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we are going to explain the main goal after the Second World War, the aftermath of the Second

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World War, which was establishing peace. The new countries who were calling the shots in politics,

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the United States above all, forced the rest of the countries of Western Europe to implement

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democratic systems. And that's why the main goal after the Second World War was establishing peace.

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So let's travel to this moment. Let's travel to this moment in history, because at the end of

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the Second World War and at the beginning of the period of peace, the allies, I mean,

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the United States, the UK, and also France were interested. They were interested in implementing

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wartime conferences to create a new order, to create a new order based on peace.

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So even before the war ended, that's really important to point out,

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even before the war ended, the allies, the United States, the UK, together with France,

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set up different conferences. They held different conferences to address two important problems

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that the Second World War brought to 1945. They held different conferences to address

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two different, two main problems. One problem was, without doubt, Yemeni, because the Nazi

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system collapsed after the Second World War. And the second problem was Eastern Europe,

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because the Nazis retreated from Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union took advantage of this moment

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and they took over as many countries as possible. Estanin wanted to take over as many countries as

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possible on Eastern Europe. And that's why the allies were really concerned about it. They were

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really concerned about two different problems. One, Yemeni, and the other one, the problem

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on the Eastern part of Europe. And that's why they held three different conferences

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that we are going to study in a minute. The first one, tell me, Alejandro.

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In these conferences, there were present representatives from UK, France, and USA

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only. Above all, the big three. Who were the big three? The big three were Churchill from the UK,

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Roosevelt from the United States, and also Stalin from the Soviet Union.

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And Truman?

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In the first one, in 1943, Roosevelt was still alive and that's why he was involved in the first

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conference. And then Truman died and he was replaced by President Truman. And what happened

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with France? Because France was another ally. But France was very controversial, very, very

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polemic at that time. It's situation because they were collaborating with the Nazis. In 1943,

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the Vichy government was collaborating. They were in decline, but they were collaborating with the

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Nazis. And that's why, obviously, the Vichy government didn't take part in the conversations,

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but also the Free French. The Free French who were in favor of the allies,

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whose leader was de Gaulle. De Gaulle, who was in London, if you remember. Thank you for the

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questions to clarify. So let's pay attention to the conference in Tehran, which is the capital of

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Iran. In this city, it took place the first conference in November in 1943. It took place

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the first conference in Tehran. In this conference, the big three, they were called the big three

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because they were calling the shots in the wall at that moment.

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Stalin, together with Roosevelt and Churchill, took part in the deliberations in the conversations

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in Tehran. The conversations and the conference was from November to December in 1943. I mean,

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after the Battle of the Kursk. And in this conference, what were the conclusions of this

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conference? In this conference, the big three all agreed together that the Soviet Union

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would take over the countries in the Baltics. I mean, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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And also, they all agreed that the Soviet Union shouldn't occupy the vast majority of the countries

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on Eastern Europe. So in this conference, above all, Churchill and Stalin divided the countries

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on Eastern Europe, some of them to the Allies' influence and others to the Stalin's influence.

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So again, in the conference of Tehran, they made two different conclusions.

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The Baltic, all Baltic countries would be for the Soviet Union, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

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And they agreed also that some countries on Eastern Europe would be for the Allies and

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other countries for the Soviet Union. For example, they all agreed that Eastern Poland

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would be for the Soviet Union. So after this conference, Stalin took over the Baltic countries,

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and also he took over the East of Poland. Eastern Poland

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was the conclusion in the first conference. Now we're going to explain the second conference,

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which happened later on at the end of the war. The second conference was in Yalta,

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in the capital of Crimea, in the Crimean Peninsula. And it happened in February,

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at the end of the war, in February 1945. What happened in the conference, in the Yalta

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conference? In this conference, the Big Three, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

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reached different conclusions. In Yalta, as we can see here in their faces, they were very,

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very sad because they were collaborating before, but now the Cold War was approaching.

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Churchill didn't want to collaborate with Stalin. He was against communism. He was really afraid of

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Stalin. And that's why they reached different conclusions. All of them agreed, all of them

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agreed that in Western Europe, they would restore the democratic governments on the Western part of

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Europe. They all agreed to restore the democratic governments on Western Europe. This is the first

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conclusion. The second one was again in Poland, and it was different than in Tehran.

