1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:15,000
Okay, very good. So, good morning everybody, my name is Manuela, I'm a seismology, nanorobot, and enterprise company in London, and Alicia asked me to give you a presentation about earthquakes.

2
00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:28,000
I hope I will say something useful for you, or maybe you know already everything. Just ask anything you want during or after the presentation.

3
00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:42,000
Here I show you an image, this is a namazu, this fish is namazu, and the Japanese believed that it was this fish that caused the earthquakes.

4
00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:47,000
Now of course we know that it's not like that, but this is a very nice picture.

5
00:00:47,000 --> 00:01:03,000
In this talk, I will go through basic concepts about the pentatonics, hypo-effects, how we measure the earthquakes, and the effects of the earthquake.

6
00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:10,000
And finally, I will talk a bit about what is the seismic risk and how we can reduce the seismic risk.

7
00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:24,359
We all know here you have an example from the 1994 earthquake in California, Los Angeles.

8
00:01:24,359 --> 00:01:30,359
But also sometimes cities can fall down.

9
00:01:30,359 --> 00:01:38,359
This is a photo from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake in California with magnitude 7.8.

10
00:01:38,359 --> 00:01:44,359
and you can see that the city was completely destroyed after the earthquake and the fire

11
00:01:44,359 --> 00:01:53,359
that was caused by the earthquake. So where do the earthquakes occur? If we look at the

12
00:01:53,359 --> 00:01:59,359
world map, we put on the map the epicenters of the earthquakes, so the location of the

13
00:01:59,359 --> 00:02:07,359
earthquakes. You can see these dots, they are all epicenters and you can see that they

14
00:02:07,359 --> 00:02:15,360
But they don't occur everywhere in the world, they have just very concentrated locations.

15
00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:23,360
You can see in the oceans they follow this line and on the continents they are more spread.

16
00:02:23,360 --> 00:02:33,360
It's not so clear, but also they follow some mountains as you can see here from the topography of the continents.

17
00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:39,360
So the basic theory is the theory of plate electronics.

18
00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:46,360
We have to say that the earthquakes occur along the boundaries of these plates.

19
00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:52,360
You see we are here in Spain. This is the Euro-Asian plate.

20
00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:59,360
It is moved, pushed in this direction toward northeast by the African plate.

21
00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:07,360
This caused all those earthquakes in Italy, in Greece, in Turkey, in Hungary.

22
00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:12,759
How did the earthquakes occur?

23
00:03:12,759 --> 00:03:16,759
The basic theory is the elastic rebound theory.

24
00:03:16,759 --> 00:03:20,759
If we have a fault that is perpendicular to this fence,

25
00:03:20,759 --> 00:03:25,759
here you cannot see very well, but here there is a fault,

26
00:03:25,759 --> 00:03:41,759
And there is some deformation beneath the surface of this land and this deformation will cause this side of the fault to go to one direction and this side to go to the other direction.

27
00:03:41,759 --> 00:03:50,759
And eventually this will cause a breaking in the fault, the fault ruptures and we have the earthquake here.

28
00:03:50,759 --> 00:03:56,759
And the earthquake will radiate certain waves.

29
00:03:56,759 --> 00:04:00,759
The main waves are two types.

30
00:04:00,759 --> 00:04:09,759
Primary waves are these waves that are in post-combustion and expansion.

31
00:04:09,759 --> 00:04:11,759
And then we have secondary waves.

32
00:04:11,759 --> 00:04:17,759
These are called primary because they are the first that are released during the earthquake.

33
00:04:17,759 --> 00:04:19,759
So there are three waves.

34
00:04:19,759 --> 00:04:25,459
And these are secondary waves, because they come later.

35
00:04:25,459 --> 00:04:28,660
But after the E-wave and the S-waves,

36
00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:31,040
we can have also some surface waves.

37
00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:35,779
These will travel along the surface of the Earth,

38
00:04:35,779 --> 00:04:40,160
while E-wave and S-waves will travel along all the body

39
00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:40,660
of the Earth.

40
00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:44,160
And you can just reference E-wave and S-waves

41
00:04:44,160 --> 00:04:47,079
on the other side of the Earth.

