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Good Stress - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 28 de mayo de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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NASA Connect video containing five segments as described in the following. First segment of Good Stress explains the three types of stress: physical, mental and emotional. The first segment next asks students a series of inquiry based question about data. The first segment continues with an explanation of how data is collected, organized, analyzed and why data analysis is important. The Good Stress segment explains what scatter plots are and how graphing these plots show different trends. The first segment contains an activity that asks students to determine the trend in a scatter plot. Second segment of Good Stress explains the types of muscles in the body, why astronauts' muscles weaken in space and some ways of taking care of your muscles. The Muscles segment describes the difference between skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. The Muscles segment also explains the rehabilitation of astronauts returning from space. Third segment contains a program hands on activity that explores the effect of stress on muscles in the hand. The program hands on activity reviews scatterplots, box and whisker plots and stem and leaf plots. Fourth segment of Good Stress reviews what we have learned up to this point in the program. Fifth segment of Good Stress describes the different types of bones in the body and explains the purpose of the skeletal system. The Bones segment describes what bones are made out of and how bones interact with muscles in the body. The Bones segment discusses what people should do to maintain healthy bones. The fifth segment ends with a discussion of how much bone loss astronauts can expect when they spend time in space.

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Hi, I'm Lisa Leslie, pro basketball player for the Los Angeles Sparks. 00:00:00
Though I'm very talented athletically, I'm even more talented academically. 00:00:24
I'm here because, like you, I believe in the value of education, its capabilities to enlighten 00:00:29
and enrich, and if we believe strong enough, to transform our lives. 00:00:35
While playing pro basketball, I earned my graduate degree in business administration. 00:00:42
Please don't sell yourself short by not performing well in school. 00:00:47
The key to life is getting a good education, and it starts when you're young. 00:00:51
On this episode of NASA Connect, you'll learn all about building better muscles and bones. 00:00:55
And just like education, the key to building better muscles and bones also starts when 00:01:00
you are young. 00:01:05
So stay tuned as host Jennifer Pulley takes you on another exciting episode of NASA Connect. 00:01:06
Stress, building better muscles and bones. 00:01:12
Hi, I'm Jennifer Pulley, and welcome to NASA Connect, the show that connects you to math, 00:01:43
science, technology, and NASA. 00:01:52
I don't know how you deal with stress after a long day at school, but for me, after work, 00:01:57
I hit the gym. 00:02:02
You know, stress can be caused by many things, such as being overworked, mentally tired, 00:02:04
or just overwhelmed by our daily lives. 00:02:10
In fact, how many of you get stressed out over an important test? 00:02:13
I get stressed when I don't have enough time in the day to complete all my work. 00:02:18
Does that mean that stress is a bad thing? 00:02:23
While too much stress can be damaging to the body, too little of some kinds of stress can also be harmful. 00:02:26
Let's look at three types of stress. 00:02:32
The first is called physical stress. 00:02:35
Activities like walking and carrying textbooks are physical stresses. 00:02:38
The second stress, called mental stress, involves activities like doing math problems or taking quizzes. 00:02:43
The third type of stress is called emotional stress. 00:02:51
It can be either good or bad, like winning science student of the year or receiving a bad grade on a test. 00:02:54
Many bodies, including muscles and bones, require some physical and mental stress or good stress to be healthy and grow. 00:03:02
In today's program, we will focus on good stress and how to build better muscles and bones. 00:03:11
We will also learn how NASA researchers collect and analyze data to better understand how our muscles and bones are constantly changing, 00:03:17
especially in a microgravity environment. 00:03:26
That's RJ. He's a friend of mine who's an up-and-coming cross-country star. 00:03:29
He had an injury a few months ago, but I think his injury and today's program have a lot in common. 00:03:33
RJ, what's up? 00:03:39
Hey, Jen. I tore a muscle in my leg and I've been immobilized for a few months. 00:03:40
