1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:08,760 Hello class, today we have an important topic ahead of us because we are going to explain 2 00:00:08,760 --> 00:00:19,280 today what happened after the death of Napoleon. So let's start by looking Europe at this moment. 3 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:28,720 After the death of Napoleon or the death of Napoleon paved the way for a new period in 4 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:38,160 Europe. Paved the way means sentar las bases. There was a new start which was called the Bourbon 5 00:00:38,160 --> 00:00:49,200 Restoration because many many kings from the old regime came again into power. So the death of 6 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:58,000 Napoleon as I said before paved the way for a new period in Europe, one in which absolutism 7 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:07,280 again was restored. But do you think that it was possible in 1815 to return to the previous time? 8 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:17,120 Obviously not and for this reason as a consequence the forces of liberalism and nationalism which 9 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:26,480 came from the French Revolution were triumphant in the end. They succeeded in the end. So this is 10 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:39,680 the topic that we are going to analyze in this lesson. At this moment from 1814 to 1815 it took 11 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:48,480 place maybe the most important conference in the whole history of the 19th century. There were many 12 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:56,560 important conferences in history. For example the conference in Paris after the First World War. 13 00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:04,720 So one similar conference in the 19th century was the Vienna Conference that we are about to 14 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:13,440 explain. So who was the organizer of this conference, the Vienna Conference? The main 15 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:24,080 organizer was the Austrian Empire whose chancellor was Metternich. Metternich from the Austrian 16 00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:33,520 Empire was the main organizer and Metternich wanted to stop basically the liberal ideas, 17 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:40,720 the ideas from the French Revolution to establish again, to set up again absolutism. 18 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:52,960 And together with Austria they came to the Vienna Conference different countries, different forces 19 00:02:52,960 --> 00:03:03,520 which were also absolutists. Russia for example, the Russian Empire which sent Nassau Road, the 20 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:15,120 minister of foreign affairs, Nassau Road who was the minister of Alexander, the Tsar Alexander in 21 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:24,560 Russia. And also Handerberg was the representative of Prussia, another absolutist country. 22 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:36,000 Together with Austria, Russia and Prussia they came from Great Britain. For example 23 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:41,920 the minister of foreign affairs, Castlereagh who was the representative of Great Britain, 24 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:51,760 a liberal country. And also Metternich was having the minister of France, the minister of foreign 25 00:03:51,840 --> 00:04:01,200 affairs, Talleyrand. So despite the defeat of France, also France was having by Metternich 26 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:12,720 in the Vienna Conference. So the Vienna Conference was like a big party which took place in from 27 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:24,080 1814 to 1815. It was a great party because all these ministers and diplomats and politicians 28 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:34,640 in general, they spent one year talking in Vienna about the new absolutist order. So 29 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:41,600 imagine that your president spent almost one year in another country, in another city, 30 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:51,920 only talking about the new order that they were about to build. So the most important 31 00:04:51,920 --> 00:05:02,080 powers which had defeated Napoleon, such as the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, 32 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:08,640 Prussia and the Russian Empire, met in Vienna, in the conference in Vienna, 33 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:19,680 also with two important objectives or goals in mind. They wanted basically to restore 34 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:28,960 the old regime monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon. Remember that when Napoleon conquered 35 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:38,720 Italy, the Austrian Empire, Prussia and he tried to conquer Russia but finally he was not able to 36 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:49,200 do that. He basically removed from power all these old regime monarchs so as to develop liberalism 37 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:55,760 in those countries. So now in the conference of Vienna, in the Vienna Conference, the old 38 00:05:55,760 --> 00:06:06,800 regime monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon, they came again into power and the 39 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:15,760 best example was Louis XVIII in France because he was a Bourbon monarch. Remember that his family 40 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:25,760 lost the power in January in 1793 when Louis XVI was sent to the guillotine and now the Bourbons 41 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:35,280 came again into power and obviously Louis XVIII was an absolutist monarch. It was a good example 42 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:52,240 of what was happening in Vienna. Also, the other objective in mind was to reshape the European map 43 00:06:52,240 --> 00:07:03,680 to their advantage. I mean, the representatives of Vienna who were absolutists wanted to reshape 44 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:20,160 the European map to their advantage. They reshaped the European map to their advantage 45 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:29,280 and for this reason they carried out many important changes that I'm going to explain in a minute. 