42
00:04:47,079 --> 00:04:56,220
The surface arrays are a very novel effect, but they are very, very destructive.

43
00:04:56,220 --> 00:05:04,220
We have three types of folds. We have first fold. You can see here is the fold.

44
00:05:04,220 --> 00:05:13,220
This side of the fold will go upward in this direction and will compress the other side of the fold.

45
00:05:13,220 --> 00:05:17,220
This is a compressional fault.

46
00:05:17,220 --> 00:05:23,220
We can have also this kind of a fault that goes below, that goes downward.

47
00:05:23,220 --> 00:05:27,220
And in this case, we can have an extension.

48
00:05:27,220 --> 00:05:33,220
But we can have also some side of the fault that moves just horizontally, not vertically.

49
00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:40,220
In this case, one side of the fault goes in this direction, and the other side goes in this direction.

50
00:05:40,220 --> 00:05:49,220
direction and this is a strike point. Here you can see an example of a truss fault. This

51
00:05:49,220 --> 00:05:58,220
is the 1999 Qixi earthquake in Taiwan. The fault is, the trace of the fault is along

52
00:05:58,220 --> 00:06:05,220
this line and you can see this is a truss fault because this side of the fault just

53
00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:12,220
upward, it compresses the other side of the fold.

54
00:06:12,220 --> 00:06:16,220
This is an example of normal fold.

55
00:06:16,220 --> 00:06:23,220
So in the normal fold we said that one side pushed far away from the other,

56
00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:32,220
and in this case you see that the space just was extended and it braked.

57
00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:41,220
And this is an example of slightly fault. In this case, the fault is here, along this line.

58
00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:49,220
This side of the fault moved in this direction, rightward. This side moved in this direction.

59
00:06:49,220 --> 00:06:54,220
And you see the final effect is that the slit was completely shifted.

60
00:06:54,220 --> 00:07:11,339
How do we measure our weight? So, this is a very old instrument to measure our weight, but it was invented by the Chinese.

61
00:07:11,339 --> 00:07:21,339
You can see here you have, you have dragons, and here you have thoughts.

62
00:07:21,339 --> 00:07:39,500
The dragons have a ball in their mouth, when an earthquake occurs, so the ball will fall, the dragon with the ball opposite to the center, just drop the ball that fall down in the mouth of the tot.

63
00:07:39,500 --> 00:07:52,500
So when an earthquake occurs, the Chinese could go and see where the board was in the tors and understand where the earthquake was located.

64
00:07:54,500 --> 00:08:00,500
Of course, now we will have more than one instrument to measure the earthquakes.

65
00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:06,500
One is the seismometer. This is an example of a seismometer.

66
00:08:06,500 --> 00:08:19,500
It is made by a rigid basis here, connected with some paper, a body circle, and here we

67
00:08:19,500 --> 00:08:23,500
have a heavy mass connected to a pen.

68
00:08:23,500 --> 00:08:31,500
When earthquake occurs, this basis will move horizontally in this direction, so this will

69
00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:41,500
will move, but the mass doesn't move, and so the pen will draw a line on this paper.

70
00:08:41,500 --> 00:08:48,500
This line is called seismogram, and you can see here an example of seismogram.

71
00:08:48,500 --> 00:08:56,500
In the seismogram, you will see very clearly the arrival of e-waves.

72
00:08:56,500 --> 00:09:04,500
they arrive first and they are primary waves. And after the P waves, we can see the S waves

73
00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:12,500
arrival. S waves are normally very strong. They cause the strongest amplitudes on the

74
00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:20,500
seismograms. And after the P and S waves, we will have the arrival of the surface waves

75
00:09:20,500 --> 00:09:27,299
that are those that go on the surface, on the shallower layer of the Earth.

76
00:09:33,129 --> 00:09:39,590
We can measure the force of an earthquake, and we normally use two types of measurements.

77
00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:43,190
We have magnitude and the macrosatemic intensity.

78
00:09:44,690 --> 00:09:46,169
What is intensity?

79
00:09:46,169 --> 00:09:57,169
It is very intuitive. When there is an earthquake, we are in a certain location and we can feel the earthquake.

