rebel against these postulates and many more, but these would be the main ones. 82 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:29,320 Among them, for example, Martin Luther. As we have said, it is produced in Germany. 83 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:39,320 In 1517 he wrote his 95th thesis about, above all, going against the sale of indulgences and certain aspects of Catholic life. 84 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:42,320 For example, here I can give you some examples. 85 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:55,320 For example, he defends the justification for faith, that is, he does want there to be faith, 86 00:11:55,320 --> 00:12:07,320 But it also defends the free interpretation of the Bible, and not exactly everything it tells us. 87 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:15,320 So we have to say that it spread rapidly through some German states and through the center and north of Europe. 88 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:22,320 Then came the Calvinist reform, which as I said, the Calvinist reform comes from John Calvin. 89 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:42,799 In this case, what can we say? Well, as your book says, simply that it arises in Switzerland, in Geneva in particular, it is based on the theory of predestination and it was spread to the Netherlands, Switzerland, Scotland, France and England. 90 00:12:42,799 --> 00:12:52,799 Yes, it is true that in France and in England the Calvinists were called Hugonots and Puritans respectively. 91 00:12:52,799 --> 00:13:01,799 That is, Hugonots in France, which would be the Calvinists, but they are called here Hugonots and on the other hand the Puritans in England. 92 00:13:01,799 --> 00:13:10,019 in such a way that the Calvinist reform we have to put here synonyms to say it in some way 93 00:13:10,019 --> 00:13:19,799 sorry sorry sorry if it would be here we are going to put synonyms we are going to put Hugo notes in the 94 00:13:19,799 --> 00:13:33,960 case of France and we are going to put puritans for the case of England come on guys we almost have it 95 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:39,960 and that is that we pass to the Anglican reform is a doctrine that arose in England where the king 96 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:46,919 enrique the fourth in forgiveness enrique octavo in the v is a 5 and 3 sticks 8 good because enrique 97 00:13:46,919 --> 00:13:54,779 octavo rejected the obedience of the pope it is worth it arose in England when he decides to go against the 98 00:13:54,779 --> 00:14:01,980 pope and therefore rejected his obedience because really this man what he wanted was king 99 00:14:01,980 --> 00:14:09,120 Enrique VIII wanted to divorce his wife, but the Pope did not allow it, which increased 100 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:17,759 the wishes against the Catholic Church, since Enrique VIII wanted it to death, he wanted 101 00:14:17,759 --> 00:14:26,759 the Pope to grant him that divorce, but nevertheless it was not granted and later, around 1536, 102 00:14:26,759 --> 00:14:32,320 was proclaimed head of the church as I have said and it is true that in the beginning this doctrine was 103 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:37,379 very similar to the Catholic one, which is the one that this king knew, but then he wanted to get out of it and 104 00:14:37,379 --> 00:14:45,600 finally an Anglican reform was created with its own features, okay, we already have the reform, I am going to 105 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:54,059 take advantage of it and I am going to create a new slide in which we have to talk 106 00:14:54,059 --> 00:15:00,419 now, as you can see, of the counter-reform. So, if we start writing and we dedicate ourselves to the 107 00:15:00,419 --> 00:15:11,220 counter-reform, here what can we say? Well, we already know that it is a reaction contrary to the 108 00:15:11,220 --> 00:15:23,450 reform and therefore we have to say that if we wanted to define it, we could say, for example, 109 00:15:23,450 --> 00:15:46,450 we can say, the church's own reform to stop, to say it in some way, to stop the expansion that was being produced by the Protestant reform. 110 00:15:46,450 --> 00:15:57,450 due to the previous protagonists, Luther, John Calvin and Anglicanism with the King of England, Henry VIII. 111 00:15:57,450 --> 00:16:15,850 Having said that, what we can say is that its main instruments were two. 112 00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:25,620 two important facts are produced. On the one hand, the Council of Trent is produced, which in particular 113 00:16:25,620 --> 00:16:39,539 is produced between 1545 and 1563 more or less, okay? Surely it comes like this in your book and in this 114 00:16:39,539 --> 00:16:45,539 case that I have put concrete, then we have to put the Council of Trent and in this case we would be 115 00:16:45,539 --> 00:17:15,519 We are talking about a council, therefore, a meeting in which the Pope, you know, the Pope of the Catholic Church, defined the Catholic doctrine, here he defined it, that is, he read it so that everyone would agree, he defined it, the Pope defined it and, of course, he spread it. 116 00:17:15,539 --> 00:17:33,859 You know that it is one of the main reasons of this time, one of the causes, and spread Catholicism through catechesis, which are those courses that are done in the framework of the Church. 117 00:17:34,859 --> 00:17:43,559 In addition, what else can we say? Through catechism, I'm going to say. 118 00:17:43,559 --> 00:18:16,430 Okay, we already have a first part. So, what can we say? That in this case, the Catholic Church affirms, I'm putting fatal, in this case the Catholic Church tells us that only the Church can interpret the Bible. 119 00:18:16,430 --> 00:18:40,970 So, what we have to say here is that only the Church can interpret the Bible, that is, the Pope is preferable, the opposite is preferable, and the result is that the sacraments are seven. 120 00:18:40,970 --> 00:18:48,769 Of course, here more measures come in, such as, for example, the high priests and the virgin receive 121 00:18:48,769 --> 00:18:54,589 worship, etc. And norms were also adopted to stop the deprecation of the clergy, such as the 122 00:18:54,589 --> 00:19:00,289 obligation of the bishops to reside in their dioceses, and the creation of seminars was imposed to 123 00:19:00,289 --> 00:19:08,910 train priests in other measures. And on the other hand, we have to talk, of course, 124 00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:23,480 of the company of jesus 125 00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:30,200 and 126 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:45,150 already around 1540 that they do to 127 00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:50,730 make a huge support 128 00:19:50,730 --> 00:19:55,430 make a huge support to the 129 00:19:55,430 --> 00:20:09,880 against well guys we already have the point 6 we have it perfectly 130 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:15,519 controlled, we have summarized it as much as we have been able to and it is true that already in point 7 131 00:20:15,519 --> 00:20:21,579 we will have humanism, that is, that new way of being or of seeing the world, having the human being 132 00:20:21,579 --> 00:20:27,099 in the center, as well as the Renaissance art, Renaissance art that we will see in architecture, 133 00:20:27,099 --> 00:20:34,259 sculpture and painting, okay? Come on, we already have it almost almost, because reviewing 134 00:20:34,259 --> 00:20:43,039 what I would play tomorrow so I can say that we have it complete so let's go 135 00:20:43,039 --> 00:20:46,740 guys let's go for it and a greeting to everyone