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okay we are ready so this is the question that we are going to answer this is the inquiry

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question this is the inquiry question that we are going to answer today

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why were there civil wars in castile and in aragon

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¿Por qué hubo guerras civiles en Castile and in Aragon?

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Why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon?

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Because remember, we are going to analyze today the late Middle Ages in the Christian kingdoms.

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In the 14th century, there were four different kingdoms,

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Castile, Aragon, Portugal, which became independent, and obviously Navarra, but

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today we are going to let's focus today on Castile and in Aragon. We are going to

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explain only today the evolution in Castile and in Aragon. And this is the

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question that we are going to resolve, that we are going to answer. Why were

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civil wars in Castile and in Aragon in the 14th century because the 14th

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century as you know it was a very very difficult moment for Castile and also

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for Aragon. We need to remember that during the 14th century it was the

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moment of the Black Death, famine, the Hundred Years War, and obviously all of these calamities

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had consequences over Castile and also over Aragon.

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So I would say as an introduction that there were civil wars in Castile and in Aragon because during

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the 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century it was a terrible

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moment for Europe in general and also for the Iberian Peninsula. It was the

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moment of the Black Death, famine and this situation, class, led to political

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tensions, power struggles between the kings and the nobles. Kings at that time

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due to these political tensions fought against the nobles for the power. They

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fought each other for the power. It was a moment of political tensions, power

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struggles which led to the civil war. So I will say again that there were

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different political tensions and civil wars due to the three important

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calamities which led to the civil war, not only in Castile but also in Aragon.

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So, I divided, as you can see here, the class into two different parts.

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I'm going to explain now the introduction and then I will explain the different evolution

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in Castile and also in Aragon.

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So we said that in the 14th century, please remember that it was a difficult moment for

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Castile and in Aragon, kings were fighting against nobles. But we are going to see

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that at the end of the 15th century, I'm here, at the end of the 15th century,

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step by step, kings were recovering the power for three different reasons that I'm going to explain

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in a minute so to sum up remember the 14th century it was a moment of civil war for the three

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calamities but at the end of the at the end of the 15th century it was the moment when kings

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covered the power recovered with it is regular they recovered the power for three different

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reasons reason one kings at the end of the 15th century recovered the power this is the third

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reason because they imposed they imposed the roman law over the kingdom and derecho romano they

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imposed the roman law and why kings did they impose the roman law because with the roman law

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con el derecho romano this law gave more power to the king this law gave them more authority

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authority authority authority over the kingdom so this is the first reason

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kings recovered the power because they imposed the Roman law and derecho Romano

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law laws who came from the Romans and the H or Romano actually today we are

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studying the Roman law, and some of our laws are based on the Roman law.

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Luis? Yes, tell me.

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¿Sabes cómo se dice epidemia en inglés?

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Epidemia plague, ¿no?

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The same.

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Okay, thank you.

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So, let's carry on.

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This is the first reason

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kings recover the power because they impose the roman law over the kingdom and kings

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how do you write impulse imposed or you might write also if you don't like impose

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imposed irregular you can write also they implement it implementado or the the phrasal

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will be set up. They set up a common framework in law, the Roman law. So this

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is the first reason kings recovered the power because they imposed the Roman law

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and the Roman law gave them more authority over the kingdom. Second reason,

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So, kings recovered the power also because they established, they set up tribunals. Establecieron, no? They established tribunals in justice.

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So, kings became judges over the kingdom, se convirtieron en jueces, they became judges

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over the kingdom and they had the power in justice.

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That's why, sorry, I don't know if I read it out correctly, that's why they had more

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power than before because they imposed tribunals in justice and they had also

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this power in justice, they became judges. So we could say, we might say, pay

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attention to this expression, that the kings at the end of the 15th century

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They kept, in the past, keep, present, kept, they kept the nobles at bay, los mantuvieron a raya, they controlled, kings controlled the nobility.