46 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:42,640 For example, France, as you know, Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and for this reason France 47 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:58,480 was forced to return to its borders in 1791. I mean, in the period prior to the National 48 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:09,920 Convention. So, despite France was conquering many, many territories by Napoleon, first in 49 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:15,360 Italy, then in Austria and finally in Prussia because he was not able to conquer Russia, 50 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:23,600 France lost all these territories and French people were forced to return their borders 51 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:34,320 to the year 1791. I mean, to the year prior to the National Convention, prior to the period of 52 00:08:34,320 --> 00:08:44,240 Robespierre. Another important change was in what is now Germany because the old Holy Roman Empire 53 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:53,360 ended, disappeared and it was created another state which was called the Yemen Confederation 54 00:08:53,920 --> 00:09:02,960 that was composed of, pay attention, 39 different states. But the most important states were 55 00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:11,920 Austria and Prussia and the most significant I would say that it was Prussia because Prussia 56 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:22,160 managed to conquer the area of the Ruhr which was an industrialized area. So, to sum up, France was 57 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:32,400 forced to return to the borders in 1791, the Holy Roman Empire disappeared and it was replaced by 58 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:44,320 the Yemen Confederation and also in Vienna, two important new countries emerged. The Netherlands 59 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:57,280 which was created to block the French border and also the Piedmont Kingdom 60 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:10,480 with Savoy and Nice because France lost Savoy, this area, and also Nice and the forces in Vienna 61 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:16,240 gave both territories to the Kingdom of Piedmont, the area of what is now Turin. 62 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:26,000 And the Piedmont was protected by the Austrian Empire because they were tiny 63 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:33,280 countries to fight against France and for this reason the Austrian Empire 64 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:43,600 protected the Piedmont and the Netherlands which was another tiny country was protected by the 65 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:52,080 Yemen Confederation. So, there were many many changes as you might see here in the map. France 66 00:10:52,080 --> 00:11:01,520 was forced to return to its borders in 1791. It was created the Yemen Confederation, a powerful 67 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:11,280 state which was composed of Prussia and Austria and also two tiny countries were created to block 68 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:18,480 the French border, first the Netherlands and secondly the Piedmont. The Piedmont was 69 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:24,080 protected by the Austrian Empire and the Netherlands was protected by Prussia. 70 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:38,240 Also in Vienna, they agreed to hold congresses to resolve to sort out the problems in Europe and 71 00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:47,200 one good example was the situation in Poland. As I said before, in Vienna they agreed to hold 72 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:56,880 congresses to sort out to resolve the disputes in Europe and one of the better, one of the, 73 00:11:57,840 --> 00:12:05,840 sorry, one of the best examples was Poland. What happened, what was happening in Poland? Poland 74 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:13,920 Poland disappeared basically after the Vienna Conference. Why? Because many many 75 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:22,320 empires wanted to take over Poland so the whole country disappeared in the conference in Vienna 76 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:31,840 and they emerged again after the First World War. So, the country of Poland disappeared from 1815 77 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:39,840 to 1919 basically after the conference in Paris, after the First World War. 78 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:51,040 What was happening in Vienna? In Vienna related to Poland. Poland was a tiny country and 79 00:12:52,480 --> 00:13:01,120 poor Polish people because they were divided into different areas because different empires 80 00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:08,080 wanted to take over Poland. So, the Russian Empire, for example, created the Kingdom of Poland 81 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:17,200 in the area of Warsaw, back Soviet. Also, the Prussians conquered western Poland, what is now 82 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:28,480 Silesia and the area of Danzig and in the south we might see the area of Krakow that belonged to the 83 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:39,360 Austrian Empire. So, in Vienna all these countries, the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire and the 84 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:49,280 Prussian Empire agreed to divide Poland into three different states which belong to different 85 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:57,280 empires and as a consequence of that Poland disappeared. Another good example was Spain. 86 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:07,440 What was happening in Spain at that moment? In Vienna, all these absolutist countries such as 87 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:19,520 Russia, Austria and also Russia, they were authorized to intervene in case of a liberal 88 00:14:19,520 --> 00:14:28,160 revolution. Basically, to implement again absolutism in one particular country and this 89 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:35,680 is what was happening in Spain. In Spain, after the War of Independence, 90 00:14:37,920 --> 00:14:47,040 Ferdinand VII, Fernando VII came into power. We were talking about 1814 and Ferdinand VII 91 00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:55,680 was an absolutist country so he implemented again, he set up again absolutism in Spain. 92 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:05,360 But during the Peninsular War, during the War of Independence, there was a liberal 93 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:15,120 revolution in Spain. So, while the liberal revolution was spreading in Spain due to the 94 00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:26,000 Cortes of Cádiz, due to the new constitution in Cádiz from 1812 onwards, due to the liberal 95 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:33,840 revolution in Spain, many countries in South America were following the example of the 96 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:41,280 liberal revolution in Spain due to the constitution of Cádiz in 1812 and also they were following the 97 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:51,280 example of the United States. Many Spanish colonies in South America wanted to implement 98 00:15:52,880 --> 00:16:05,680 another liberal revolution. In 1814, Fernando VII, Ferdinand VII, was not able to send troops 99 00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:14,400 to stop the liberal revolution in South America which began in Argentina and then in Chile. 