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Destination Tomorrow - Episode 10

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Subido el 28 de mayo de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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NASA Destination Tomorrow Video containing five segments as described below. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment describing how air traffic controllers use technologies such as RADAR to keep order in the skies. NASA Destination Tomorrow Segment describing t

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My Outro For My 20th Birthday 00:00:00
Coming up on destination tomorrow, a unique ballistic parachute system might help pilots 00:00:30
and passengers potentially survive a catastrophic accident, and we visit the Andoya Rocket Range 00:00:42
in Andenese, Norway to find out how NASA is investigating the Northern Lights, plus we'll 00:00:48
take a look back at how NASA research helped change the shape of America's air superiority 00:00:53
in World War II, and Johnny Alonzo finds out how air traffic controllers keep a watchful eye 00:00:57
on our skies at all times. All this and more next on Destination Tomorrow. 00:01:02
Hello everyone, I'm Steele McGonigal, and I'm Kara O'Brien, and welcome to Destination Tomorrow. 00:01:07
This program will uncover how past, present, and future research is creating today's knowledge 00:01:17
to answer the questions and solve the challenges of tomorrow. The Northern Lights are a celestial 00:01:22
phenomenon that have amazed people for centuries. The scientific name for the phenomenon is Aurora 00:01:27
Borealis, which is Latin and translates into the Red Dawn of the North. Although they are 00:01:32
incredible to watch, the particles that make up the auroras are actually a type of electricity 00:01:38
that can cause electrical surges and disrupt satellite operations in space and communications 00:01:43
here on Earth. To better understand these problems, NASA has been working with researchers 00:01:49
and engineers at the Andoya Rocket Range in Andenes, Norway. Sophisticated rockets 00:01:53
are launched into the atmosphere to collect valuable data that might explain the secrets 00:01:58
of the auroras. Jennifer Fully spoke with Dr. Stan Odenwall at the Andoya Rocket Range 00:02:01
in Andenes, Norway, to find out more. 00:02:06
The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, is one of the most beautiful, natural-occurring 00:02:13
phenomena known to man. These shimmering currents of light, which are normally seen near the 00:02:27
Arctic Circle, have intrigued and inspired observers for thousands of years. Until the 00:02:32
late 19th century, many still believed that the Northern Lights were driven by supernatural 00:02:37
means rather than by natural means. Although these old beliefs are intriguing, we now know 00:02:43
that the auroras are actually caused by energized particles colliding with the Earth's magnetosphere. 00:02:48
Until recently, the auroras had little direct impact on life here on Earth. But with almost 00:02:54
every person on the planet now relying on satellites and electricity as part of their 00:03:00
daily lives, the need to understand auroral activity has increased. This is because those 00:03:04
same particles that collide with the magnetosphere to create the Northern Lights can also severely 00:03:09
damage important satellites and cause outages in electrical power grids around the world. 00:03:15
In an effort to better understand these events, NASA is using innovative technologies to learn 00:03:20
more about the Northern Lights and how they affect us here on Earth. I spoke with NASA 00:03:25
Goddard's Dr. Stan Odenwall here at the Andoya Rocket Range in Andenes, Norway, to find out 00:03:29
more. It's a very complicated process that leads to an aurora. Once you see it, the whole 00:03:34
process is sort of hidden from view. You know, we understand a little bit about how the particles 00:03:40
get from the outer parts of the magnetic field of the Earth and into the atmosphere, but 00:03:44
we don't see the details. You know, how the particles go from one kind of a system into 00:03:48
another, how they get boosted in energy. Even at this late stage, we don't exactly know 00:03:52
what the particles are that produce the aurora. Tracking them from where they're produced 00:03:57
and where they're energized, all the way down to the atmosphere, is still something 00:04:02
of a mystery. And that's why we have satellite and rocket experiments that are trying to 00:04:06
fill in those missing pieces of the puzzle. To understand why it is important to study 00:04:10
the Northern Lights, we must first understand how they work. The sun is constantly emitting 00:04:14
streams of electrically charged particles in all directions. This stream of charged 00:04:20
particles is called the solar wind. Since the sun is 93 million miles away, it takes 00:04:25
about three days for the particles to reach Earth. As the solar winds flow by the Earth, 00:04:30
