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Reporteros de la Historia. Egipto - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 1 de mayo de 2023 por María I.

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Vídeo de dibujos sobre el antiguo Egipto.

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This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to anyone, living or dead, is coincidental and unintentional. 00:00:00
When we name Egypt, three images come to mind. 00:00:30
The pyramids, the desert, and that long and imposing river called the Nile. 00:00:35
Do you know it? 00:00:42
But let's start by talking about that immense sea of sand known as the Sahara Desert. 00:00:44
This place in the north of Africa didn't invite anyone to settle there. 00:00:49
However, thousands of years ago, a climate change brought abundant rains to the heart of Africa. 00:00:54
Little by little, a water flow began to grow and grow. 00:01:00
These waters formed the longest river in the world, the Nile. 00:01:05
From then on, many populations wanted to settle near this river. 00:01:10
And it is that in times of rain, the Nile grows so much that everything around it is covered with sand. 00:01:15
But when these waters are removed, they leave an ideal land for agriculture, because it is full of lime. 00:01:21
And lime is one of the best fertilizers that exist. 00:01:27
For the next thousands of years, many nomadic populations began to build their homes around the Nile. 00:01:32
This is how Ancient Egypt was born. 00:01:39
A land inhabited by men and women who quickly learned how to sow, 00:01:42
and collect food in abundance, without the need to move from one place to another. 00:01:47
They also learned to domesticate many animals. 00:01:52
Mommy, do we have to go back? 00:01:56
No, dear, it won't be necessary anymore. 00:01:58
The Egyptians needed a lot of ingenuity to take advantage of the growth of the Nile for their own benefit. 00:02:00
For that, they invented a irrigation system in which the whole community had to participate. 00:02:06
This is how trades like that of the agrimensor emerged. 00:02:11
Something similar to modern engineers. 00:02:14
The agrimensors measured the land and planned how to make the irrigation channels, and many other things. 00:02:17
They were the first to apply arithmetic and geometry calculations to build large works. 00:02:23
The Nile brought the Egyptians another impressive benefit. 00:02:30
Trade. 00:02:34
In its waters, it was very easy to navigate. 00:02:36
So anyone who had a ship on hand could go from top to bottom. 00:02:38
The river became a great highway through which the people who were on its banks traded with each other. 00:02:43
This brought great wealth to the Egyptians. 00:02:50
And this is how this great civilization began to develop. 00:02:53
All thanks to this great river. 00:02:57
Three thousand years of history. 00:03:01
Thousands of years ago, thanks to the development of trade and agriculture, 00:03:05
some villages that were on the banks of the Nile became very rich and powerful. 00:03:09
This is how important cities began to emerge along the river. 00:03:14
Almost three thousand years before Christ, 00:03:18
the Nile was the largest river in the world. 00:03:21
This is how important cities began to emerge along the river. 00:03:24
Almost three thousand years before Christ, 00:03:27
King Menes unified the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt 00:03:30
and founded his capital in Memphis. 00:03:34
The symbol of Upper Egypt was a white crown, 00:03:37
and the symbol of Lower Egypt was a red crown. 00:03:40
This is how the double crown of the Pharaohs was born. 00:03:44
This was the beginning of a great empire that would last for thousands of years. 00:03:48
The Egyptians had a privileged location. 00:03:59
On the one hand, the huge desert embraced them and united them under the same culture. 00:04:02
And on the other hand, the Nile River communicated with other peoples and civilizations of the time. 00:04:08
The difficult thing for the Egyptian rulers was to maintain the unity of this empire, 00:04:14
since there were many enemy peoples who wanted to invade them and plunder their wealth. 00:04:19
The Pharaohs ruled Egypt for more than three thousand years. 00:04:23
Just imagine everything that has happened since the birth of Christ to our days, 00:04:27
and add a thousand more years. 00:04:32
That's a lot of time. 00:04:35
The Social Pyramid 00:04:39
The Egyptians organized their social life like a great pyramid. 00:04:42
Let's imagine the different social groups in order of importance. 00:04:46
Well, at the top of the social pyramid was the Pharaoh. 00:04:50
He was the highest ruler of Egypt. 00:04:56
All the wealth belonged to him, and the people worshiped him like a god. 00:04:59
But the life of the Pharaoh was not simple. 00:05:04
It was also his obligation to control the order and economy of the empire, 00:05:07
the laws of nature, the seasons, the crescidas of the Nile, the movements of the planets. 00:05:11
Phew! It was not a little work for a single person. 00:05:16
The priests were the second most important caste, 00:05:21