I'm trying to get my leg strength back to where it was before the injury. 00:03:44
Well, you know, it looks like you were doing some rehabilitation. How's that going? 00:03:47
I'm really struggling. In fact, I've been struggling for the past two weeks. 00:03:50
I'm keeping a log of my workouts. I can't figure out if my rehab's on target. 00:03:54
You mean you're having trouble analyzing your data? 00:03:58
I think so. 00:04:01
Well, I think I can help you and your leg out. You know, data analysis is the math focus today. 00:04:02
So you mean my leg is going to be the focus of this program? 00:04:09
I guess you could look at it that way, RJ. To better understand your leg injury, yes, you do need to understand data analysis. 00:04:13
Now, before we help RJ out, there are a few things that you need to know. 00:04:19
During the course of this program, you will be asked to answer several inquiry-based questions. 00:04:24
After the questions appear on the screen, your teacher will pause the program to allow you time to answer and discuss the questions. 00:04:29
This is your time to explore and become critical thinkers. 00:04:37
Students working in groups take a few minutes to answer the following questions. 00:04:41
Number one, what is data? List some examples of data. 00:04:46
Number two, where do data come from? 00:04:53
Number three, why do data need to be interpreted? 00:04:57
Compare your answers to all three questions with other groups in your class. 00:05:02
It is now time to pause the program. 00:05:07
So, did you come up with some good answers? Good job. 00:05:09
Data are the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. 00:05:14
You might collect data on the number of boys and girls in your math class, the types of animals in a local zoo, or the average monthly temperatures where you live. 00:05:20
Besides collecting your own data, you might be able to find data already collected in journals, newspapers, almanacs, or even the Internet. 00:05:30
Once you collect the data you need, then you must interpret or analyze that data. 00:05:40
At NASA, researchers are constantly on the lookout for patterns that can help them understand how things work. 00:05:46
By analyzing data, they can describe relationships between and among numbers and the scientific principles they are investigating. 00:05:53
Before you analyze the data, it's very helpful to arrange the results in an organized way, such as a chart. 00:06:02
Graphing your results will help you visualize your findings. 00:06:10
By organizing and visualizing the data, you can look for patterns and trends. 00:06:14
For example, let's take a look at RJ's data. RJ, what do you have for us? 00:06:20
Well, the display shows the amount of weight my right leg can lift by doing a set of ten repetitions on a leg extension machine. 00:06:24
The data was taken over a four-month period. 00:06:30
So, it looks like your data are organized by time and weight, you know? 00:06:33
A scatter plot would be an awesome graph to use to help you analyze this data. 00:06:38
A scatter plot? 00:06:43
Yes, a scatter plot is a graph that shows the relationship between two variables, like time and weight. 00:06:44
Scatter plots let you visually determine whether the trend in your data is positive, negative, or none at all. 00:06:50
In your case, the two variables are time and weight. 00:07:00
To make a scatter plot, we plot these two variables as ordered pairs. 00:07:05
Here's what the scatter plot looks like. 00:07:11
The x-axis is the time, and the y-axis is the amount of weight. 00:07:13
And don't forget, you always need a title for your plot. 00:07:20
Can you determine a trend or relationship in the scatter plot? 00:07:25
In other words, does the data show a positive trend, negative trend, or no trend at all? 00:07:29
This would be a great time to pause the program and discuss the relationship with your fellow students and teachers. 00:07:37
It's now time to pause the program. 00:07:44
Well, RJ, what can you determine from the plot? 00:07:46
I noticed that my leg strength increased between March and May. 00:07:49
But over the last month, my leg strength has remained constant. 00:07:52
You know, RJ, you're right. You did have a positive trend for a couple of months. 00:07:56
But I wonder why you leveled off. 00:08:00
You know, I know someone at NASA who is the lead astronaut strength, conditioning, and rehabilitation specialist. 00:08:02
Her name is Beth Shepard, and I bet she could help you out with your rehab program. 00:08:08
Here's her contact information. Give her a buzz. 00:08:12
Thanks, Jennifer, for all your help, especially learning how to analyze data. I'll talk to you later. 00:08:15
Let's see what he can learn from Beth Shepard about muscles, bones, and rehabilitation. 00:08:20