it causes a disturbance in the Earth's magnetosphere. This disturbance energizes currents of particles 00:04:36
which are steered by magnetic forces towards the Earth's poles. These energized particles 00:04:42
collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in our atmosphere, which produce the colorful 00:04:48
light that we see in the aurora. Although beautiful to watch, these currents of particles 00:04:53
are actually a form of electricity, which can generate up to 800 gigawatts of electrical 00:04:59
power. This electrical energy flowing in the upper atmosphere can cause currents to flow 00:05:04
in the ground, producing disruptions in communication, electrical outages, and fuel leaks. The high 00:05:10
energy particles flowing in space that often accompany these storms can also hit satellites, 00:05:16
damaging their sensitive electronics, and creating false commands. This can wreak havoc 00:05:22
on television, pager, and other communication services here on Earth. NASA researchers hope 00:05:28
to find new ways to predict not only when these storms will hit Earth, but also hope 00:05:33
to find ways to reduce their destructive effects when they do. What are some of the tools you 00:05:38
use to study the northern lights? We have satellites that seem to be able to look at 00:05:43
everything that goes on with a solar storm and the production of aurora, literally from 00:05:49
cradle to grave. We have satellites that watch the solar surface for the big leaps 00:05:53
of matter and energy. We've got satellites that look at the wind in between the planets 00:05:58
to watch what that's doing. We also have satellites that are in tighter orbits to the Earth, so 00:06:03
that they can look at the poles of the Earth and see the aurora happen. They can also measure 00:06:08
electric fields in space and magnetic fields in space, so they can also see the invisible 00:06:13
flows of particles around the Earth. And then finally, we have rockets that go up into the 00:06:17
aurora from the bottom at the same time that the satellites are passing overhead, so we 00:06:22
can kind of see the physics in between flows of particles inwards and the rockets see the 00:06:26
electrical fields that are set up by these things. And we get this complete picture from 00:06:32
rockets and satellite observations. So why is Norway such a popular place to study the 00:06:37
northern lights? It turns out that Norway is in a place that's very favorably located 00:06:42
to actually see the aurora directly overhead. So you can launch the rockets directly up 00:06:47
very quickly to get into the aurora at the time that they're changing. Dr. Odenwald, 00:06:52
how do you think NASA research is helping us better understand the aurora and its impact 00:06:56
on Earth? Well, NASA's invested an awful lot of time and effort into providing scientists 00:07:01
with the technology and equipment they need to really make powerful and insightful discoveries 00:07:05
about how aurora work. And that feeds into our knowledge of the environment that we live 00:07:11
in in space and how that affects human technology, our billions of dollars of satellites that 00:07:16
we have there, the health of astronauts because of the energetic particles. It all works together. 00:07:22
And if we can deeply understand space weather effects with the help of NASA technology, 00:07:28
it's going to be much easier for us to operate in space. And that's the direction that we 00:07:34
want to go as a civilization. Auroras occur around both the northern and southern geomagnetic 00:07:38
poles. While the northern lights are known as the aurora borealis, the southern lights 00:07:44
are referred to as the aurora australis. Coming up, we'll find out about an innovative 00:07:49
new parachute system which is attached to the plane rather than the person inside. But 00:07:53
first, did you know that solar flares can be very dangerous to astronauts outside the 00:07:58
Earth's atmosphere? In August 1972, an intense solar proton event occurred between the flights 00:08:03
of Apollo 16 and 17. If the Apollo 17 astronauts had been on the way to the moon during that 00:08:09
time, the astronauts would have absorbed lethal doses of radiation within 10 hours of being 00:08:14
exposed. Currently, there are well over 250,000 active general aviation airplanes around the 00:08:18
world. These small aircraft are not only a very popular form of transportation, but are 00:08:27
also relatively safe. Unfortunately, about one in every 300 of these planes are involved 00:08:32
in an accident every year. To make general aviation flying safer, NASA has funded an 00:08:38
innovative new parachute recovery system, which, when deployed, may actually allow pilots 00:08:44
to walk away from what could have been a catastrophic accident. Tonya St. Romain finds out more. 00:08:49
The sight of small aircraft flying around our skies is a familiar one to most of us. 00:08:59
These small general aviation, or GA, planes are favorites of private pilots, small businesses, 00:09:04
and flight schools because of their relative low costs and the freedom they provide. Although 00:09:11
