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In this video we are going to talk about the epigraph 3 of this unit, we are going to talk about the political system in the 17th century.

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You'll see that there are going to be two political systems, but one is going to be the main, the most important one, the most frequent in Europe.

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So, you are going to see that the first one, the first that is most frequent in Europe is related with the king, is related with absolute monarch, the absolute monarchy, it means that the king is going to have an absolute power.

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Remember, in the 15th century, the king, the kings, the queen and the queens were fighting in order to control the nobility, in order to establish the authoritarian monarchy.

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It means a monarchy where the monarch is going to have most of the power that and it's going to be able to have civil servants and to collect taxes.

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so what we are going to see in the 17th century is that is that this

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authoritarian monarchy is going to turn into an absolute monarchy it means the

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king and the queen is going to have even more power they are supposed to have an

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absolute power that's why we are going to call this political system absolute

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monarchy or absolutism because the power is absolute it means unlimited okay so

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So let's see the first one, let's see the absolute monarchy.

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So the thing is, in the early modern age, we are talking about the 17th century, remember

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that, 17th century, we have two main political systems, absolutism, that is the most spread

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in Europe, and the other one is parliamentarism.

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So we are going to explain both, but you need to understand that the most frequent in Europe

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in the 17th century and 18th century is absolutism.

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we are going to find parliamentarism in England and the Netherlands, ok?

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I will repeat it, absolutism, we are going to find absolutism in most of the monarchies

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in Europe, except in England and the Netherlands, where we are going to find parliamentarism.

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We are going to explain the characteristics of absolutism, and then we will explain the

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characteristics of parliamentarism.

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This point, this epigraph is really important for Portofesso, ok?

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The first unit of Forth of Pessoa is based on these two concepts, absolutism and parliamentarism.

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So if you understand this concept now, you are going to understand it in Forth of Pessoa.

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And these two systems are going to be crucial in order to understand not only the 17th century,

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but the 18th century and 19th century.

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So let's begin with absolutism.

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first point 3.1 is called France or is titled France and absolutism because

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absolutism is is going to appear in France okay France is going to be the

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paradigm France is going to be the example the example for the rest of the

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monarchs in Europe in order to establish an absolute monarchy okay so absolutism

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is going to appear in Europe in France France and and France is going to be the

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example okay so France was the main example of an absolute monarchy under the king Louis XIV

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okay Louis XIV so here is Louis XIV as you can see okay he is wearing heels because in this moment

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to wear heels means that you can ride a horse and if you can ride a horse is because you are

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powerful because you have money second you can see that he is going to have here the crown

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okay he is going to hold this stick that shows that he commands the army and the

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sword okay also you have all the symbols of the French royal family

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okay this flower the Lis flower and you are going to find this red color that is

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related with monarchy and also with money to be rich okay so this is the

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image of an absolute monarch okay an absolute monarch showing I'm rich I have

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the power I am the king I ride horses okay and I'm going to show everyone in

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Europe that I'm the most important monarch in Europe okay the most

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powerful one so the idea is absolute regime means that the king is going to

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have all the power okay and France in France what we have is

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Luis XIV that he is going to be an example of an absolute monarch

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So let's see which are the characteristics of this absolute monarchy

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The first thing is that the monarch held unrestricted power, it means the power is unlimited

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Unrestricted means with no restriction, it means with no limit

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So the monarch held in this type of monarchy, in an absolute monarchy, an unrestricted power

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it means an unlimited power so that's the first characteristic if you are an absolute

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monarch means that you have all the power ok so he is going to have the three main powers

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ok in politics we talk about three powers executive legislative and judiciary what does

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it mean each of this power executive means to make the decisions for example nowadays

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the executive powers is in hands of the government okay legislative power means to to write the laws

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who is writing the laws nowadays the parliament in spain remember we are going to talk about

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parliamentarism so i'm giving you some tips about what is parliamentarism finally judiciary it means

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the power to judge other people that they are not following the laws or they are not follow

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the decisions of the executive power it means the monarch is going to create the law

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is going to make the decision and is going to judge the people okay it means the monarch is

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going to have all the power the executive legislative and judiciary okay in spanish

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el monarca tiene todo el poder vale y en política se habla de tres poderes poder ejecutivo tomar

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decisiones es lo que hace el gobierno poder legislativo escribir las leyes quien escribe

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las leyes el parlamento vale poder judicial quiere decir juzgar juzgar si se cumple la ley o no si

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sigues las decisiones del poder ejecutivo. Pues muy bien, si en España hoy en día está dividido,

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hay una separation of powers, los poderes están separados, ¿vale? Es decir, el ejecutivo lo tiene

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el gobierno, el legislativo el parlamento, y el judicial lo tiene los jueces independientes.