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They made some territorial changes in Poland. Actually, they divided Poland into two parts.

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They divided Poland into two parts, divided by the Kurson Line, because it was Kurson,

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the one who decided, who made this plan. He made the plan to divide Poland into two different parts,

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the East for the Soviet Union, and the West for the new Polish state. And the new Polish state

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would take over some territories from Germany, all these territories in yellow.

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The new Polish state was created with the city of Gdansk, Danzig, and Broklaw in Poland.

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They used to be German cities, Gdansk and Broklaw, but now the new Polish state took over

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these new territories as they lost all these territories in the East, which were given

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to the Soviet Union. And what was the second change? The second change happened in Germany.

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In Yalta, the Big Three also agreed to divide Germany into four military zones.

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They all agreed to divide Germany into four military zones. One, for example, here in green

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for Great Britain, the other one in the south for France, and another one to the United States,

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and the final one, the fourth, for the Soviet Union. So they divided Germany into four different

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parts. And in turn, the city of Berlin was divided also into four different parts,

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three of them for the Allies and the other one for the Soviet Union. So the situation

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was shocking for the Berlinese people because they found at the end of the war that its city

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was divided into four different parts, and each city was inside of the Russian part,

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the part that was controlled by the Soviet Union. But class, this is not the moment when the

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Berlin Wall was built. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 because many, many people around the year

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1960 wanted to leave East Germany as the standards of living in the Allies zone were better by a long

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way than in the East part controlled by the Soviet Union. Education, for example,

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and other services were really good in the East part of Germany, the East, which was controlled

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by the Soviet Union. But the salaries, wages were lower by a long way in the East compared to the

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West, and that's why many people left Eastern Germany around the year 1960. And for this reason,

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Khrushchev, who was the president in the USSR at that time, decided to implement, to build

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the Berlin Wall so as to avoid many people at that time leaving from Eastern Germany to the West.

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Okay, we have a question from Elia. Elia.

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Why is Bremen part of the United States?

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Because Bremen was a special and important port in Europe, actually one of the best ones.

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And the United States didn't take part in the war so as to leave this special port to the

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British or to the French. Actually, in reality, the British and the French were not able to

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control their zones. And in reality, the United States controlled all zones, the three of them,

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and they created a federal system, political system in the West, which was the region of the

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Federal Republic of Germany. Okay, but we will see that later. This part was called

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in the future, due to the crisis in Berlin, which happened in 1948, the democratic

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Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union, and the federal Germany was controlled

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by the United States. And it was terrible for the Berlinese people because its city

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was inside of the Soviet part, surrounded by the Soviet part. Imagine some Berlinese people

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who were living in the Allied zone, they were surrounded by the Soviet part, which caused,

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I would say terrible, because it caused some controversy because they were surrounded by the

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Soviet and there was a lot of tension for the reason between the Allies and the Soviet Union.

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So all these changes were made in the Yalta Conference. They created three different things,

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they divided Poland into two different parts, they divided Germany and Berlin, and also they all

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agreed to implement democratic governments on Western Europe. And the final one was Potsdam.

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Potsdam, which was one city in Germany, and the conference in Potsdam took place at the end,

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actually at the end of the war, from July to August in 1945. And this conference was focused

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on Germany, above all. They were focused on Germany, and the big three, in this case,

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this is the moment when President Truman replaced Roosevelt, and we have here the first image of the

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conference in July with Churchill, Truman, and Stalin. But actually, what happened in this

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picture? Three months later, Churchill lost his elections in Great Britain, and for that reason,

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he was replaced by the leader of the Labour Party, the Partido Laborista, the Labour Party,

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was Clement Adly. And he, Adly, replaced Churchill in the conference. So many, many changes.

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I think people in Great Britain were tired of war, and that's why they gave

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their vote to Clement Adly, who promised many, many changes in Great Britain.

