1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,960
Good morning kids! How are you today? I hope you are all great! Today in Natural Science we are

2
00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:16,460
learning about inventions. First of all we will talk about inventions in writing. You know that

3
00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:24,800
writing appeared in ancient history and before ancient history prehistoric people didn't know

4
00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:32,700
how to write. They just painted on cave walls. The first inventions in writing were the clay

5
00:00:32,700 --> 00:00:44,000
tablets. Earliest writers used a knife to write on clay tablets. Later, the papyrus appeared.

6
00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:51,799
People used a feather to write with ink on the papyrus that was made from a river plant,

7
00:00:51,799 --> 00:00:53,219
As you can see in the picture

8
00:00:53,219 --> 00:00:57,179
Then the pieces from the stem were put together

9
00:00:57,179 --> 00:01:00,420
To finally make the sheet of papyrus

10
00:01:00,420 --> 00:01:03,179
They were used in ancient Egypt

11
00:01:03,179 --> 00:01:06,980
After that, the parchment was invented

12
00:01:06,980 --> 00:01:10,280
In the Middle Ages, people used a feather

13
00:01:10,280 --> 00:01:12,640
To write with ink on a parchment

14
00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:15,599
That was made from animal skins

15
00:01:15,599 --> 00:01:19,180
I'll show you this with these videos

16
00:01:19,180 --> 00:01:56,189
Here you can see this Egyptian is cutting the river plant to make strips but later put together and then let the pieces dry and finally the papyrus is ready to be written on it.

17
00:01:56,189 --> 00:02:01,189
And now you will see how the parchment was made.

18
00:02:01,189 --> 00:02:11,110
it was made from animal skins that as you can see the people cleaned the skins

19
00:02:11,110 --> 00:02:21,629
they made the skin smooth and also they straightened the skins to finally make

20
00:02:21,629 --> 00:02:27,870
the parchment and they used feathers as a pen so they made a pen with a feather

21
00:02:27,870 --> 00:02:37,710
from a bird they also used they made ink with the fruits with some fruits and more and also

22
00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:49,979
with minerals and they could write with the ink and if they made a mistake they erased it with

23
00:02:49,979 --> 00:03:00,509
the knife then the printing press that was the most important invention in writing was invented

24
00:03:00,509 --> 00:03:09,110
in the modern age johannes gutenberg was a german person who lived in germany and who made a machine

25
00:03:09,110 --> 00:03:20,729
to press words onto pieces of wood in the 15th century so they were like stamps where he made

26
00:03:20,729 --> 00:03:28,629
and wrote letters that were finally covered with ink and he wrote words with the letters

27
00:03:28,629 --> 00:03:33,530
This invention was the printing press

28
00:03:33,530 --> 00:03:38,770
and it meant that many books could be made at the same time

29
00:03:38,770 --> 00:03:44,430
Later, printing presses became mechanized and more efficient

30
00:03:44,430 --> 00:03:47,870
It was an information revolution

31
00:03:47,870 --> 00:03:50,169
What's the meaning of mechanized?

32
00:03:50,810 --> 00:03:55,330
Mechanized means that the people were not useful anymore

33
00:03:55,330 --> 00:04:00,310
and the printing press was used by machines

34
00:04:00,310 --> 00:04:07,270
in factories and also the printing press was used to make to make newspapers

35
00:04:07,270 --> 00:04:16,290
and now as you know we even have ebooks that keep a big library inside this small machine

36
00:04:16,290 --> 00:04:26,410
now i'll show you a video of the printing press here you have the texts that are covered with ink

37
00:04:26,410 --> 00:04:34,949
and then we put the paper on it, on them, to be pressed by the heavy pieces of wood.

38
00:04:37,300 --> 00:04:42,439
And that's how the pieces of paper are printed.

39
00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:49,509
As you can see, the texts are written on the pieces of paper.

40
00:04:51,810 --> 00:04:54,410
Now I'll talk about inventions in transportation.

41
00:04:55,129 --> 00:04:59,769
The steam engine was the most important invention in transportation

42
00:04:59,769 --> 00:05:07,149
in the modern age, but before the steam engine, how did people transport? How did we move from

43
00:05:07,149 --> 00:05:16,389
one place to another? We used wind boats that were moved by the wind, and we also used stagecoaches

44
00:05:16,389 --> 00:05:24,610
that were moved by horses, and later the steam engine appeared. The steam engine was invented

45
00:05:24,610 --> 00:05:26,189
in the 18th century

46
00:05:26,189 --> 00:05:29,370
and used the steam from boiling water

47
00:05:29,370 --> 00:05:30,870
from heating water

48
00:05:30,870 --> 00:05:35,050
the steam engine produced a transport revolution

49
00:05:35,050 --> 00:05:39,110
because it was also used in ships and trains

50
00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:43,129
so they transported people much more quickly

51
00:05:43,129 --> 00:05:47,920
now you will see a video

52
00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:50,620
about the steam engine

53
00:05:50,620 --> 00:05:51,560
how it works

54
00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:54,560
so you can see the fire

55
00:05:54,560 --> 00:06:01,040
that is heating and boiling the water that becomes water vapor, steam.