Hi, RJ. Welcome to NASA Johnson Space Center. 00:08:28
Thanks, Mrs. Shepard. 00:08:31
Please, call me back. 00:08:32
Okay. Beth. 00:08:33
Jennifer called to tell me you were having some problems with your rehab. 00:08:35
I sure am. She thought maybe you could help. 00:08:38
Jennifer told me that you're the lead astronaut strength, conditioning, rehabilitation specialist. 00:08:41
That's right. My job is to physically prepare astronauts for long-duration space missions 00:08:45
through cardiovascular exercise, muscle strength and endurance weight training, 00:08:50
as well as balance, coordination, and agility drills. 00:08:54
Well, it looks like I've come to the right place. 00:08:57
Did you bring your data? 00:08:59
It's all right here in my phone. 00:09:01
What does this graph represent? 00:09:03
The scatter plot represents the amount of weight my right leg can lift 00:09:05
when doing a set of ten repetitions on a leg extension machine. 00:09:09
The data was taken over a four-month period. 00:09:12
I need some help figuring out why I leveled off during the past month. 00:09:15
What kind of muscle tear did you have? 00:09:18
I remember my doctor telling me it was some kind of skeletal muscle. 00:09:20
I never heard the term skeletal muscle before. 00:09:24
Let me give you a crash course on the basics of muscles. 00:09:27
Okay. 00:09:29
This would be a great time to pause the program to answer and discuss the following questions. 00:09:31
What are some types of muscles in your body? 00:09:36
Why do astronauts' muscles weaken while working in space? 00:09:39
What are some ways to take care of your muscles? 00:09:43
It is now time to pause the program. 00:09:46
Your body has three different types of muscle tissue. 00:09:49
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. 00:09:52
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. 00:09:55
These muscles provide the force that moves your bones. 00:09:58
They are also classified as voluntary muscles, meaning you have control over them. 00:10:01
Smooth muscles can be found inside of many internal organs of the body, 00:10:06
such as the walls of the stomach and blood vessels. 00:10:09
They are classified as involuntary muscles, meaning they are not under your conscious control. 00:10:12
The last type of muscle, cardiac muscle, is found only in the heart. 00:10:17
It has characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscles. 00:10:21
I didn't realize there are different types of muscles in my body. 00:10:24
Well, I definitely know now that I tore a skeletal muscle in my right leg. 00:10:27
I have control over it. 00:10:30
Okay, let's get back to your problem. 00:10:32
Now, you've been doing the same leg extension exercise throughout the entire rehab, right? 00:10:35
Yes, I have. It's my favorite leg exercise. 00:10:39
In order to stimulate growth and recovery, you need to change your workout every four to six weeks. 00:10:42
If you do the same workout program over a long period of time, your body reaches a plateau. 00:10:47
And in your case, you reached a plateau a few weeks ago. 00:10:51
Gee, I better change my workout plan. 00:10:54
Practice for the cross-country team starts in a few weeks, and I want to make it to the state finals. 00:10:57
What do you suggest? 00:11:02
Well, RJ, I would suggest adding some variety to your exercise program, 00:11:04
such as bicycling, swimming, rollerblading, and resistive training with your own body weight. 00:11:07
That sounds pretty cool. 00:11:12
So, Beth, what kind of rehab program do astronauts go through? 00:11:14
That's a great question, RJ. 00:11:17
When astronauts return from long-duration space flights, their muscles and bones are weaker. 00:11:19
For example, astronauts in space routinely use their arms to move around, 00:11:23
but they don't use their leg muscles to resist gravity. 00:11:27
The lack of muscle force can cause muscles to weaken or reduce in size. 00:11:30
The main focus of my job is to prevent muscle and bone loss, 00:11:34
starting with pre-flight and in-flight exercise programs. 00:11:37
But because we haven't figured out how to completely prevent muscle and bone loss, 00:11:40
the focus of the post-flight rehabilitation program is to return the astronauts' muscle and bone 00:11:44
to their pre-flight baseline. 00:11:48
My team develops exercise programs that include cardiovascular conditioning, 00:11:50
muscle strength and endurance, flexibility and agility drills. 00:11:54
Each astronaut has an individualized program 00:11:58
because the amount of muscle and bone loss differs for each astronaut. 00:12:00
That's really cool. That sounds a lot like what I'm going through right now. 00:12:03
It is very similar to your rehabilitation program. 00:12:07
In fact, one of our astronauts, Leland Melvin, is doing a little rehab of his own. 00:12:09