and they were located in our pyramid just below the Pharaoh. 00:05:24
The main activity of the priests was to serve the gods in each of the temples, 00:05:28
and they performed a daily service of offerings and rituals. 00:05:32
Below the priests were the scribes, 00:05:36
whose great skill was to know how to write. 00:05:39
Although now we all learn to write from a very young age, 00:05:43
in ancient Egypt only a few privileged people could have access to the learning of writing. 00:05:46
In Egypt they wrote with some sacred signs called hieroglyphs. 00:05:53
The hieroglyphs were drawings. 00:05:58
Each one had a meaning. 00:06:01
Phew! That seems difficult. 00:06:03
Although the symbols were more than 700, 00:06:06
their writing was governed by clear and simple principles. 00:06:09
The fourth place in our pyramid is occupied by the army. 00:06:13
We are in charge of protecting and securing the unity of the empire. 00:06:18
Go ahead, boy. 00:06:21
Thank you. 00:06:22
Some neighboring peoples tried to invade Egypt, 00:06:23
which made the army perfect to stop these advances. 00:06:26
But as the Egyptian government became stronger, 00:06:30
an idea arose. 00:06:34
Hey, hey, why not extend the territory? 00:06:36
It's a very good idea. 00:06:40
This is how the army, under the command of different pharaohs, 00:06:41
began military campaigns to invade territories, 00:06:45
especially in Palestine, Syria and Nubia. 00:06:48
One might think that with so much work, in times of peace, 00:06:52
the army would rest. 00:06:55
But in ancient Egypt, there was always something to do. 00:06:58
In the case of the military, when there were no enemies to face, 00:07:02
they dedicated themselves to tasks such as the excavation of irrigation canals 00:07:05
or the transport of large blocks of stone to the site of the works. 00:07:09
And finally, at the base of the pyramid, 00:07:16
there were merchants and artisans, 00:07:19
then the peasants, 00:07:22
and in the lower part, the slaves, 00:07:24
who were in charge of carrying out the heaviest tasks. 00:07:27
It's time to talk about the pyramids, 00:07:37
the main symbol of ancient Egypt. 00:07:39
The pyramids also hide great mysteries and questions 00:07:42
that we still cannot answer. 00:07:45
Engineers today can hardly imagine how they were built. 00:07:47
Despite these unanswered questions, 00:07:52
there are things that we do know. 00:07:55
The pharaohs had to dedicate themselves to cultivating their eternity, 00:07:57
so many of them built colossal monuments, 00:08:01
according to their size, 00:08:05
such as the Temple of Karnak, 00:08:07
whose enclosure includes three shrines 00:08:09
and is one of the largest and oldest religious complexes in the world. 00:08:11
Or like the Pyramid of Cheops, 00:08:15
one of the most important, 00:08:17
which was built over 23 years of constant work. 00:08:19
In ancient Egypt, 00:08:24
the journey of the dead to their final destination could be long, 00:08:26
but there, at the end of the road, 00:08:30
was the god Osiris. 00:08:32
So many dead were well prepared 00:08:35
and accompanied by a large amount of goods. 00:08:38
The more food the dead had, 00:08:41
the more chances they had of reaching their destination without... 00:08:44
well, without starving to death. 00:08:47
Art 00:08:51
The paintings of ancient Egypt are so particular 00:08:54
that we can all recognize them. 00:08:57
Why do the Egyptians in the drawings always look to the sides? 00:08:59
The Egyptian artists had a particular way of representing life. 00:09:03
They didn't care about beauty, 00:09:07
but perfection. 00:09:09
Create your own Egyptian! 00:09:12
That's why they drew by heart, 00:09:15
but always following very strict rules 00:09:17
that ensured the perfect clarity of all the elements. 00:09:20
For example, 00:09:23
since the head of the human being is seen 00:09:25
and is more easily reproduced by profile, 00:09:27
they didn't hesitate to always draw it from the side. 00:09:30
Instead, the eyes were always painted as seen from the front. 00:09:33
Let's say the result was 00:09:37
eyes that looked from the front 00:09:39
in a face that looked to the side. 00:09:41
Here's another example. 00:09:44
The chest and shoulders were reproduced much better from the front, 00:09:46
but the arms and feet in motion 00:09:49
were represented with greater clarity from the side. 00:09:51
For this reason, in those representations, 00:09:54
the human figures appear flat 00:09:57
and at the same time contorted, 00:09:59
almost as if a car had rolled them. 00:10:01
Although, of course, there were no cars at that time. 00:10:04
Have you ever wondered why the artists always represented the pharaoh 00:10:07
in a larger size? 00:10:11
Well, it was simple. 00:10:13
The greater the hierarchy, the greater the size. 00:10:15
SCIENCE 00:10:20
The ancient Egyptians were great mathematicians and scientists. 00:10:23
In fact, they are due the calendar of 365 days 00:10:27
with each day divided into 24 hours. 00:10:31
It is the same calendar that we use today 00:10:35
to know what day of the week we are 00:10:37
or when the holidays begin. 00:10:39
Among all the scientists of the empire, 00:10:42