80
00:09:57,169 --> 00:10:10,169
This is the scale. So we can be very close to the earthquake and say, oh it was very, very devastating.

81
00:10:10,169 --> 00:10:23,169
or can be far away and we can see the earthquake as very weak or we can not feel at all the earthquake.

82
00:10:23,169 --> 00:10:32,169
So the intensity is a measure of the effects of the earthquake and how we feel the earthquake was.

83
00:10:32,169 --> 00:10:44,169
while the magnitude is a measure of the energy of the earthquake, not of the shaking that we feel.

84
00:10:44,169 --> 00:10:53,169
The first person that proposed the magnitude was Richter in the late 30s.

85
00:10:53,169 --> 00:11:01,169
He developed a method to describe the size of the earthquakes, but this method was a relative method.

86
00:11:01,169 --> 00:11:16,169
He defined an aspect called the earthquake zero, and the magnitude Richter is a measure of the energy of the earthquake compared to the earthquake zero.

87
00:11:16,169 --> 00:11:21,169
It's not a real measure of the energy of the earthquake.

88
00:11:21,169 --> 00:11:26,169
What really measures the earthquake is the moment magnitude.

89
00:11:26,169 --> 00:11:32,169
The moment magnitude is a measure of the energy released during this year's peak.

90
00:11:34,169 --> 00:11:39,169
We have different scales of magnitude.

91
00:11:39,169 --> 00:11:47,169
Richter's magnitude is called mL, and stands for local magnitude.

92
00:11:48,169 --> 00:11:53,169
And you can see that if you have a moment magnitude A, for example,

93
00:11:53,169 --> 00:12:01,250
and you go here local magnitude will be 6.8 because this magnitude scale just

94
00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:09,090
saturates at certain point it's not very good after magnitude 7. so what we should refer to

95
00:12:09,649 --> 00:12:16,210
is the moment magnitude but they know that the newspapers and everywhere you will see a greater

96
00:12:16,210 --> 00:12:28,210
magnitude and when we can relate one another. But what means magnitude? When we change the magnitude

97
00:12:28,210 --> 00:12:39,250
from one unit magnitude it means that the energy released was eight times the greater. So for

98
00:12:39,250 --> 00:12:48,250
For example, if we have magnitude 5, the length of the fault will be around 0.8 kilometers.

99
00:12:48,250 --> 00:12:53,250
But if we have magnitude 6, it would be already 5 kilometers.

100
00:12:53,250 --> 00:12:57,250
And if we have magnitude 7, it will be 30 kilometers.

101
00:12:57,250 --> 00:13:02,250
And in the magnitude 8, it will be 200 kilometers.

102
00:13:02,250 --> 00:13:13,250
This is just to show that one moment doesn't mean very little change, it's a great, very large effect.

103
00:13:16,250 --> 00:13:24,250
So in an aspect of curves, we have a hypocenter and we have seismic waves that radiate everywhere.

104
00:13:26,250 --> 00:13:32,250
Closer to the epicenter, stronger the effect that we can feel.

105
00:13:32,250 --> 00:13:43,250
So the effects of the earthquake will depend on magnitude, on distance, but also on the soil conditions.

106
00:13:43,250 --> 00:13:53,250
If we are here, we are far from the earthquake, but if this soil is very very soft, for example it's sand,

107
00:13:53,250 --> 00:14:05,250
The ground motion caused by the earthquake will be amplified a lot and the effect of the earthquakes on the buildings will be very strong.

108
00:14:05,250 --> 00:14:17,899
So what are the effects of the earthquake? The first direct effect is just the ground shaking, so the motion of the earth.

109
00:14:17,899 --> 00:14:23,899
And this is the primary cause of damage to buildings.

110
00:14:23,899 --> 00:14:36,899
And here is an example. This is Northridge in California. The building completely collapsed during the earthquake caused by this strong shaking.

111
00:14:36,899 --> 00:14:49,899
And also here is again California's Loma Prieta in 1989. This was a bridge with two decks and the upper deck, as you can see, completely fell down.

112
00:14:49,899 --> 00:15:03,899
A secondary effect of the earthquake is the surface cold. Sometimes the cold is so shallow that it ruptures the surface.

