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Let's begin with the first unit of the course. In this unit we will study, as you can read in the title, the crisis of the ancient regime. We are going to talk about the 18th century and the characteristics of the 18th century in Europe, mainly in Europe.

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so let's see first the index and then we will we will start with introduction and

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the characteristics of the society of the 18th century in Europe so let's

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begin okay in this index what we are going to study in this unit first we are

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going to have an introduction that that that introduction is going to be seen in

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this in this video also we are going to study the stratified society and first

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changes we are going to do we are going to study part of this point in this in

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this video in third place we are going to study the economy in the 18th century

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the political system in the 18th century the international relations this is

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going to be really short is just to give the main characteristics then the

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colonial empires we are going to talk about just a map with the different

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colonial empires European colonial empires and we will explain them briefly

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finally the cultural aspects the Enlightenment and also the art in the

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18th century and at the end Spain in the 18th century so this is what we are

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going to study in this unit and we are going to begin with the introduction so

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the first thing is you need to understand what is the ancient regime

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and if you check this definition you can see that is the main economic social and

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political system in Europe between the 16th and 18th century. It means when we

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talk about the ancient regime, the ancient regime is characterized by the

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economic characteristics, the social characteristics and the political

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characteristics of Europe in the 16th and 18th century. If you remember in the

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first class, in the first introductory class, we talked about

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how in the 18th century we are going to have an stratified society. It means a

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society divided in different layers, you know, the king in the top, then the

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nobles and the clergy, and finally the non-privileged people that are going to

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be the peasants, are going to be the slaves or the bourgeoisie. And they, of

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course, the nobles and the clergy are going to be the privileged. And if you

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remember this type of society was closed it means you cannot move from one layer

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to the other it means if I'm born as a peasant I'm going to be a person for the

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rest of my life so the idea is this type for example this is a social structure

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is a the is an unseen regime society okay it means the unseen regime is the

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concept that is going to define the economy the society and the political

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system in Europe between these 300 years the 16th and 18th century make sense so

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the idea is if we talk about about the ancient regime we are talking about an

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economic structure also a social structure and a political system that is

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going to characterize Europe between these 300 years. So let's check the

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characteristics. The economy of the ancient regime is going to be agrarian

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and we are going to have the manorial system. Manorial system means a feudal

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property of the land, which means a piece of land is controlled by a feudal lord

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and the peasants that work in these feudal lands are going to be

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controlled by the feudal lord or the nobel but it means these people that works these peasants that

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work in the feudal land cannot leave the lands and they are going to be living there forever

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and they are going to be controlled by the feudal lord forever not all the peasants are going to

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work in a feudal property okay but part of them in the 18th century are working in a feudal property

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It means a piece of land controlled by a feudal lord. So the idea is, if we talk about the Ancien Regime regarding to the economy, we are going to see that the basic activities are an agrarian economy and this manorial system.

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also the guilds that they are going to control the manufacture process

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we talk about this in the introductory class

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remember the guilds, the guilds that they are these associations of artisans

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so the thing is if we think of ancient regime you must be taking into consideration that in the economy

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The economy is going to be agrarian and the guilds, these associations, are going to control this manufacture process.

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So if we talk about the society, as I explained before, it's a stratified society. It means nobility, clergy and ordinary people.

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Remember, bourgeoisie, peasants and slaves. So that's the idea.

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If we talk about the ancient regime, we are talking about these three characteristics.

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okay we talk about a ordinary people okay that is supporting the clergy and the nobles

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remember nobility and clergy are privileged they do not pay taxes and their richness or wealthiness

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came from these ordinary people this is a french drawing representing that how these privileged

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people, clergy and nobility are taking advantage of the ordinary people in order to be rich,

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in order to survive, in order to control the society. Finally, the political system is going

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to be the absolute monarchy. So what I want to make clear is that if we talk about the ancient

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regime, we are talking about this type of economy, this type of society and this type of political

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system okay the ancient regime is this this system characterized by an agrarian

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economy and guilds in the economic area and stratified society in the social

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area or matters and the absolute monarchy in the political as the

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political system so this is the introduction this is what you need to

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keep in mind because this is the basis for this unit now what we are going to

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do is first study the this stratified society then we will study the economy