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Okay, this is a really good expression for your English, to keep someone at bay, mantenerlos a raya.

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And what was the third reason? Also, kings at the end of the 15th century, they improved

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the tax collection, la recogida de impuestos. Before that, nobles were in charge of the

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taxes but at the end of the 15th century at the end of the 15th century kings

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took this power from the nobility they recovered this power they started to be

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in charge of the collection of taxes they recollected or they collected taxes

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So the nobles obviously were angry for this decision because they lost money,

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they lost the power of collecting taxes. So that's why to sum up, para resumir,

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I will say in conclusion that at the end of the 15th century kings

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recovered their power in Castile and also in Aragon. So remember the 14th

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century it was a century of crisis, kings lost their power and it was a moment of

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civil wars in Castile and also in Aragon but at the end of the 15th century kings

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recovered their power. So now we are going to see the different evolution in

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Castile and in Aragon. One question. Are you following me? Teresa, ask you.

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The kings said to the nobles that they need to pay taxes too.

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Exactly. So the kings take the taxes and say to the nobility

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that they need to pay taxes. Yes, kings were in charge of collecting

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taxes and also from time to time, not always Teresa,

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but from time to time nobles had to pay taxes for example in case of a war

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if the kings needed money for a war for example to conquer more territories against muslims

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kings gave the order to the novice to pay some taxes not regularly nobles didn't pay taxes

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regularly because they were the commoners and the peasants the ones who paid the taxes but from time

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to time in case of a war in case of something important in the kingdom the king had the

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privilege to impose taxes over them okay thank you for the question so now we are going to see

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the different evolution in castile and also in aragon let's pay attention first to castile

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And let me introduce this man, this king. This king was Alfonso XI. And Alfonso XI

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was the perfect example of someone who recovered the power from the nobles.

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Why did Alfonso XI recover the power from the nobles? Because he was the one

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who imposed a common law over the kingdom. He was the first one who

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imposed, imposed, remember this verb, he was the first one who imposed a common

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law over the kingdom. This common law which was imposed in 1348, in 1348, this

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This law was called in Spanish, El Real Ordenamiento de Alcalá.

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It was the first common law in what is now our country.

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At that time, it was only the law for Castile, which was a kingdom, but it was the first

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common law in what is now Spain.

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It was called the Real Ordenamiento de Alcalá, and obviously it was based on the Roman law,

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Derecho Romano. So from that moment in Castile all citizens in Castile had the

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same law, okay? Second reason, also Alfonso XI, we need

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to remember Alfonso XI because he fought against the Muslims in the

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Battle of Salado. Very close from the school we have a street which is called

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the Battle of Salado and this battle was important because Alfonso XI in 1340

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fought against Muslims and Alfonso XI conquered all this place in what is now

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Cadiz. He conquered Algeciras, Tarifa. He took over more

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territories against the Muslims. And for this reason, the Kingdom of Granada became smaller

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than before. Remember when the Muslims came from here, from North Africa to Gibraltar,

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you remember the territories that they had conquered in the Emirates. They conquered

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the vast majority of the peninsula, but obviously now Muslims were in decline and Christians became

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stronger and the kingdom of granada also became smaller than before clara as a way that the

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muslims were paying taxes in order to win peace no exactly they conquered them exactly this is

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the moment this is the moment muslims the narrate family knew that castile and aragon had some

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problems in the 14th century for the black death for the famine for the hundred years war and this

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This is the moment when they paid taxes to Castile

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and also to Aragon in exchange for peace.

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They paid parias, but in the 15th century,

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the Narid kingdom was in decline.

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Castile was recovering step by step,

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and that's why the Muslim territories became smaller.

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Thank you for the questions, really good questions.

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So let's carry on.

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And also we really need to remember Alfonso XI,

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because as I said before, he kept the nobility at bay.

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Montu Barraia, he controlled the nobility.

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He had more power when he reached the power.