113
00:15:03,899 --> 00:15:15,899
You can see here an example where this was the fault of the earthquake and the space completely broke.

114
00:15:15,899 --> 00:15:31,899
And this is another example, you have here a railway, and this side will default to our right, this side to our left, and you see that the rail was completely defromated by the earthquake.

115
00:15:31,899 --> 00:15:47,899
Another effect of the earthquake is the tsunami. When we have an earthquake, of course, in the ocean, there will be a wave that is generated by the rupture with Freud.

116
00:15:47,899 --> 00:16:00,899
And this wave is very, very destructive and can travel very far away from the center of the earthquake and many times destroy every single land.

117
00:16:00,899 --> 00:16:17,899
Here, we have the example from the Tohoku Japan earthquake in 2011, and you can remember that most of the damage was caused by the tsunami, also the damage to the nuclear power plant in Fukushima.

118
00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:26,820
Another effect of the earthquake are the land slides.

119
00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:41,820
Here you see an example from Niigata in Japan in 2004. This house was on the top of the hill, but the hill just slide and the house fell down.

120
00:16:43,820 --> 00:16:49,820
And another effect of the earthquake is liquefaction. What is liquefaction?

121
00:16:49,820 --> 00:17:00,899
Sometimes when an earthquake occurs, what happens is that the soil liquefies.

122
00:17:00,899 --> 00:17:10,900
It means that the soil becomes a liquid, so the buildings don't have anymore a basis where they can stand, and they just tilt.

123
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:21,900
If you see this example from Turkey, you can see that this building doesn't have any structural damage.

124
00:17:21,900 --> 00:17:26,900
It just fell down because of the liquefaction of the soil.

125
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:32,900
This is another example from Ligada earthquake in Java in 1964.

126
00:17:32,900 --> 00:17:47,900
So the questions that everybody asks, can we predict death phase? No, we cannot. We are not able nowadays to predict death phase.

127
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:56,900
But we can and we must reduce the risk. How? We should know first what is the hazard.

128
00:17:56,900 --> 00:18:09,900
Hazard can be translated as peligrosidad, and in scientific terms, it's a probability that a certain level of grab motion will get exceeded in a timeframe.

129
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:21,900
What this means? That means that, for example, we can compute the probability of the direct effect of the earthquake.

130
00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:25,900
So this is natural, and we cannot reduce the hazard.

131
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,839
This is the natural phenomenon, that is the earthquake.

132
00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:32,680
But we can reduce the vulnerability and exposure.

133
00:18:33,500 --> 00:18:39,039
The vulnerability is the tendency of the buildings to be damaged during an earthquake.

134
00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:43,220
And the exposure is how many buildings we have.

135
00:18:43,220 --> 00:18:51,400
So the combination of the hazard with the vulnerability and with the exposure will give us the risk.

136
00:18:51,400 --> 00:19:00,400
So the probability that we will have a certain damage to the environment and we can reduce the risk.

137
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:09,400
This is the seismic hazard map for Europe developed by an international project called SHARE.

138
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:17,400
Here you can see where in Europe we have the higher seismicity.

139
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:27,400
Istanbul is a zone with very high seismicity. You can see that Madrid is a zone of low seismicity, if you're safe.

140
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:44,400
But the exposure is very important. If an earthquake occurs in this environment here, there are no buildings, very few people live.

141
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:59,400
We will have very low risk. If land space occurs in a city, in a very populated city as this one, the effect of the earthquakes will be very, very strong.

142
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:13,400
And the other contribution is the vulnerability of the buildings. Here you have three types of buildings. There are many more, I just want to show you the slides.