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the characteristics of the economy and finally the political system so if we

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talk about ancient regime we are talking about this let's begin with the

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stratified society before we talk about the characteristics of this stratified

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society we need to have in mind some social and economic concepts you do not

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need to know these social and economic concepts it means I'm not going to ask

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you in the exam for this social and economic concepts however you must keep

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them in mind in order to understand them it means you know to know them okay you

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need to know them but you don't need to memorize them because you are not going

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to ask for this in the exam so let's check this social and economic concepts

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that they are important in order to understand the society in the 18th century

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so let's check the first is the geographical distribution of the

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population we know the population is going to be distributed in two areas the

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rural areas and the urban areas so we are going to find people living in the

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rural areas and people living in the urban areas like nowadays okay we live

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in rural areas or urban areas nowadays most of the people live in urban areas

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and a few in the rural areas however in this ancient regime okay most of the people lives

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in rural areas and a few in the urban areas three main economic activities we know agriculture and

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livestock that is going to be developed in these rural areas the manufacturer production that is

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going to take place in the urban areas and finally the trade that is going to take place between

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the rural and urban areas or between different countries the other point the

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other ideas you need to keep in mind is this the different social groups are

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going to live in different places in these two areas we are going to find of

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course living in the rural areas the peasants okay sorry the peasants and the

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lower nobility and clergy living there and the high nobility and clergy and

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also the bourgeoisie living in the urban areas so it's important to keep this in

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mind if we are thinking of urban areas okay bourgeoisie high nobility high

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clergy in the rural areas of course the peasants poor and the lower nobility and

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clergy that they are they are poor too they could be poor too okay the last

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thing you need to keep in mind is the geographical administration to

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administrate something is to organize something so what we are going to say is

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that the cities are organizing the rural areas surrounding the city for example

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if we think of Rivas Bacia Madrid Rivas Bacia Madrid is not only the different

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houses inside Rivas but also these rural areas surrounding Rivas for example the

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Cortados de Laguna del Campillo are not urban areas those are rural areas but

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they are administrate they are organized by the city of Rivas Bacia Madrid also

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these cities are organizing or administrating okay other areas bigger

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areas for example a capital city okay could be the capital city of a city of a

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country or the capital city of a region so it means the city is organizing or

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administrating the country the whole country the capital city of the country

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it means Madrid for Spain or for example the capital city of a province is

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organizing the province for example Salamanca city the city of Salamanca is

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organizing on administrating the province of Salamanca so it means the

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cities are administrating the rural areas and they are also administrating

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the regions or the countries or as you have written here the empires kingdoms

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counties, duchies, etc. Condados, ducados, reinos o imperios. What does it mean?

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That if the capital cities are administrating the country or the

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region or whatever, who is controlling the city? The high

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nobility and clergy and the bourgeoisie. So it means the people ruling,

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administrating the country the region etc are those that live in the urban

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areas that are high nobility and clergy and the bourgeoisie make sense so these

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are the concepts you need to keep in mind in order to understand the whole

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unit okay the this unit of the 18th century this distribution the three main

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activities and where these activities take place, who is living in these areas,

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the social groups that they live in the different areas, and finally the

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administration, who is administrating the areas, the rural areas near to the

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cities. The cities and also the capital cities they administrate the country or

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the regions that compose that country. So let's start with the stratified society.

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let's go to study the stratified society first this stratified society is going to have an

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inequality have social inequality okay we are going to find rich people and poor people but

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also we are going to fight privileged people and non-privileged people that means that we have a

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social inequality but this social inequality is based on the social background it means if you

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a peasant you are going to be poor probably and you are going to be a

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peasant for your whole life. So this social inequality is going to remain

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your whole life. Make sense? So the idea is this social inequality is going to

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last your whole life and is based on this, the social background.