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In this moment, in an absolute monarch, in a monarquía absoluta, el poder ejecutivo,

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el legislativo y el judicial están en manos del rey. Por tanto, el rey tiene todo el poder.

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understood it means the absolute monarchy means that the king has all the power okay is unlimited

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so it means that the king is going to have the executive power it means the power to make the

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decisions for example declare a war is going to have the legislative power it means to write the

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laws to establish what is right and what is wrong and finally the judiciary power it means that the

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power is that he has the power in order to judge anyone in order to see if someone is

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following or not the law or if is following the decisions of the executive power so it

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means absolutism we have France as an example with Luis XIV means that the monarch has an

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unrestricted power it means all the power is in hands of the monarch second

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the king is going to have a large court of advisors who lived with him so the

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court la corte is going to be huge you are going to find a lot of people there

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okay and they are going to advise okay they are going to advise the monarch

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okay they they are going to advise the monarch that and they are going to live

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with the monarch but remember they are going to give advice to the monarch they

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are not going to make the decision so these people in the court advise the

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monarch but the monarch is the one that is making the decisions because he has

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executive power okay this is Luis XIV with the court you see

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clergy you see nobles okay so it means the people that is privileged the people

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that they have money and they are going to advise the king third he the king is going to develop

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the bureaucracy by increasing the number of officials it means he is going to make a stronger

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bureaucracy it means he's going to create more civil servant spots he is going to create more

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institutions for example three different levels official acting and this his orders it means the

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king he's going to tell these people what to do for example secretary of state the police

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the judges remember the king has the judiciary power so he can judge he is the one that can

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judge the other so he's going to tell the judges what to do okay he's going to control the police

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and he's going to have secretaries of state what are secretaries of state secretaries of state

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are ministries

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ministros, vale?

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is they have ministries

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so secretaries of state are like ministries

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police, magistrates

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so all of them are going to be

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officials, civil servants

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under his orders

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in the next level, in a lower level

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we have the governors, the ministers

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etc. that are going to

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act under the orders

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of the prime minister

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it means they are going to

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under this prime minister elected by the king for example nowadays in spain the monarch is

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felipe sexto the prime minister is pedro sanchez so imagine this division so in this moment there

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is a similar division but the power of the monarch is unlimited so the idea is the monarch

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is going to elect a prime minister and this prime minister is going to make decisions and control

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governors ministers etc okay and finally we have administrative officials those that they are going

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to work in the different institutions and they are going to come from the bourgeoisie okay middle

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class people with money okay middle class so what we have is we are going to make or create a

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stronger bureaucracy it means to have people under control of the king in order to carry out

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His policy, su politica, could be secretaries of state, that they are like ministers, police, judges, etc.

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Then, in the lower level, we are going to find the prime minister controlling governors, ministers, etc.

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These ministers are not the same as the ministerios actualmente, ok?

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and finally the administrative officials for example people that works a I don't

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know a collecting taxes for example so that would be administrative officials

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okay and they came from the bourgeoisie okay so these are the first three

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characteristics we have more the fourth one is he is going to expand a diplomatic

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it means he needs ambassadors in order to represent the monarchy in the different countries

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also he is going to have a professional army

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people that they have trained in order to be the army of the king

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so it means we are going to have in the foreign policy the diplomatic corps

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It means to have people in different countries in order to represent the country.

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For example, France, to have ambassadors in Spain, in England, etc.

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And also, he had a professional army.

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He had a professional army in order to fight in wars, etc.

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It means Luis XIV is going to have a professional army in case he starts a war.

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Okay?

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So that would be the idea.

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What else?