143
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:21,400
These are reinforced concrete buildings, so they are stronger. These are un-reinforced

144
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:29,400
masonry. Normally, our house is of this type. At Medici, if you live in a flat, it can be

145
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:37,400
of reinforced concrete. And here you have timber. Timber is just wooden buildings. This

146
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:43,900
this is an example. Normally buildings are designed to withstand the gravity force, so

147
00:20:43,900 --> 00:20:54,099
they will resist to vertical forces. But earthquakes shake a building horizontally. So the problem

148
00:20:54,099 --> 00:21:00,779
is that the buildings are not many times designed to resist horizontal forces. So what we can

149
00:21:00,779 --> 00:21:08,019
do in the future is build something that is seismic resistant, in particular in an area

150
00:21:08,019 --> 00:21:16,240
where we have high seismicity. And we have to design the buildings very well. In this

151
00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:22,720
case, I want to show you a soft story building. Soft story means that it is a building where

152
00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:30,519
there is a story that is very soft. Here is an example. You cannot see anymore, but

153
00:21:30,519 --> 00:21:37,519
Below this there was another story that just collapsed after the earthquake.

154
00:21:37,519 --> 00:21:45,519
You can see here the bars and columns just broke during the earthquake.

155
00:21:45,519 --> 00:21:51,519
And here is another example. In this case the soft story was in the middle of the building

156
00:21:51,519 --> 00:21:57,519
and it was less rigid than the other stories and during the earthquake

157
00:21:57,519 --> 00:22:07,519
This building just, this story just collapsed, causing great damage to the air stability itself.

158
00:22:07,519 --> 00:22:16,519
So we have to build the building in a way that the air resists seismic forces.

159
00:22:16,519 --> 00:22:26,519
How we build air? We normally want the building to remain operational, frequent earthquakes.

160
00:22:26,519 --> 00:22:35,519
This means that the building doesn't have any damage during a frequent earthquake that can be a low magnitude earthquake.

161
00:22:35,519 --> 00:22:45,519
In occasional earthquakes the building should be built in such a way that it can be immediately occupied after the earthquake.

162
00:22:45,519 --> 00:22:54,519
So people go away from the building but after the earthquake they should be able to go inside again.

163
00:22:54,519 --> 00:23:03,519
In rare earthquakes, the buildings should be designed in such a way that we guarantee light safety.

164
00:23:03,519 --> 00:23:11,519
So maybe the buildings cannot be reoccupied after the earthquakes, but people are not killed during the earthquake.

165
00:23:11,519 --> 00:23:20,519
And for very rare earthquakes, so very large magnitude earthquakes, we should guarantee collapse prevention.

166
00:23:20,519 --> 00:23:25,519
and so the building should not collapse in any case.

167
00:23:30,039 --> 00:23:33,839
How can we prepare to face an earthquake?

168
00:23:34,859 --> 00:23:39,299
In particular, when we live in a zone of high seismicity

169
00:23:39,299 --> 00:23:43,200
like California, you can prepare before, during,

170
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,460
and after the earthquake.

171
00:23:45,460 --> 00:23:49,640
There is on the California website

172
00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:58,279
seven-step guide, for which they say that in step one, before the earthquake, you should

173
00:23:58,279 --> 00:24:04,980
secure your space. So, for example, at home, you should secure the shelves, the walls,

174
00:24:05,299 --> 00:24:13,380
you should move all the heavy objects, both up and down the shelves, in order to not fall

175
00:24:13,380 --> 00:24:23,380
We should do a plan to be safe, so just sit down with the family and say, okay, if an

176
00:24:23,380 --> 00:24:31,380
earthquake occurs, we should go away from the house and meet in a certain place altogether

177
00:24:31,380 --> 00:24:33,380
if we cannot communicate.

178
00:24:33,380 --> 00:24:36,380
We should organize a kit.

179
00:24:36,380 --> 00:24:51,640
In a box, we should put some cans with food, some money, money but not, for example, 100 euros, but small tickets like 20 euros.

180
00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:57,859
And we should minimize the risk of our house.

181
00:24:58,539 --> 00:25:00,640
And during the earthquake, what we should do?

182
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:07,920
We should go on our knees and cover our head and go behind and below a desk, for example.

183
00:25:08,519 --> 00:25:12,259
Please drop, cover and hold on during the shake.

184
00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:20,539
And after the earthquakes, we should just follow our plan to go where we decide to go

185
00:25:20,539 --> 00:25:25,559
to improve the safety and just see if somebody was injured during the earthquakes and then

186
00:25:25,559 --> 00:25:27,460
reconnect with our relatives.