100 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:27,920 But in 1812, Ferdinand VII was ready to send troops to stop the liberal revolution in South 101 00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:36,320 America. So, I'm going to repeat it again. In 1814, Ferdinand VII began absolutism in Spain and at 102 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:42,800 that moment he was not able to send troops to stop the liberal revolution in South America 103 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:54,880 but he was completely ready in 1812. Actually, he gathered an army in order to send this army 104 00:16:54,880 --> 00:17:03,040 from here, from Cádiz, from Las Cabezas de San Juan to South America. One of the main leaders of this 105 00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:13,440 army was Rafael de Riego but he was liberal and he didn't want to travel to South America 106 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:22,800 to impose absolutism again in South America. He was liberal and for this reason he convinced 107 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:33,600 the absolutist army from the king in Cabezas de San Juan to fight not against 108 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:44,480 liberalism in South America. He convinced the army from the king to impose liberalism in Spain. 109 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:54,400 Remember that Ferdinand VII's regime was absolutist and Rafael de Riego convinced the 110 00:17:55,200 --> 00:18:06,240 king's army to fight against the king and to impose liberalism in Spain. Rafael de Riego 111 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:15,360 succeeded. He fought against the king and he imposed liberalism in Spain for three years but 112 00:18:15,360 --> 00:18:26,320 remember that the forces in Vienna were absolutists and they had the right, they 113 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:32,720 got the right in the Vienna conference to intervene in case of a liberal revolution. 114 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,920 So, as a consequence of that, the Vienna conference 115 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:49,120 held a meeting in the city of Verona in Italy and from there they sent an army 116 00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:58,480 which came from here, from France to impose absolutism again in Spain. So this is the moment 117 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:10,960 in 1822 when basically the 100,000 sons of Saint Louis, because the vast majority of them 118 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:20,960 came from France, France together with the absolutist countries sent an army to Spain 119 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:31,040 to impose absolutism again. They succeeded, they imposed absolutism again in 1823 120 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:38,960 and you might see here on the screen the consequences for Rafael de Riego. 121 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:48,080 He was hung very close from Cervantes secondary school in Plaza de la Cebada in La Latina. 122 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:56,800 This is the end of Rafael de Riego. He was a revolutionary but due to his ideas he died. He was 123 00:19:56,800 --> 00:20:08,560 hung for the Vienna forces at this moment in history. So, also we need to explain that due 124 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:19,760 to the Vienna conference two alliances were created to impose the absolutist order. So, 125 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:27,200 in order to guarantee the absolutist regime, pay attention to this expression, 126 00:20:27,920 --> 00:20:35,520 con el fin de garantizar el orden absolutista. In order to guarantee the absolutist order, 127 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:44,400 two different alliances were created. The first one was the Holy Alliance which was composed of 128 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:52,640 Austria, Prussia and Russia to impose again absolutism and the catholic religion in Europe 129 00:20:53,200 --> 00:21:02,320 because they were absolutists and also the quadruple alliance because Great Britain was 130 00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:10,240 not part of the Holy Alliance. They didn't want to join the Holy Alliance because they were liberals 131 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:19,600 and the rest were absolutists but Great Britain agreed to form, to join with them the quadruple 132 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:26,480 alliance. The quadruple alliance was composed of Austria, Prussia and Russia together with 133 00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:36,000 Great Britain and it had another goal in mind. They wanted to set up, they wanted to maintain 134 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:45,760 the status quo in Europe. So, this alliance had three different goals in mind. First, to maintain 135 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:55,120 the peace in Europe. Secondly, to set up the balance of power in Europe basically to prevent 136 00:21:55,120 --> 00:22:04,000 any country from dominating the rest and also Great Britain together with the rest, Austria, 137 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:13,040 Prussia and Russia. In reality, Russia was part of the quadruple alliance but Great Britain was 138 00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:23,040 really afraid of Russia and the British wanted to isolate Russia because they became really 139 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:31,440 important at that moment in history. So, we have finished here. Remember that the Vienna 140 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:38,560 Conference was really important in history because they re-established again absolutism in 141 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:47,680 Europe for a short period of time. Different absolutist monarchs came again into power. 142 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:58,320 They wanted to sort out different problems in Europe. For example, in Poland they wanted to 143 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:07,760 prevent also liberal revolutions such as in Spain and in other countries that we will see 144 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:15,440 in the following lessons. Two important alliances were created to maintain absolutism. 145 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:22,480 The Holy Alliance and also the quadruple alliance to maintain the balance of power. 146 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:33,360 To maintain the status quo in Europe and in this new balance of power Great Britain will 147 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:46,000 dominate the Atlantic Ocean and also he would control Europe and its main threat that happened 148 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:55,120 after Napoleon which was the Russian Empire. So, on the following lessons, don't skip the 149 00:23:55,120 --> 00:24:03,600 following lessons because we will explain how the liberals, how the common people in Europe 150 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:13,120 wanted to stop absolutism again and the order established in Vienna. So, as a consequence of 151 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:21,760 that we will see the revolutions in the 20s, 30s and in the 40s which finally put an end to 152 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:26,880 absolutism in Europe. Thank you for your attention and bye-bye!