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he is going to intervene in the economy remember we have talked about this already in uh in the

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last video okay in two videos ago okay we were talking about this economy this mercantile economy

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okay this economy that is going to be organized and planned by the king so the idea is the king

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is going to create these workshops is going to create a royal industries royal factories or is

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going to create a royal trading companies okay and he the king is going to plan the economic

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production is going to say okay we need to produce this we need to produce this or we are going to

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sell this or etc so it means the king is going to intervene in the economy creating royal companies

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okay royal factories and planning the economic production and one of the most important ones

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characteristics is this the power of the king is going to be based on divine right it means the

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king is going to say i am the king because i have been chosen by god

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so that means that the power of the king was based on a divine right it means that the power

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of the king came from god okay he is explaining he is saying to the population okay you must

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follow my orders i am going to have all the power because god has chosen me as the king okay

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and finally of course related with this okay the church is going to support the king is going to

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support absolutism why because absolutism is strongly related with the division of the society

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in privileged and unprivileged people and of course if we have a society divided in privileged

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and unprivileged people who is getting benefits from it the nobility and the clergy because both

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are the social classes that they have the privilege the privileges along with the king

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so that's why the church is going to support this idea the idea of absolutism it means the

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monarch having all the power holding all the power and the monarch to have his power based

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on a divine right okay so absolute monarchy means that the power of the king the king is going to

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have all the power he is going to have a court of people advising him but he is going to make

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the decisions he is going to create this diplomatic corp in order to represent the kingdom in the in

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other countries he is going to have a professional army in case he needs to fight to other people to

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other countries he's going to intervene in economy in order to in order to foster and develop the

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economy of the country he is going to have his power is going to came from god and the church

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is going to support this idea the idea of divine right and power of the king came from god and the

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idea of absolutism the king with all the power why because the king is going to maintain okay

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the the social classes based on privileges so it means the church is going to have all the

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privileges along with the nobility okay finally remember he is going to create a strong bureaucracy

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It means he is going to have a lot of civil servants helping him in order to collect taxes,

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in order to govern the country, in order to carry out a war, etc.

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So this is absolute monarchy and this is crucial, you need to understand that in the 17th century

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this is the basic political system, absolute monarchy.

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The other option is parliamentarism.

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So the idea is, absolutism was considered by some thinkers to be the best possible political

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system.

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So there are going to be thinkers writing books saying, yes, yes, absolutism is the

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best political system, the king must have all the power, and also this power came from

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God.

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So that's what they are going to say.

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As a result, as these thinkers are going to spread these ideas using different books,

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remember the printing press that made easier to publish books, these thinkers are going

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to spread this idea of absolutism as the best possible political system.

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So absolutism was spread to the majority of the European states.

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for these two states England and the Netherlands because in England and the

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Netherlands we are going to have parliamentarism and we are going to see

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now what is parliamentarism okay so these are the two countries with no

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absolutism the rest of the countries in Europe they are going to develop

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absolutism it means the king has all the power so let's see what is

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parlamentarismo a political system ok based on a chamber of representatives una cámara de

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representantes qué quiere decir el parlamento hoy en día es eso una cámara un espacio una habitación

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donde están los representantes políticos porque los llamamos representantes porque representan

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a la población que los ha elegido vale y ese es el concepto que aparece ahora en el siglo 17 la

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La idea de parlamentarismo, the idea of having a parliament, a chamber of representatives,

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voted, okay, people voted, okay, to limit the power of the king.

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It means parliamentarism is a political system based on limiting, controlling the power of the king.

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Who is going to control the power of the king?

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A chamber of representatives, it means a parliament.

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Who has elected this parliament?

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Nobility and bourgeoisie, okay?

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and clergy it means privileged people and rich people bourgeoisie so this system is going to

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be based on a separation of powers vamos a ver if we have seen absolutism you have we have talked

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about three different powers executive legislative and judiciary power and these powers were in hands

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of one only one person the king but parliamentarism that means limit the power limiting the power of

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king it means to let the king has power but not that much means that they want to split to divide

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to separate these three powers to separate the executive power the legislative power and the

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judiciary power nowadays in spain we have nowadays hoy en 2020 tenemos un sistema de separación de

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poderes el ejecutivo en manos del gobierno legislativo en manos del parlamento judicial

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So, this idea of separation of power is the one that is going to appear in England and

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the Netherlands in the 17th century, ok?