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When he came into power, Alfonso XI,

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it was, if you want to know,

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I'm not going to add this in the exam,

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he came into power in 1312 up to his death in 1350. He kept the nobility at bay, he controlled the

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nobility, he had more power than them, but finally he died. He died and his kingdom ended in 1350.

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When he died, when he died, and this is really important, his son, Pedro I, came into power.

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His son, Pedro I. And Pedro I wanted to carry on with the same policy as his father.

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policy, politica. Alfonso XI died and his son, Pedro I, came into power. Pedro I wanted

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to carry on with the same policy like his father, exactly, so he wanted to improve his

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royal authority, his royal power. Actually he wanted to control the wool industry.

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You know that the wool industry was really really important in Castile. It was

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the most important raw material and before that it was under the hands of

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the nobility. So Pedro I wanted to improve his royal authority, his

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royal power he said tell me in what year Alfonso the eleven died Alfonso the

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eleventh died in the year 1350 okay and this is the moment when better the first

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came into power he wanted to improve his royal authority controlling the world

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industry and what do you think? Obviously, nobles were against of this idea. Nobles

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were against of this idea and there was a rebellion. There was a rebellion. This

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is the beginning of the Civil War class. We talked at the beginning in the

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inquiry questions why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon. In

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Castile because Pedro I wanted to improve his power, his money, controlling the wool

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industry and the nobility was against this idea. There were power struggles at that time.

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Actually this is the moment of the Civil War. Pedro I, this is the portrait of Pedro I,

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who was supported by England because the civil war,

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the civil war in Castile took place at the same time

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that the Hundred Years War.

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And for this reason, Pedro I received the support

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from England and his, let me introduce the second character

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and his illegitimate, and his illegitimate brother,

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enrique ii enrique ii received the support from france this is the civil war in castile

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which took place at the same time than the hundred years were who was the winner you know the end of

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the story pedro ii supported by england or enrique the second supported by france

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Enrique II.

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Enrique II, exactly, because France was the winner in this important war.

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And for this reason, Pedro I died in 1369 and his illegitimate brother, Enrique II, came into power in 1369.

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So what was the end of this story?

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story obviously when Enrique II came into power he was a man from the nobility because the nobility

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supported him and obviously when he won Enrique II gave more power to the nobility

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Pedro II was the brother of Pedro I, and he supported more the nobility than Pedro's idea.

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There was a rebellion in which Enrique won, and so he passed through the throne.

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And he came into power because Pedro I died, he died in the civil war.

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Enrique II came into power. And what was the consequence of this civil war?

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Enrique II was a puppet, marioneta. Enrique II was a puppet, marioneta, under the hands of the nobility.

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So, what was the conclusion in Castile? I'm going to finish with this point. We are going

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to explain very quickly Aragon. In Castile, the nobility became really, really powerful

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at the end of the 14th century and they carried on with this power up to the end of the 15th

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The civil wars carried on in Castile up to the end of the 15th century, but the civil

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war in Castile finished in 1469, when this queen, Isabel from Castile, took over, seized

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the power. And with Castile and with Isabel from Castile, it was the moment again when

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the Queen kept the nobility at bay. I'm talking about the Catholic Queen, Isabel la Catolica,

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the Catholic Queen Isabel la Catolica, who got married to Fernando from Aragon. And this

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the moment when Aragon and Castile joined their own crowns. They did enjoy the kingdom because

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Aragon was independent from Castile but they joined both crowns and this is the end of the

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medieval time and the beginning of the modern age that you are going to study next year. You are

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going to start from here because the Catholic kings were really important in the history of

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Spain. And you are going to study the reforms next years. So, in conclusion, in Castile, civil wars

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carried on up to the, I would say, up to the end of the 15th century, when the Catholic kings

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came into power and again kings recover recover the power for the kings so let's analyze very

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very quickly let's analyze very very quickly around what happened at the same time in aragon

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more or less the same story class more or less the same story because

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Because kings in Aragon in the 14th century were spending a lot of money because, remember,

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remember that Aragon was conquering many, many territories alongside the Mediterranean

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Sea in the 14th century.