there was one who stood out for all eternity. 00:10:44
It was Imhotep, the wise man. 00:10:46
Imhotep was the founder of Egyptian medicine. 00:10:49
He acted as a high priest and vizier of the pharaoh Soser, 00:10:52
to whom he designed the first stepped pyramid, 00:10:56
with which he also became 00:10:59
the first known architect in history. 00:11:01
Doctors were very loved and respected. 00:11:05
In Egypt, many medical papyri were written 00:11:08
that went from generation to generation, 00:11:10
expanding knowledge about diseases. 00:11:13
Thanks to these papyri, 00:11:16
we know that they already had, like us now, 00:11:18
specialists doctors to treat the different diseases 00:11:21
of the skin, bones, teeth and heart, among others. 00:11:24
We also know that they knew the parts of the body, 00:11:29
the veins and the most important arteries, 00:11:31
and that they used hundreds of formulas 00:11:34
to make the necessary medicines to cure diseases, 00:11:36
and that they had many instruments 00:11:40
that they used in operations. 00:11:42
Of course, doctors took care of life, 00:11:44
but also of death, 00:11:46
inventing the great mummifications 00:11:49
that made them famous. 00:11:51
So, you see, mummies were great patients, 00:11:53
and above all, extremely obedient 00:11:57
when it came to staying still. 00:11:59
EGYPTOLOGY 00:12:02
Centuries of history are watching you. 00:12:07
This is what Napoleon said to his troops 00:12:10
at the foot of the pyramids. 00:12:13
It is that when this great military man 00:12:15
landed in Egypt in 1798, 00:12:17
he was not only interested in the strategic location of the place, 00:12:19
but also in the great treasures that were hidden there. 00:12:23
Therefore, in addition to soldiers and weapons, 00:12:27
Napoleon traveled from France 00:12:30
with a group of scientists who invented 00:12:32
a name for the study of ancient Egypt. 00:12:34
EGYPTOLOGY 00:12:37
This young scientist took his first important step 00:12:39
when a French officer named Bouchard 00:12:42
found by chance, like anyone who finds a snail on the beach, 00:12:45
a black, smooth, but irregularly shaped stone 00:12:49
that had the same text written in three types of writing. 00:12:52
Greek, demotic and hieroglyphic. 00:12:56
Without knowing it, Bouchard had found in that stone 00:12:59
the key to the knowledge of one of the most exciting civilizations in our history. 00:13:03
A very studious young man named Jean-François Jampollion 00:13:10
became obsessed with deciphering the hieroglyphics of this mysterious stone. 00:13:14
Many years later, when he was no longer so young, 00:13:18
he warned that each sign corresponded to a sound. 00:13:23
Eureka! I have deciphered the stone! 00:13:26
This is how the Egyptian hieroglyphics could be translated for the first time. 00:13:29
This discovery later served to decipher the tomb of Tutankhamun. 00:13:35
Everyone will have heard of this young pharaoh who died at the age of 18 00:13:43
and who became very famous when in 1922 Howard Carter 00:13:48
unearthed his tomb, which was more than 3,000 years old. 00:13:53
However, they could never explain the mysterious events that occurred later. 00:13:57
At the same time of the discovery, there was a general blackout in Cairo. 00:14:03
Shortly after, many people who had participated in Carter's expedition died. 00:14:09
This is how it was said that there was a curse 00:14:16
and that anyone who visited the tomb of Tutankhamun would be a victim of it. 00:14:19
Nowadays, however, we know that this curse was just a product of popular imagination. 00:14:25
Or not? 00:14:32
The end of the Egyptian empire 00:14:37
Just as union makes strength, division produces weakness. 00:14:40
Over the centuries, the power of the Egyptian pharaohs 00:14:45
was dissolved due to innumerable internal fights 00:14:49
until they were finally dominated by powerful neighboring empires. 00:14:52
First, the Persians. 00:14:57
Then, the Macedonians. 00:14:59
And finally, the Romans. 00:15:01
Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt. 00:15:04
It is said that her extraordinary beauty made more than one man sigh at the time. 00:15:08
Marco Antonio was a powerful Roman general who fell prey to his love. 00:15:15
She dreamed that this love would return the splendor to Egypt. 00:15:20
Unfortunately, Marco Antonio lost in a great battle against his rival, Octavio. 00:15:24
Marco Antonio and Cleopatra committed suicide, 00:15:30
leaving in the hands of Octavio and the Roman Empire what little was left of Egypt. 00:15:34
Despite the thousands of years that have passed, 00:15:40
the influence of Egyptian civilization still persists among us 00:15:43
and its colossal monuments remind us of its greatness and majesty. 00:15:47
Transcription by ESO. Translation by — 00:16:04
Subido por:
María I.
Licencia:
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Fecha:
1 de mayo de 2023 - 18:16
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Duración:
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4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
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