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So in the 17th century is going to appear this idea of parliamentarism, ok?

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That means we need to limit the power of the king.

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How?

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Having a parliament, it means having a chamber of representatives that is going to be voted

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by who?

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by the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie, the rich people.

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How they are going to organize the three powers, executive, legislative and judiciary?

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They are going to separate them, judiciary for the judges, legislative for the parliament

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and executive for the king, so the king is not going to have anymore the legislative

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and the judiciary power.

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But the thing is, in England and the Netherlands, it's not going to be easy to establish a parliament, establish parliamentarism instead of absolutism.

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¿Qué quiere decir? Mirad, los monarcas en el siglo XVII quieren ser monarcas absolutos, es decir, tener todo el poder para ellos, ¿vale?

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¿Qué es lo que va a ocurrir ahora? Que en el siglo XVII hay ciertos países, como Inglaterra y los Países Bajos, Holanda, donde dicen que no, que el poder del reino puede ser absoluto, que tiene que ser limitado.

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And there will be a war, there will be a confrontation between the king who wants to be an absolute monarch, as it is in France, Louis XIV, and those members of the parliament, of that chamber of representatives, of that chamber of representatives, who say no.

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So let's see.

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Let's see the case of England.

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How in England, how in the UK, how in Great Britain they are going to establish this parliamentary system.

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okay first parliamentary system or parliamentarism was established first in great great time in 17th

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century in the 17th century it means in this 17th century in england we are not going to have

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absolutism we are going to have parliamentarism how they are going to establish a parliamentary

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system instead of an absolute monarchy we are going to see it right now it means in england

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there is going to be a war between those that they support the idea of a parliament controlling

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the power of the king and another side supporting the king and the king to have an absolute power

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okay so let's begin this is the evolution of the process first in the early 17th century in

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great britain we have a parliament a parliament existed but it was an institution that represented

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the kingdom, the nobility, the clergy and the bourgeoisie, so it means this institution

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the parliament came from the middle ages and is an institution where the nobility, the

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clergy and the bourgeoisie are going to be represented, in Spain we call this parliament

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courts in france we call this parliament sorry i forgot the name in france

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estados generales ok that's the name general states vale la idea es que hay una institución

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que viene de la edad media y que se llama parlamento en gran bretaña que se llama

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cortes en españa en castilla y en dragón y que se llama en francia estados generales

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In these three institutions, se representaba a la nobleza, al clero y a la burguesía.

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It's to say, the most important people in the kingdom.

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The people with money, the people with privileges, and the people that control the cities.

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So, in the early 17th century, we have a king, of course, and we have a parliament in Great Britain.

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What is the problem?

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That the parliament does not accept the king to have an absolute power.

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So, there is going to be a war between the people supporting the parliament,

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And the people supporting the king

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This is the parliament

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This is the parliament in Great Britain

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You see here the big bang

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This is the parliament

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This parliament, what is the goal or the task

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The task of this parliament

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To approve new taxes and war declarations

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It means the king in Great Britain could say

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I want to declare war on Spain

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but the parliament could say no we do not accept that so there is no war against spain okay so the

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parliament has power and is limited already the power of the king why because this parliament is

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the one that is going to approve the new taxes and is going to approve the war declarations

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that is, the powers of the parliament were mainly that if you wanted more money the king had to approve the parliament

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and that if you wanted to declare war the parliament also had to approve it

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so this is the parliament nowadays in Great Britain

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exactly the same place as in the 17th century

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so the idea is this parliament is going to be divided into two chambers, two chambers

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the houses of lords where is going to be the higher nobility and clergy

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And the houses of commons formed by the bourgeoisie.

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Remember when we were talking about the society in the last video, that when we talk about

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the bourgeoisie in Great Britain and also in the Netherlands, this bourgeoisie is going

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to start reaching power.

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Why?

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Because of this parliament.

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Because they are rich.

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So the idea is, in the early 17th century, in Great Britain we find two main institutions.