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They conquered first Mallorca in 1229, later on they conquered Sicily at the beginning

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of the 14th century.

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They conquered also Sardinia and in the 14th century they conquered also Athens and finally

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Naples at the beginning of the 15th century.

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So what was the situation in Aragon?

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The king in Aragon ran out of money because they conquered as a consequence of this conquest

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alongside, again, the king in Aragon ran out of money because they spent a lot of money

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in this conquest alongside the Mediterranean Sea as a consequence of the conquest of the

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Mediterranean Sea. And for this reason, kings asked for more money to the nobles.

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Kings, I'm here, class, kings asked for more money to the nobility, to the nobles,

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who were members of the courts, who were members of the courts, las cortes, the

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parliament in Aragon. So, what was the situation at that time? Kings lost, they ran out of money

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and there was this dialogue between the nobles and the kings in the courts, in the parliaments.

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Kings, in general, asked for more money to the nobility and the nobility said to the king,

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okay we are going to give you this money but in exchange for that we want more power and for this

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reason they created they created this institution in aragon which was called the generalitat also

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now if you travel to catalonia you are going to find an institution which is called the generalitat

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the government in Catalonia, which was founded in 1364, basically for what? The Generalitat

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was founded by the nobility to control the king, to control the power of the king. Okay?

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To sum up, kings ran out of money, they asked for money to the nobles, and the nobles gave

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them the money in exchange for power, in exchange of creating the generalitat to control the

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king.

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And there were two important moments in the history of Aragon, and with this we are going

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to finish. Two important moments which explain in my opinion the situation in

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Aragon. The first moment was the Caspe commitment. Caspe was a village in, it was

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more, it was a town. It is a town in Aragon. It is more important than a

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village. It's a town in Aragon. If you travel to Aragon, to Caspe during the

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summers they usually organize theater plays to represent, to explain what

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happened in the Caspe commitment, in the Caspe meeting. It's called in Spanish

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El Compromiso de Caspe and the Compromiso de Caspe was a meeting which took place

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which took place in 1410. It was a meeting where the priests were the

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most important priests, sacerdotes, bishops, obispos and nobles met together

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in Caspe. And what was the reason? Because the king in Aragon died, he didn't have

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an heir and for this reason, in this meeting, different

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priests, bishops and members of the nobility chose one king. But other

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nobles were against this idea and it began the Civil War in Aragon.

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It began the Civil War in Aragon. Can you repeat? Yes, in the Compromiso de Caspe,

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in the Caspe Commitment, it was a meeting where the most important people in Aragon

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The elite chose one king, but some nobles were against this king, and it began the civil war.

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And the civil war in Aragon, which began in 1410, it lasted up to here, up to 1462.

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So it was terrible for Aragon.

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They lost a lot of money in this civil war.

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it lasted up to the

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kingdom of

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Juan II

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John II or Juan II

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whatever you want

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this is the moment

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when the civil war

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ended and I'm going to

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finish with this point

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why do we need to remember Juan II

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John II

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because he was

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the king

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who ended

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he was the king who ended the civil war this is the family let's keep talking in chat yes yes i

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know but i said to candela that uh don't be concerned candela because i'm recording the

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lesson and you can hear the lesson later on okay don't worry um so we're about to finish why why

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we need to remember Juan II, John II, because he was the king who ended the civil war in Aragon,

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and also because he was the father of this man, he was the father of this man, he was the father of

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Ferdinand of Aragon. And Juan II knew that after all these years of civil war, Aragon ran out of

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money. They needed to improve their situation and Castile at that time was in a better situation

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than Aragon. That's why Juan II looked for a marriage to Castile and as a consequence

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Buscó un matrimonio para su hijo en Castilla.