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It means your social position, if you are a peasant and you are going to be a

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peasant forever, you are going to suffer the social inequality. Also if you are a

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a noble you are going to be a noble forever so that inequality to have privileges in comparison

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with the peasants is going to remain forever second it is going to be a closed society okay

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you cannot change the layer you have been born in okay if you are born as a person you are going to

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be a person forever if you are born as a slave you are going to be a slave forever if you are

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born as a noble you are going to be a noble forever that is why we call this

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society as a closed society okay these are the characteristics of the

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ancient regime society remember that okay do not forget that we are talking

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about the ancient regime so let's continue a new social class is going to

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appear that is going to be the bourgeoisie and this bourgeoisie that

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they are not privileged they are not privileged they have no privileges they

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want to change the social situation they want to change the social situation

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during the 18th century and they are going to change the social situation

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through the French Revolution in France at least okay so the idea is we are

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going to have a new social class that is the bourgeoisie okay and this bourgeoisie

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that they are not privileged they have no privileges they want to have

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privileges so they want to change their social situation and they are going to

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change it through revolutions and one of them is the French Revolution we will

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study it in the next unit so what else this is stratified society is going to

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be divided into three groups you know these groups ability the clergy are the

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bourgeoisie oh sorry the bourgeoisie the ordinary people and inside the ordinary

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people we have the peasants the artisans the bourgeoisie you can change you can

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check the percentage of population that compose each group if you check the 98

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percent of the of the population is the ordinary people the 0.5 or 0.5 percent of

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the whole population are going to be clergy and 1.5 are going to be nobility

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so as you can check we see a social inequality based on privileges these are

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going to be the privileged groups and these are going to be the unprivileged

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people or the people with no privileges so it means the vast majority of the

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population in the 18th century has no privileges or had no privileges and

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really or extremely tiny minority are going to have privilege privileges okay

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so 2% of the population has privileges 98 percentage of the population has no

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privileges so that's why the social inequality is going to be that extreme

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okay it's really big so let's study now what you see here that when we are

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talking about this ancient regime society, we have this social structure

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that is close to a feudal society, the king and the queen in the top, then the

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high nobility and high clergy, also we will have here the low nobility and

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lower clergy, and then what we have here is

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peasants and artisans and we should add here the bourgeoisie. So privileged

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people, non-privileged people. Okay? So when we talk about the ancient

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regime society we have this feudal structure but we need to add here the

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lower nobility and lower clergy and here the bourgeoisie along with the peasants.

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Okay? So let's study the groups. In this video we are going to study only the

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nobility and the clergy and that's it and we finish with this. So let's see the

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characteristics of the nobility and the clergy first you are they you are going

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to belong or people belong to these groups due to from birth or royal

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concession it means you can you are going to be a noble because you were

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born in a noble family or also if you I don't know if you if you did

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something for the king okay the king can compensate your effort with a royal

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concession imagine you are I don't know a banker and you are giving money to the

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novel to the king in order to to fight in a war and the king is going to win

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the war due to your money so the king is going to say okay you that this are part

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of the bourgeoisie that you are not privileged okay that you have no

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privileges I'm going to give you a title nobility and you are going to be now a

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noble make sense so the idea is you can be a

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noble most of them from birth it means because you were born in a noble family

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or you can be a noble because of a royal concession the king gives you the title

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ability second remember they are privileged people so they do not pay

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taxes you know that they cannot be torture also okay and they are going to

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live due to the rents produced by their lands it means the the money or the

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agrarian products produced by their lands are going to be the capital that

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they are going to have it means they are going to survive or the money they are

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going to acquire is extracted by or is gained by these lands what they are

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producing with the lands okay so it means if the lands are is producing

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different I don't know agrarian crops so they are going to sell these crops and

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they are going to send money in exchange of it okay or the peasants that they are

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going to be working the lands they can pay with money for working these lands

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to the nobles so it means the wealthiness the money that these

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nobility and clergy are obtaining came from the lands that they have in

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property okay their properties are the lands and these lands are giving money

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to the nobles if you do not understand this just let me know in class but the

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idea is just the nobles and clergy are going to obtain their money their

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richness their wealthiness from these lands so they are going to hold high

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spots okay in the state administration in the church and the army it means a

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general in the army or a commander in the army means to be noble they

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are going to be noble or they are going to be part of the high clergy could be

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okay and most of them are not clergy but they could happen second they are going

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to hold the highest position in the church it means to be a bishop, archbishop

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etc okay so the elite of the church are going to be a part of the high

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clergy and finally they are going to have a state administration

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spots in the state administration it means they are going to be part of the council of the king

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okay it means those people that they are going to advise the king or they can hold positions like