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The king with almost all the power and the parliament, this parliament is a chamber of

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representatives formed by nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie.

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This parliament is divided in the houses of lords where we are going to find the higher

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nobility and the houses of commons where we are going to find the bourgeoisie.

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So the idea is this parliament is going to have two main powers, to approve new taxes

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It means the king cannot have more money or cannot approve taxes without the parliament approval and also the parliament is going to approve the war declarations.

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So the parliament has a lot of power.

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The problem is in the 17th century this English king Charles I, Carlos I, wanted to be an absolute monarch and started to govern without the support of the parliament.

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It means, imagine Charles I, he was ruling Great Britain and he said, I want new taxes.

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And imagine the advisor saying, okay, my lord, Charles, my king, you need to ask the parliament to approve the new taxes.

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And Charles I is going to say, why?

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Louis XIV in France is not asking the general states, all the status generales.

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So I'm going to do the same.

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I am not going to summon, I'm not going to convocar, I'm not going to summon the chamber of representatives.

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I'm not going to summon the Parliament in order to approve the new taxes.

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So Charles I is going to start reign without the Parliament, so as an absolute monarch.

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What is going to say the people of the Parliament?

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No my friend, no Charles, you cannot be an absolute monarch in Great Britain, you cannot

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be an absolute monarch in England.

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So what we are going to see is that a civil war is going to break out between these six

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years, ok?

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So in these six years, from 1642 till 1648, the king and the parliament supporters are

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going to fight.

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So what we have is this, 1642, ok?

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So this region in green is controlled by the parliament supporters and the purple regions

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are controlled by the royalist supporters the supporters of the king as you can see during the

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1643 okay they are going to be more or less equal the king the royalist has conquered some

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territories but they have some they have lost some other territories but by 1644 and 1645

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the royalists the people that support charge the first were defeated okay so the idea is the

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The supporters of the parliament, of the parliament limiting the power of the king, are going

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to defeat those that they supported the idea of a king with absolute powers.

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So what is going to happen?

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The parliament supporters won the war, so the king was executed, and England became

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a republic.

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So that's the idea.

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You see the evolution of the war, you see how in the end the supporters of the parliament

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has won the war ok and Carlos I Charles I is going to be executed beheaded so they are

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going to cut off his head ok so the idea is Carlos I Charles I is going to be executed

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why because the parliament has defeated the king because the parliament is going to establish

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is now a republic, ok? No king, and we are going to establish the rule of the parliament.

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Who is going to lead this republic? It's going to be led by Oliver Cromwell, this person here,

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this man here, that is going to become a dictator.

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Es decir, Oliver Cromwell se convierte en dictador, por tanto, no tiene en rey, pero casi,

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porque se convierte este en un dictador, es decir, una persona con todo el poder otra vez.

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So what is going to happen after Cromwell died?

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The monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660.

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So from 1648 till 1660, 12 years, what we are going to have in England is a republic

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governed by Oliver Cromwell.

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But in 1660 there is going to be reinstated the monarchy, they do not want a republic

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because the experience wasn't good, it was a bad experience because Oliver Cromwell turned

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into a dictator and he governed the republic alone, so what we are going to see is that

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the monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660, but this monarchy that is going to be

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reinstated means a monarch with a limited power it means not an absolute

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monarch what they are going to have is a monarch controlled by the Parliament

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with a power limited by the Parliament okay so the idea is Cromwell is going

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to be dead Cromwell is going to die so he is going to be the Republic is going

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to end and they are going to establish okay they are going to establish a

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monarchy they are going to reinstate a monarchy okay but this monarchy is going

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to not is not going to be an absolute monarchy is going to be a monarchy

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controlled by the Parliament what is the problem the son of this King that

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accepted this that accepted a to to have up a limited power is going to is going

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to try to be an absolute monarch again

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is decir el el rey que restaurado en

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1660 la monarquía restaurado en 1660

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vale

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con jacobo primero vale la idea es que

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va a establecer una monarquía limitada

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por el parlamento que ocurre su hijo

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james the second is going to try to

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reinstate catholicism remember they are

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anglicans okay we have seen this in the

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in the other unit okay in the in the