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Clement Adly was focused on creating the welfare state in Great Britain, giving more money to

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hospitals, to the healthcare system, to education, and that's why people in Great Britain gave their

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vote to Clement Adly instead of Churchill, who was a figure from the war, and people were tired

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of war. Okay, what happened in Potsdam? In Potsdam, they were focused on Germany, and they gave four

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solutions to the problem of Germany. The first one, they decided that Germany should pay, again,

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war reparations, again, war reparations. And actually, the European project started at that

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time was to avoid a new conflict among France and Germany, because Germany should recover its

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economy very, very soon. They didn't want to repeat the same story that happened in the First World

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War. So, it was true that Germany should pay reparations, but they had to pay less reparations

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that were implemented in the First World War to avoid another war. And actually, the European

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project started at that time to avoid a new war. Also, they all agreed that Germany should be

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demilitarized. They had to reduce their soldiers, their army, to avoid a new war.

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Therefore, the annexations that Germany, I mean, the territories that Germany conquered

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in the East, were reverted. So, Austria, for example, became an independent country again.

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They kept the Rhineland, Rhenania, but Austria, for example, became an independent country again,

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and also the Czech Republic, and above all, Poland. All these territories that Hitler

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conquered, took over during the war, were reverted in the post-war conference.

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And the final ones, what happened with the Nazi elite? What happened with the Nazis who were at

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the top of the political party? They were put on trial. They were put on trial. The trial,

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which was very, very famous, were the Nuremberg Trials. So, what happened with the Nazi members

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of the political party who were at the top? They were basically put on trial. They were put on

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trial. This is the name of the trial, the Nuremberg Trials, which were taking place from

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1945 to 1946, and they chose Nuremberg on purpose. For the city of the trials, they chose

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Nuremberg on purpose. We have here the images of the Nuremberg Trials. We have here, for example,

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Goering, who was in charge of the Luftwaffe. Rudolf Hebs, who was one of the members of the

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close inner circle of Hitler, the one who ruled the main camp in the Landsberg Castle, if you

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remember. We have also Ribbentrop, the foreign minister who was in charge of the

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Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty, the Soviet-Yemen pact at the beginning of the war.

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Here we have another image. As I wanted to say before, they chose Nuremberg on purpose,

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because Nuremberg used to be a symbolic place for the Nazis. They organized the rallies there.

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There are huge demonstrations there, and the Allies wanted to give an example to the world.

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They put on trial in the same city, while the Nazis used to organize their massive

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demonstrations or rallies. The question is, what happened with these people?

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Did all Nazis receive justice, or only people who were at the top of the political party

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receive justice? We are going to see that in a minute, but Alejandro Loera

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has a question. Alejandro, ask away.

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Well, I also know that the peace was in Versailles, as in the First World War.

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So, why did the Allies sign all these treaties and make all these, for example, the trials in

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these symbolic places for the enemy side? It's like laughing at their faces.

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Well, they tried to do their best, and they chose some symbolic places, but actually,

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they were not able to hold all conferences and all trials in Nuremberg. The city of Nuremberg

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was not able to hold all trials there. There were also other trials in other cities in Germany.

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We are always talking about the Nuremberg trials, but to be honest, there were many,

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many trials in other cities in Western Germany. But the problem was the Cold War, in my

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humble opinion, because the war ended at the same time that the Cold War between the Allies

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and the Soviet Union started. Actually, one good example that I was about to explain

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was the denazification plan. Let's talk about the denazification plan for a minute, because

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after the Nuremberg trials, the Allies implemented a denazification plan to Germany. They wanted to

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remove basically all Nazis from Germany. But do you think that it was possible to remove all Nazis

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suddenly? Because Germany had many, many followers in the Nazi party, and it was true that the Allies

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tried to remove all Nazis from Germany. This is what they tried to do in the denazification plan.

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They succeeded in some ways, because it was true that they replaced the name of the streets,

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as we might see here with this American soldier who is replacing the Adolf Hitler street by the

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Roosevelt Boulevard. It was true that in one way or another, some Nazi teachers, Nazi doctors,

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Nazi owners of the factories lost their jobs, but for a short period of time. Also, some

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Nazi judges with us lost their jobs, but I'm going to point out this only for a short

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period of time. Because when the Cold War started and the Allies needed all these people in Germany

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to fight against the Soviet Union, the vast majority of the doctors, teachers, lawyers,

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judges, and owners of the factories recovered their positions in the German society.