Hi, Mr. Melvin. 00:12:14
Hey, RJ. How are you doing? 00:12:15
Are you doing your leg as well? 00:12:17
I sure am. I re-aggravated my hamstring muscle while playing pro football. 00:12:18
Wow. Pro football player. 00:12:22
How did you go from being a football player to being an astronaut? 00:12:24
I injured my hamstring muscle while in training camp with the Detroit Lions, 00:12:27
but it never fully recovered. 00:12:30
In addition to working hard at sports, I did well academically in school. 00:12:32
Too many young athletes today don't realize that sports can only take you so far in life. 00:12:37
Our cross-country coach emphasizes that all the time. 00:12:42
It's good grades in school that make me excel in life. 00:12:44
Sounds like you have a great coach. 00:12:47
So does your rehab program require mainly stretching? 00:12:49
That's only one component. 00:12:52
Exercise or good stress is important for maintaining both muscular strength and flexibility and for recovery. 00:12:54
When you stretch and warm up thoroughly, your muscles become more flexible. 00:13:00
This helps prepare our muscles for the work involved in exercising and playing sports. 00:13:04
Also, warming up the muscles can prevent injuries. 00:13:09
Like with your hamstring? 00:13:13
Exactly, RJ. 00:13:14
If you overwork or overstress your muscles, you can strain and pull them, and that's a form of bad stress. 00:13:16
Now, I pull my hamstring really bad, and that was some serious pain. 00:13:21
Don't let it happen to you. 00:13:24
And if you pull a muscle, you need to let it rest until the muscle heals. 00:13:26
Sure did learn a lot about muscles today. 00:13:29
Thank you so much for your help. 00:13:31
Oh, and by the way, you mentioned that your job deals with muscle loss and bone loss. 00:13:33
Do you know any good bone specialists I can talk to? 00:13:37
That's right. You said you were immobilized for some time. 00:13:39
Why don't you go and see Dr. Saunier here at NASA, and she can tell you all about bones. 00:13:41
Thank you again, and have a great day. 00:13:46
Mr. Melvin, you better take care of that hamstring muscle. 00:13:48
Thanks, RJ. Take care. 00:13:50
Before RJ speaks with Dr. Saunier, I think it's time for you to strengthen your muscles and increase your muscle stamina. 00:13:55
The students at Oxon Hill Middle School will preview this program's hands-on activity, entitled Good Stress. 00:14:03
Hi. NASA Connect asked us to show you this program's hands-on activity. 00:14:10
In this activity, you will be exploring the effects of stress on the muscles in your hands. 00:14:14
And you will gain experience collecting, analyzing, and visually representing data. 00:14:20
You can download a copy of the Educator's Guide from the NASA Connect website. 00:14:27
Before you begin the activity, it's a good idea to review how to make and interpret three types of plots. 00:14:32
Scatter plots, box and whisker plots, and stem and leaf plots. 00:14:39
Do you remember what a scatter plot is? 00:14:46
A scatter plot is a graph that displays two variables as ordered pairs. 00:14:49
You can use a scatter plot to determine how one variable relates to another. 00:14:55
A box and whisker plot is a graph that summarizes a data set along a number line. 00:15:00
There is a box in the middle and whiskers at either side. 00:15:07
The least value of the data set determines the left whisker. 00:15:12
The greatest value of the data set determines the right whisker. 00:15:17
You form the box using quartiles. 00:15:22
Quartiles divide the data into four equal parts. 00:15:25
Box and whisker plots are useful with very large data sets or for making comparisons between data sets. 00:15:29
A stem and leaf plot is a graph that uses the digits of each number to show the shape of the data. 00:15:37
Each data value is broken into a stem, digit or digits on the left, and a leaf, digit or digits on the right. 00:15:44
A key is needed to explain what your stems and leaves represent. 00:15:55
A stem and leaf plot can quickly show the distribution of a data set and retains each data value. 00:16:00
Your teacher can show you example problems using different plots. 00:16:07
Now, are you ready to put your math skills to the test? Good. 00:16:11
Now back to the activity. 00:16:15
Working in groups of two, predict the number of times you will be able to click a clothespin between your thumb and index finger in your non-dominant hand for a one-minute period. 00:16:17
Record your prediction. 00:16:29
Hold the clothespin in your non-dominant hand between your thumb and index finger. 00:16:31
While your partner is watching the timer, count the number of times you are able to click the clothespin in a one-minute period. 00:16:37
Record the result. 00:16:44
Rest for one minute, then predict again and repeat clicking the clothespin in a one-minute period. 00:16:46