56
00:06:01,040 --> 00:06:11,360
And then the steam pushes the engine that is connected to the wheel

57
00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:18,459
and finally the wheel moves.

58
00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:30,879
The steam engine also meant that objects could be made by machines in factories.

59
00:06:30,879 --> 00:06:33,600
It was part of the industrial revolution.

60
00:06:34,339 --> 00:06:41,660
So before the steam engine, the people were who made the products, the objects.

61
00:06:42,779 --> 00:06:50,639
But after the steam engine, when the steam engine was invented, people were not useful anymore.

62
00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:54,579
And machines could work by themselves.

63
00:06:54,579 --> 00:07:00,399
So people stopped working and many factories appeared.

64
00:07:00,879 --> 00:07:03,240
with machines working in them.

65
00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,899
Here you can see the steam engine working in a train

66
00:07:07,899 --> 00:07:11,699
and also in ships like the Titanic.

67
00:07:14,060 --> 00:07:20,000
So people could go from one place to another much faster.

68
00:07:23,879 --> 00:07:26,720
Now I'll talk about inventions in communication.

69
00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:31,860
The most important invention in communication was the telegraph

70
00:07:31,860 --> 00:07:34,540
and it was invented in the modern age.

71
00:07:34,540 --> 00:07:38,300
Before the telegraph, how did people communicate?

72
00:07:39,759 --> 00:07:49,160
We used doves that carried messages, also bottles, even smoke signs and horses.

73
00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:52,639
And then the telegraph was invented.

74
00:07:53,100 --> 00:08:02,740
The telegraph was invented in the 19th century and messages could reach people that were far away very quickly.

75
00:08:02,740 --> 00:08:05,899
it started a communication revolution

76
00:08:05,899 --> 00:08:08,079
this is Samuel Morse

77
00:08:08,079 --> 00:08:11,740
Samuel Morse was the inventor of the telegraph

78
00:08:11,740 --> 00:08:13,279
he was an art professor

79
00:08:13,279 --> 00:08:16,300
and while he was painting a painting

80
00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:18,319
he received a message

81
00:08:18,319 --> 00:08:22,620
it was a message that had very bad news

82
00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:25,540
he received the message in March

83
00:08:25,540 --> 00:08:27,680
but the message was written in February

84
00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:31,899
so he started crying because his wife was very ill

85
00:08:31,899 --> 00:08:38,620
and he got angry because the message was very slow

86
00:08:38,620 --> 00:08:41,340
when he received it.

87
00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:45,679
So he invented the telegraph.

88
00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:48,399
He invented the telegraph.

89
00:08:48,399 --> 00:08:53,049
And now the messages could reach people

90
00:08:53,049 --> 00:08:55,950
who live far away from each other very quickly.

91
00:08:56,850 --> 00:09:00,190
The telegraph used electricity

92
00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:12,830
And the telegraph made code messages, written codes, by using dots and dashes.

93
00:09:13,110 --> 00:09:17,529
Here you will see how the telegraph works.

94
00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:33,649
So you can see that there are dots and dashes.

95
00:09:38,070 --> 00:09:40,929
Okay, after the telegraph, the telephone was invented.

96
00:09:41,590 --> 00:09:44,669
Everybody knows the telephone. This is an old telephone.

97
00:09:44,669 --> 00:09:46,669
and after the telephone

98
00:09:46,669 --> 00:09:48,289
smartphones and tablets

99
00:09:48,289 --> 00:09:50,169
that everybody has nowadays

100
00:09:50,169 --> 00:09:52,629
so this is it

101
00:09:52,629 --> 00:09:54,970
we learned a few new words

102
00:09:54,970 --> 00:09:56,769
we learned what

103
00:09:56,769 --> 00:09:57,570
clay is

104
00:09:57,570 --> 00:10:00,309
clay is used to make

105
00:10:00,309 --> 00:10:02,529
for example a pot

106
00:10:02,529 --> 00:10:05,110
handmade materials

107
00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:06,230
this is arcilla

108
00:10:06,230 --> 00:10:08,210
we also learned ink

109
00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:09,809
ink is used to write

110
00:10:09,809 --> 00:10:10,870
tinta

111
00:10:10,870 --> 00:10:13,169
we also learned engine

112
00:10:13,169 --> 00:10:14,929
engine is wood

113
00:10:14,929 --> 00:10:17,389
makes machines work

114
00:10:17,389 --> 00:10:18,169
motor

115
00:10:18,169 --> 00:10:20,309
and finally knife

116
00:10:20,309 --> 00:10:21,950
everybody knows this

117
00:10:21,950 --> 00:10:24,750
but I will remind you what a knife is

118
00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:26,950
it's something that we use to cut

119
00:10:26,950 --> 00:10:28,789
so this is it

120
00:10:28,789 --> 00:10:30,389
I hope you liked this session

121
00:10:30,389 --> 00:10:32,169
and now you can practice this

122
00:10:32,169 --> 00:10:33,509
by doing activities

123
00:10:33,509 --> 00:10:36,289
bye bye, see you later alligators