187
00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:49,000
So this can seem very extreme, but I actually meet many families in California, but they have this, they have a kit with something, with cats, with tuna, or other food, with money, with crosses, and emergency kit, and so on.

188
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:56,299
Because if you live in a country where earthquakes can occur and will occur, you should prepare for that.

189
00:25:57,460 --> 00:26:07,460
So this is the main point during the incubate, just drop, cover and hold on after the shaking will pass.

190
00:26:07,460 --> 00:26:12,460
And this is the end of my presentation. Thank you.

191
00:26:46,049 --> 00:26:51,049
Okay, don't you have any questions?

192
00:26:51,049 --> 00:26:54,049
None of you?

193
00:26:54,049 --> 00:26:55,049
No.

194
00:26:55,049 --> 00:26:56,049
No worries.

195
00:26:56,049 --> 00:26:57,049
Okay.

196
00:26:57,049 --> 00:26:58,049
Manuela, .

197
00:26:58,049 --> 00:26:59,049
.

198
00:26:59,049 --> 00:27:00,049
.

199
00:27:00,049 --> 00:27:01,049
.

200
00:27:01,049 --> 00:27:02,049
.

201
00:27:02,049 --> 00:27:03,049
.

202
00:27:03,049 --> 00:27:04,049
.

203
00:27:04,049 --> 00:27:05,049
.

204
00:27:05,049 --> 00:27:06,049
.

205
00:27:06,049 --> 00:27:11,180
.

206
00:27:11,180 --> 00:27:12,180
.

207
00:27:12,180 --> 00:27:19,160
.

208
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:20,160
.

209
00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:21,160
.

210
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:22,160
.

211
00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:23,160
.

212
00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:25,380
Thank you for your conference.

213
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:26,079
Hola.

214
00:27:27,339 --> 00:27:27,740
How are you?

215
00:27:28,140 --> 00:27:29,299
I'm very well.

216
00:27:29,420 --> 00:27:31,640
In Spanish?

217
00:27:32,039 --> 00:27:32,319
Yes.

218
00:27:33,759 --> 00:27:37,619
I wanted to ask you how you became a seismologist.

219
00:27:37,799 --> 00:27:39,240
What did you do? What did you study?

220
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:41,319
Where are you now?

221
00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:42,740
Can you tell us a little bit about you?

222
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:45,640
Because we have heard you and what Alicia has told us.

223
00:27:45,859 --> 00:27:49,220
But well, so that we know a little bit about who you are, what you do.

224
00:27:49,220 --> 00:28:09,920
I am from the south of Italy, I studied in Milan, in the Polytechnic of Milan, and one of my subjects was Engineering Seismology, so Seismology applied to Engineering, and I liked it a lot.

225
00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:26,819
So I did a doctorate in seismology after the degree and I worked in research for a while, I worked in California, I worked in Italy and now I work in a company here in London.

226
00:28:26,819 --> 00:28:34,819
and what I normally do is what is here, seismic hazard.

227
00:28:34,819 --> 00:28:44,819
I mean, when someone wants to build an electric plant all over the world,

228
00:28:44,819 --> 00:28:50,819
not in the United Kingdom, which is not very seismic.

229
00:28:50,819 --> 00:28:59,819
So, the first thing you have to do, also in an area that is not very seismic, is a study of seismic peligrosity.

230
00:28:59,819 --> 00:29:14,819
So, what I have to do is study the faults that there are in a certain area, the maximum magnitude that there can be,

231
00:29:14,819 --> 00:29:19,819
y al final lo que tengo es algo como parecido a esto.

232
00:29:19,819 --> 00:29:27,819
Por un símbolo, una ciudad o un sitio, calculo la peligrosidad sísmica, esto es lo que hago.

233
00:29:27,819 --> 00:29:34,819
Luego normalmente los ingenieros estructuristas lo que hacen es construir los edificios

234
00:29:34,819 --> 00:29:39,819
teniendo en cuenta este nivel de peligrosidad.

235
00:29:41,819 --> 00:29:43,819
Eso es todo.

236
00:29:44,819 --> 00:29:44,880
Thank you.