You need to complete three trials. 00:16:53
Be sure to hold the clothespin the same way during every time trial. 00:16:56
Now, switch roles with your partner and have him or her conduct the exact same experiment and record the results. 00:17:01
Each group will need to repeat the experiment every other day for two weeks. 00:17:09
Record your predictions and results. 00:17:15
This is the conditioning period. 00:17:17
The stress induced by the clothespin on the muscles of the hand will cause the muscles to become stronger and gain stamina. 00:17:20
Make sure you record all your data in a clear and organized way. 00:17:28
This will help you to answer all the discussion questions and to produce visual representations of the data. 00:17:33
And don't forget to check out the web activity for this program. 00:17:40
It can be downloaded from the NASA Connect website. 00:17:43
Great job, you guys. 00:17:50
Talk about working your muscles. 00:17:53
Well, now that you have a preview of this program's hands-on activity, 00:17:55
it's time to pause the program to see if you can increase your muscle strength and stamina. 00:17:59
So, how was the activity? 00:18:06
You'd probably be happy not to see another clothespin for a while, huh? 00:18:08
Hopefully it reinforced the math concepts that you learned earlier in today's program. 00:18:12
Now let's review. 00:18:16
First, we introduced to you different kinds of stress and how physical stress can actually be good stress. 00:18:17
Next, you learned about the math concept of data analysis and how graphing is a powerful way to visualize data. 00:18:25
Finally, Beth Shepard and Leland Melvin helped RJ and you learn about taking care of your muscles. 00:18:33
Let's turn our attention to bones now and see what we can learn about our body's skeletal system. 00:18:41
Let's catch up with RJ and Dr. Sagnier. 00:18:47
Dr. Sagnier? 00:19:02
Hi, RJ. Come on in. Take a seat. 00:19:04
I understand you want to learn more about bones, their structure and function. 00:19:10
I sure do. I want to be the best cross-country runner in my state. 00:19:15
And knowing more about my body might actually be an advantage. 00:19:19
And after meeting Leland Melvin, I want to learn more about astronauts and how their bones can be affected by space flight. 00:19:22
Sure. I'd love to discuss your body's skeletal system with you. 00:19:27
Students, working in groups, take a few minutes to answer the following questions. 00:19:31
What does the skeletal system do? 00:19:37
It may be helpful to sketch a picture. 00:19:40
List some types of bones in your body and explain their function. 00:19:44
What are some ways to keep your bones healthy? 00:19:50
How are the skeletal and muscular systems related? 00:19:55
It's now time to pause the program. 00:20:01
Without the skeletal system, your body would collapse. 00:20:04
Your skeleton has many functions. 00:20:09
It provides shape and support. 00:20:12
Protects your internal organs like your brain, heart and lungs. 00:20:15
Enables you to move. 00:20:20
Produces red blood cells. 00:20:22
And stores important minerals until your body needs them. 00:20:24
You have about 206 bones in your body. 00:20:28
For example, your arm consists of the humerus, radius and ulna. 00:20:32
Your leg consists of the femur, patella, tibia and fibula. 00:20:39
All your bones are connected to the vertical column or backbone in some way. 00:20:46
I mentioned earlier that the skeletal system enables you to move. 00:20:52
Most of the body's bones are associated with muscles. 00:20:57
The muscles pull on the bones to make the body move. 00:21:01
So the muscles and bones in our bodies work as a system? 00:21:05
That's a great observation, RJ. 00:21:08
That's why we can't just learn about muscles without understanding about bones and vice versa. 00:21:11
Bones also store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. 00:21:17
These minerals make the bones strong and hard. 00:21:22
They're packed tightly together. 00:21:26
In fact, bones are so strong that they can absorb more force without breaking than concrete or granite rock. 00:21:28
And bones are much, much lighter. 00:21:38
Is there anything else in bones besides calcium and phosphorus? 00:21:41
Yes. Bones also contain living cells and tissues such as blood and nerves. 00:21:45
As you grow, new bone tissue is produced. 00:21:51
Even after you are grown, your bones continue to form new bone tissue. 00:21:55
So what does the inside of a bone look like? 00:22:00
Well, for example, let's look at a femur or thigh bone. 00:22:03
The femur, which is the longest bone, connects the pelvic bones to the lower leg bones. 00:22:10
Notice the thin, tough membrane that covers all of the bone except the ends. 00:22:17
Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. 00:22:24
Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense. 00:22:30
Just inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone. 00:22:37
Spongy bone is found in the backbone and at the ends of the bones. 00:22:42
Like a sponge, spongy bone has many small spaces within it. 00:22:48
This structure makes spongy bone lightweight but strong. 00:22:54
The spaces in bone contain a soft connective tissue called marrow. 00:22:59
Because my leg was immobilized for a period of time, does that mean that the bones in my leg were affected? 00:23:05
Sure your bones were affected, not in terms of size, but in terms of bone density. 00:23:10
So R.J., do you have any idea how to keep your bones healthy? 00:23:16
Well, I believe good nutrition and exercise is the key to strong and healthy bones. 00:23:20
Way to go, R.J. You're pretty good. 00:23:25
I learned about good nutrition and exercise from the NASA Connect program. 00:23:28
Better health from space to earth. 00:23:32
Go to the NASA Connect website to learn more. 00:23:34
You know, R.J., a well-balanced diet contains enough calcium and phosphorus to keep your bones strong while they're still growing. 00:23:37
Wheats, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables are all excellent sources of both minerals. 00:23:45
Dairy products, including milk, are excellent sources of calcium. 00:23:52
Exercise is also important to help bones become stronger and denser. 00:23:57
But you don't have a problem with that because you work out all the time. 00:24:03
I also learned that it's important to develop good nutrition and exercise habits when you're young. 00:24:07
That's true. It's very important because your body's bones are still growing. 00:24:11
Beth Shepard told me earlier that astronauts' bones become weaker and smaller after they return from space. 00:24:16
How much do they lose? 00:24:22
Well, it depends on a number of factors, such as spaceflight duration, amount of exercise in space, nutrition, and body chemistry. 00:24:24
Most of the bone loss occurs in the lower portion of the body, primarily from weight-bearing bones. 00:24:36
One study we conducted on astronauts on the ISS showed that the mean, or average, bone mineral loss in the hip portion of the femur, or spongy bone, ranged from 1 to 2.5 percent per month. 00:24:43
About 1.35 percent per month in the pelvic region, and 1 percent per month in the lower back, or lumbar region. 00:24:59
That's really interesting. So what happens when astronauts go to Mars and beyond? 00:25:10
If an astronaut loses about 1 percent of their bone mineral in the lower back per month, then that means that he or she will lose roughly 12 percent over a year. 00:25:15
Since the current missions haven't lasted that long, we don't actually know. But it is likely. 00:25:25
And therefore, we need to conduct more research to know for certain. 00:25:31
You know, the more we can learn about how our bodies function in space, the closer we get to developing countermeasures that will significantly reduce the effects of bone loss and muscle loss while in space. 00:25:35
Space research is important because it helps us to understand how our bodies function here on Earth. 00:25:49
It is another tool to help us combat diseases, such as the bone disease osteoporosis. 00:25:56
Thanks, Dr. Sonia. If you ever need assistance with your research, just call me. 00:26:03
I'll do that, R.J., and good luck with your training. 00:26:07
Okay, take it easy. 00:26:11
I think we'll be hearing more from R.J. in the years to come. And hopefully, we'll be hearing more from you. 00:26:15
Don't forget to check out this program's student challenge, which can be found on the NASA Connect website. 00:26:22
Well, guys, that wraps up another episode of NASA Connect. We'd like to thank everyone who helped make this program possible. 00:26:28
Got a comment, question, or suggestion? Well, then email them to connect at larc.nasa.gov. 00:26:35
So until next time, stay connected to math, science, technology, and NASA. 00:26:42
And remember, the good stress in life. See you then. 00:26:48
See you then. 00:26:51
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:27:21
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:27:51
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:28:21
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Idioma/s:
en
Materias:
Matemáticas
Niveles educativos:
▼ Mostrar / ocultar niveles
      • Nivel Intermedio
Autor/es:
NASA LaRC Office of Education
Subido por:
EducaMadrid
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
537
Fecha:
28 de mayo de 2007 - 16:54
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
NASAs center for distance learning
Duración:
28′ 30″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
480x360 píxeles
Tamaño:
170.73 MBytes

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