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in the united kingdom in great britain in england they are anglicans they are not catholics so james

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ii wants it wanted to reinstate catholicism and also to be an absolute monarchy an absolute

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monarch sorry so as a result there are there is going to be another uprising another revolt

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and they are going to carry out the glorious revolution in 1680 and this glorious revolution

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is going to end with this attempt of establishing an absolute monarchy vale es decir la revolución

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gloriosa de 1680 acaba con el exilio de jacobo segundo de james the second okay and establishing

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a new monarchy okay controlled by the parliament es decir la idea es una lucha entre aquellos que

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apoyan la idea de un parlamento controlando el poder del monarca y aquellos que apoyan la idea

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de un monarca absoluto vale hay una guerra civil carlos primero es derrotado y es ejecutado se

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establece una república pero cae en manos de un hombre oliver cromwell que va a ser un dictador

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muerto cromwell se acaba con la república se establece la monarquía que ocurre el monarca

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acepta que efectivamente su poder se ha limitado por el parlamento no hay problema el problema

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vendrá cuando su hijo jacobo segundo james the second quiera establecer una monarquía absoluta

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y establecer, restablecer el catolicismo en Inglaterra, no mantener el anglicanismo, que ocurre de nuevo revolución a favor del parlamento y triunfo de los que apoyan al parlamento, so this glorious revolution is going to succeed, is going to limit the power of the king, and they are going to establish, well this is James II, and they are going to establish a new king,

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This king, he is William III, Guillermo III, and he is from the Netherlands.

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He's a Dutch Protestant.

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So the revolution succeeded and the king went into exile.

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It means James II went into exile.

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James II was replaced by a king, William III, that is going to accept that the parliament is going to limit his power.

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The idea is that Guillermo III accepts the control of the parliament over his power.

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so he accepted to be controlled by the parliament and to have limited powers in order to do that he

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is going to sign a document called bill of rights que quiere decir algo así como una constitución

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no es exactamente una constitución pero es parecido un documento en el que se compromete

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a que el parlamento le controla su poder vale here is wilhelm the third he is dutch he is from

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the Netherlands okay so the idea is the revolution succeed and the king went into exile okay James

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the second is going to go into exile and he is going to be replaced by William the third

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William the third is going to accept the parliament to limit his power and he is going to sign this

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bill of rights what is going to establish the bill of rights first parliamentary monarchy it means

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the monarch is controlled or limited his power by a parliament what we have nowadays in Spain

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In hoy en día en España, what we have is a parliamentary monarchy, una monarquía parlamentaria.

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We have a king, but the king has not the power.

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The power is in the hands of the parliament.

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And second, they are going to establish a voting system, but in this case, only the

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nobility and the rich bourgeoisie and the clergy are going to vote.

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Okay?

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So, it's a system that is going to benefit the nobility, the clergy, and the bourgeoisie,

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and they are going to control the monarch.

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So there is no absolute monarchy, okay, and that's it. Okay over they are going to establish is true the freedom of press

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Okay, but that's it. Okay, the freedom of press means that they can publish anything they want. Okay, the king or

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Nor other powers can control what is published. Okay

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So this is it. We have seen the two main political systems. The absolute monarchy means the king has all the power

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and the parliament, the parliamentary monarchy or to have a parliamentarism.

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Parliamentarism means there is a parliament that is a chamber of representatives, una

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camera de representantes, that is made of the nobles, composed by nobility, clergy and

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bourgeoisie, high bourgeoisie, the people with money, ok?

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So rich bourgeoisie, nobility and clergy.

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This parliament is going to control the power of the monarch, ok?

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So in the Netherlands, remember William III came from the Netherlands, and in England

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the power of the king is going to be limited by the parliament, and this system is going

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to be called parliamentarism or parliamentary monarchy.

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Also in order to elect this parliament there is going to be a voting system, but not everyone

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is going to be able to vote or has the right to vote only the nobility the clergy and the rich

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bourgeoisie finally they are going to establish the freedom of press it means that they can decide

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they can publish anything they want no one can say no you cannot publish that okay so it means

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and in order to make this legal they force william the third the new king to sign this

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Bill of Rights that is like a constitution.

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So in the next video we will study the 30 years rule.