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I would strongly recommend to read this part in one book. If you are interested, I could

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give you the name of the book at the end of the class. But we used to believe that the

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denazification plan was a complete success and everybody was put on trial in Nuremberg,

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but it wasn't true. So, what was the consequence of that after the conference? After the conference

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of Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, it was created the United Nations so as to maintain peace in the world.

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As the League of Nations was completely inefficient, it was replaced by the United Nations.

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So, the United Nations occupied the position of the former League of Nations. As the League

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of Nations was completely inefficient, the Allies created the United Nations instead of

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the League of Nations. The United Nations was created, as you probably know, as you maybe know,

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in June 1945 in San Francisco, in the United States, in the San Francisco Conference.

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The countries which took part in the conference in San Francisco wrote a charter. They wrote a

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charter which was signed for more than 50 countries, 50 states, and they all agreed that

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the headquarters, the headquarters of the United Nations should be in New York. They all agreed on

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that because remember that the United States wasn't part of the League of Nations, which was

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one of the main weaknesses. For this reason, they all agreed to implement the headquarters,

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to set up the headquarters in New York. There were two important institutions that you maybe know

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in the United Nations. One was the General Assembly,

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and the other one was the Security Council. I'm going to explain both of them in a minute.

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But what was the main goal of the United Nations? Basically, to avoid history repeating itself,

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to create a new order based on peace instead of war. This is the lesson that they learned

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in the Second World War. The Second World War was the most important event in the 20th century.

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The whole mindset, mentality changed after the Second World War. It was a moment when the

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vast majority of the countries decided to implement a huge and strong welfare state,

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Sofía de Binistar, with healthcare, with public education, public healthcare.

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We are going to see now the lessons that we are going to learn from probably the most important

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event in the 21st century, which is the coronavirus crisis, which is not only a crisis

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in the healthcare system, but also we are looking at an economic and social crisis,

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and we will see the lessons that we are going to learn from this crisis.

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At that time, they learned this lesson that it was necessary to create a supranational system

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above the nations to maintain peace. That's why the United Nations started, that's why the European

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project started, and that's why the healthcare systems and the welfare state began in the world,

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above all in Western Europe. Public education and public healthcare system to everybody

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to avoid a new crisis like the Second World War. There were two important institutions in the

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United Nations. The first one was the General Assembly, which was created with the voting

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practice of one country, one vote, because the main goal in the General Assembly was to give

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voice to the less powerful states, and that's why in the General Assembly,

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you have all countries in the world to give voice to the less powerful states.

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But what happened with the richest countries? What happened with the richest countries?

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Obviously, all richest countries didn't agree with this idea, and to give a solution to their

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richest countries, it was created another institution in the United Nations, which was

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the Security Council. The Security Council was composed in theory, it was composed of 15

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countries, but five of them were permanent. Who were the permanent countries? The ones who won

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the war, the United States, the UK, France, China, because they reduced the level of influence of

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the Japanese government after the war, and also the Soviet Union, which is now Russia.

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All of them were part of the Security Council, they are permanent,

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and they were ruling basically in the world. I'm going to finish with the goals of the

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United Nations, but we have several questions before. Antonio Relanos, Alejandro Loera,

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Antonio first. First, can you repeat the five permanent countries?

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The ones who won the war, who won the war? China, France, China and Asia.

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Yeah, France, UK, France, UK, Russia, Russia, and the United States. And then what do you mean

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with permanent countries? I mean, what does permanent mean?

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They are always in the Security Council, and it's very important to be in the Security Council,

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because if they made a decision, if one country made a decision in the General Assembly,

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the Security Council, which is this place, this institution, here they have the right

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to implement one veto. And what does it mean this? If one country here implemented a resolution,

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you have studied this maybe in global classrooms, if one country from the Security Council is

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against that, they might implement the veto, and this resolution is not going to carry on.

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Okay, thank you. Welcome to the reality. Why? Because in the Security Council,

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the main objective was to respect the role and influence of the most powerful countries in the

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world. But we're going to finish with the goals in theory of the United Nations. Basically,

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it was to maintain world peace in the world, to peaceful resolutions.

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They wanted also to implement international cooperation between countries, and to respect

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the human rights, so as to avoid history repeating itself, so as to avoid another war.