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ambassadors they they can be collecting taxes etc so they are going to have spots the highest

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spots in the state administration for example the prime minister okay if the king is going to name

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someone that is going to make political decisions is going to be a noble vale so

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the problem is even we are talking about a group nobility and clergy that they

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are privileged people that they are part of the same social class we are going to

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see that is a heterogeneous group we are going to find high clarity a high

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nobility and lower clergy a noble nobility so let's talk about the nobility we have the upper

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nobility that they were rich and they have huge properties so they are the richest nobility okay

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and also we are going to have a lower nobility and hidalgos that they could be working their own

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lands because they were not rich so when we talk about the nobility we can have this nobility that

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is not rich it could be poor or not but they work their own lands with their own

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hands while the upper nobility they are rich okay and they have huge properties

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it means properties that they are going to be worked by peasants not by them okay

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so upper nobility means rich nobility having huge properties and lower

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nobility or Hidalgo's they are going to work their own lands probably and they

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are not going to be rich okay nowadays we have people that they are nobles for

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example Juan Carlos I the old king of Spain was king of Spain of

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Castilla Leon of Aragon that all these titles of nobility also he has all this

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title of nobility in Spain Grand Maestro de la Orden del Tuición de Oro

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Grand Maestro de la Orden de Carlos III etc okay or all these titles as you can see

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those are titles of nobility. Or, for example, a politician, Esperanza Aguirre, she was the

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president of the Comunidad de Madrid, she is Condesa Consorte de Bornos y Condosa Consorte

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de Murillo, ¿vale? Y Grande de España. All of these are titles of nobility. Consorte

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means that she is Condesa due to be married to the Count of Murillo and the Count of Bornos

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it means her husband is the Count of Murillo and the Count of Bornos so as she got married

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with the Count of Murillo and the Count of Bornos now she is the Condesa de Consorte

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of Bornos and Condesa Consorte de Murillo, and also Grande de España.

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So she has titles of nobility.

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So let's see the last part, and it's the clergy.

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We are going to talk about the clergy and we are going to have the high clergy, okay?

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It means cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, okay?

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Check on the net what is to be a cardinal, archbishop, bishop, and abbot.

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If you have any question, ask me in class, okay?

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The thing is this high clergy belong to the nobility and they were rich, this is the important

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thing.

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They were rich and they were managing, controlling, administrating the church patrimony.

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It means they are administrating for example the cathedrals, they are managing or they

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are administrating the money of the institution of the church and of course they had an important

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strong political and social power okay they have this social influence and they

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have an important political influence in the King and other novels because they

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are the high clergy in the other part we have the lower

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clergy we are talking about rural priests and the regular clergy it means

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those clergies that they belong to a they belong to a to a religious order

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okay it's not the same to be a priest than to be part of the regular clergy a

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priest means you are a kura or kurita kuramas nada mas vale un cura that is is

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poor okay you are you are going they are going to live in poverty okay and they

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are their superiors are the cardinals or archbishops or bishops okay but the

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rural clergy they are going to be also poor but it is declared or regular they

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are going to be also poor they are going to belong to an order and to belong to

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an order means that they are going to have special rules to follow for

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example the rule of poverty or the rule of obedience to the Pope etc

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The idea, for it to be clear, is a rural priest, a rural parish, which means that he is poor but lives in a rural environment, and his superiors are these.

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While the regular clergy form an ecclesiastical order, an order with some votes, with some specific norms that the rural priests do not have.

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And we call the regular clergy monks and friars.

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and friars okay most of them they are going to live in poverty and they usually came from the

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lower nobility class or the ordinary people group most of them they came from the lower nobility

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a minority came from the ordinary people group okay so that's it we are we have talked about

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the nobility and the clergy in the 18th century and i need to talk about one person this

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This is the Cardinal Richelieu

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Cardinal Richelieu is going to be the Prime Minister of Louis XIV

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So Louis XIV of France

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Louis XIV of France

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Named as Prime Minister, that is, Prime Minister, President of the Government

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Sorry, he named, Louis XIV, named as Prime Minister a Cardinal

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So Louis XIV named as Prime Minister a Cardinal

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so you can see how the cardinals the high clarity had a strong political and social power

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and that would be it the nobility and the clergy