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Hello class. Today we are going to explain the Second Industrial Revolution.

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So let's start by explaining the origin of this important process in history.

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The so-called Second Industrial Revolution was from 1870 up to the beginning of the First World War.

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This process took place in the United States and Germany and it was based on new energy sources and changes in work organization.

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The First Industrial Revolution took place in Great Britain and it was based on coal, but the second one was based on new energy sources such as oil and electricity.

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For this reason, the United States and Germany at the end of the 19th century replaced Great Britain as the first superpowers and this tension between Germany and Great Britain regrettably led to the First World War.

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As I said before, the Second Industrial Revolution was based on new energy sources such as oil and electricity and together with the new engines would move the new machines at the end of the 19th century.

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So I would say that the new energy sources together with the new engines and the new machines changed completely our society at the end of the 19th century and the society that we are living now came from that moment in history.

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So let's explain now the new energy sources. The new energy sources were oil and electricity. The extraction of oil began in the United States and together with the new combustion engine led to the car industry, which was really important in the 20th century.

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Also electricity, the origin of electricity came from Germany. It began in Germany and it was used for lighting the cities.

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In electricity, we really need to explain that there were two important inventions at that moment. In 1869, the industrial dynamo was invented and it made possible to generate electricity.

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This is the dynamo and this is another dynamo close to the bike, which was key to provide electricity to the light bulb in your bike. Light bulb, remember, bombilla.

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And also another second invention was key at that moment. It was the alternator, which was invented in 1897, basically to transport the electric current. Due to this invention, it made possible to transport electricity.

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So these new energy sources, together with the changes in work organization, were key to transform our society. At that moment in history, there were many, many changes in work organization and due to the need of mass production and cheap goods, they decided to implement, as I said before, many, many changes in work.

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Why? Because at that moment, at the end of the 19th century, there was a huge increase in population and in order to produce more and cheaper than before, because if not, the population wouldn't buy these products, they implemented many, many changes in work organization, as we are going to explain now.

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And as you can see here, when at the end of the 19th century, due to the need for more products, they implemented many, many changes.

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So the first theory to change completely the work organization was Taylorism. It was invented by Frederick Taylor in the United States and Taylor sought maximum work efficiency in his factories.

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For this reason, the time for each task was clocked, as we might see here. As you can see here, we have many, many workers where the time for each task was clocked.

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And it was true that there were many, many production incentives to the workers. Basically, if they work more, they would receive a pay rise, but to be honest, the working hours were exhausted.

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They used to work more than 16 hours and also women and children were working in the factories. Children didn't attend school and workers in general didn't have an accident compensation.

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If they have an accident, they wouldn't receive any compensation. Also, it was true that they used to work more than 16 hours.

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They received a production incentive. If they worked more, they would have a pay rise, but the pay rise was smaller compared to the surplus to the owner of the factory.

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So, workers also didn't have any pension when they were retired. They didn't have the minimum wage, salario minimo, so owners of the factories took advantage of that.

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And this environment, this really, really hard environment, tough environment for the workers, was the perfect breeding ground to the growth of the socialist and communist parties in Europe.

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So, the Communist Manifesto became really, really popular at that moment.

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The other theory was for this end. It was invented also in the United States by Henry Ford because he wanted to increase the production in his factories.

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He was in favor of mass production in his enormous factories in Detroit, in the United States.

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And for this reason, to implement all of these new economic policies, Henry Ford organized his factories in assembly lines like this one.

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Assembly lines, líneas de ensamblaje.

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Exactly.

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And Henry Ford organized his factories in assembly lines.

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In these assembly lines, each worker performed only one task in the manufacturing process.

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What does it mean, manufacturing process?

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El proceso de manufacturación, el proceso de fabricación, el proceso de crear los coches.

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So, Henry Ford organized the work in assembly lines like this one.

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This is an assembly line, líneas de ensamblaje.

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And each worker, cada trabajador, performed only one task in the manufacturing process of the product, which was placed in front of him by a conveyor belt.

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By a conveyor belt, una cinta de ensamblaje, which would move the cars to the workers.

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So, with this methodology, new methodology, when Henry Ford organized his factories in assembly lines, in which each worker, as I said before, performed only one task in the manufacturing process of the product, which was placed in front of him by a conveyor belt.

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This process, this new methodology, changed completely the industrialization process.

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Because by avoiding the movement of the workers, basically Ford was allowed to produce more.

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He was able to produce more products, more cars, at a lower price.

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And for this reason, he provided the mass production and the cheap goods which were necessary for this increasing population.