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He looked for a marriage to his son in Castile.

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For this reason, Ferdinand of Aragon got married to Isabel of Castile and it was the beginning

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of the Catholic kings in 1469.

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They got married to each other.

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ended the medieval time and it was the beginning of the Catholic Kings. Remember

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that this is not the beginning of Spain. When the Catholic Kings came into power

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was not the beginning of Spain. Spain was born in the 18th century and it was

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not the beginning of Spain because at that time there were two different

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kingdoms, the kingdom of Aragon and the kingdom of Castile, and both of them were independent

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from each other. There were some laws in Aragon and different laws in Castile. But it was

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true that when the Catholic kings came into power and when they got married to each other,

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they joined both crowns. But they didn't join both kingdoms. This is important. They joined

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the both crowns but they didn't join both kingdoms why because there were one

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laws in in Aragon and a completely different not completely different but

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different laws in Castile they only join both monarchy both both monarchies

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monarchies and they didn't join both kingdoms but it was really important in

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the history of the Iberian Peninsula when the Catholic Kings came into power

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because in 1492 and I'm going to finish with this point because you are going to

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study next year this moment in 1492 the Catholic Kings for example conquered

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Granada and they expelled some Muslims who were living in the

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Nauru kingdom. They conquered definitely Granada and they finished the

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reconquest and when they finished the reconquest they had the money to

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discover America. They gave the money to Christopher Columbus to travel to the

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new continent, to America. This is another story and you are going to study all

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these stories next year okay so we finish and we finish with the medieval

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time there is a a one question the Kings us for the nobility a for the money when

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you when they were in the in a war or when are you talking of Aragon or

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Castile. And Aragon? Aragon asked for the money from the very beginning because when they conquered

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all of these places they spent a lot of money in soldiers, mercenaries, mercenarios,

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and kings ran out of money and they asked for this money to the nobility so from the very beginning.

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And after the Caspian Commitment, it started the war, right?

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Yes, after the Caspian Commitment, as the king in Aragon died without an heir,

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it was true that in this meeting the clergy and the nobles chose one king but other nobles

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were against this idea and it began the civil war.

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Up to what Kingdom? Up to the Kingdom of John II, Juan II.

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Can you put commitment?

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Commitment, commitment, compromiso.

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Okay, or the CASPE meeting, la reunión de CASPE.

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You could say, you might say the CASPE meeting.

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Several years ago there was a series in Televisión Española about the Catholic Kings and this is the portrait of Juan II and this is the actor who represented Ferdinand of Aragon's father.

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It was a great series to explain the Catholic Kings' Kingdom.

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Luis, can you repeat what happened in Castile after Enrique II?

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In Castile after Enrique II, so what was the consequence of his victory?

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When he won, he gave more power to the nobility, because the nobility supported him.

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And the civil war and the stable situation carried on in Castile up to the Kingdom of the Catholic Kings.

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Can you repeat the end of the second world war and just say something of the Catholic Kings?

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Yes, as I said before, when Enrique II won, he gave more power to the nobility, because

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the nobility supported him in the civil war, so as to defeat, in order to defeat, Pedro

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I, but the situation in the kingdom was pretty unstable up to the Catholic kings, because

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the Catholic Kings came into power it was the moment when the Kings recovered

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the power in the modern age but what does have in common

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La Mujeres de Ferdinand with Enrique II.

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Isabel came from the same family.

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Ah, so Enrique II and Ferdinand, that was the son of John, who rules Aragon, and they

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Exactly. Isabel from Castile. Isabel was the heir from Castile and she got married to the heir in Aragon.

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And this is the moment when they joined both crowns. But remember, they didn't join both kingdoms.

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Unieron las coronas, they joined both monarchies, but they didn't join both kingdoms.

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So, to sum up, why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon? Because in this moment

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kings were fighting against the nobles up to the kingdom of the Catholic kings, when kings

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we convert the power okay