these aircraft are very safe, about 1,600 of them are involved in accidents every year, 00:09:16
and quite often, these accidents can be fatal. In an effort to prevent many of these accidents 00:09:22
from becoming fatal, NASA has funded an innovative program which uses a ballistic parachute mounted 00:09:28
on the plane, which, when deployed, can actually save the plane and the passengers from a catastrophic 00:09:34
accident. I spoke with Lisa Jones at NASA Langley Research Center to find out more. 00:09:41
Parachute recovery systems are not new. They've been used to return our astronauts from the 00:09:47
moon, the Apollo program, for instance. They've been applied to the military aircraft, such 00:09:50
as the F-11 Crew Escape Module. It floats down on a parachute recovery system. Now they're 00:09:54
being applied to general aviation aircraft, and in the structural designs, this is a good 00:09:59
way to save money and weight because you can actually design a structure to support the 00:10:04
parachute system. 00:10:08
The parachute works like this. During an emergency event, if the pilot feels that he's 00:10:10
about to lose control of the aircraft or has lost control, he must turn off the engine 00:10:15
and simply pull firmly on the parachute release handle located above his head. The parachute, 00:10:20
which is propelled by a solid-fuel rocket motor, is released from a special opening 00:10:26
on top of the fuselage. Three Kevlar straps connect the parachute to the airframe and 00:10:30
help slow the aircraft, guiding it through a level descent. 00:10:36
Although the parachute system already has 155 saves with ultralight aircraft, the first 00:10:46
save in a general aviation plane came in October of 2002, with the aircraft suffering little 00:10:52
damage and the pilot walking away from the crash with no injuries at all. 00:10:58
So Lisa, is this parachute system just for new aircraft, or can it be retrofitted on 00:11:03
older planes? 00:11:07
Parachute system design can be incorporated into older aircraft designs. You just would 00:11:09
have to do some modifications to the structure, make sure that the structure could handle 00:11:14
the loads the system puts on the airframe, and also be certified for it. 00:11:18
Lisa, what are some situations where a pilot would need to use this device? 00:11:23
Well, as the pilot can tell you, there are many times when things will go bad quickly 00:11:28
when flying. So there are many different scenarios where this system may be deployed. 00:11:31
Some situations where a parachute recovery system could be used are loss of control of 00:11:36
the aircraft due to icing, engine failure, and airframe structural failure. 00:11:41
One of the most common causes of general aviation aircraft accidents is pilot disorientation. 00:11:47
Many pilots are only rated to operate an aircraft under visual flight rules, or VFR. 00:11:54
But in order to fly in bad weather, a pilot should also be able to fly under IFR, or instrument 00:12:00
flight rules. 00:12:06
If a visual flight rules rated pilot encounters weather where he can't see visual landmarks 00:12:07
outside the plane, then spatial disorientation can occur. When this happens, the pilot literally 00:12:12
cannot determine if his plane's in level flight, or if it's turning or banking. 00:12:18
Very frequently, the VFR pilot will rely on his instincts rather than his instruments, 00:12:23
which can lead to a catastrophic outcome. 00:12:29
With the parachute recovery system on board, no matter what the situation, the pilot has 00:12:32
one last best option to save not only the aircraft, but most importantly, the lives 00:12:36
of everyone on board. 00:12:42
I know this is being used for general aviation aircraft, but is there a chance that it could 00:12:44
be used on larger planes? 00:12:48
I think it can be applied to some of the business jets, where you're talking about 10, 12, 14 00:12:49
passenger perhaps. That would have to be really investigated closely. But for application 00:12:54
to a transport, you're not going to see that. The structural requirements for the aircraft 00:13:00
would be enormous to handle that, as well as the design characteristics for the chute 00:13:05
itself to be able to take the energy of a large transport. So you're not going to be 00:13:10
able to use this efficiently on anything of much size greater than a general aviation 00:13:14
aircraft. 00:13:19
So Lisa, why is NASA working on this type of project? 00:13:20
NASA has a program called the Aviation Safety Program. And in that, we're looking at different 00:13:24
types of things to improve safety everywhere. Some of that in the early part of the program 00:13:28
is focused on general aviation. There are a thousand lives a year lost to general aviation 00:13:33
accidents. And this type of system can really improve those numbers and hopefully get those 00:13:37
numbers down, where we see a lot more people walking away from accidents. 00:13:42
When looking back at American fighter planes of World War II, an impressive record of aerial 00:13:56
victory stands out. This is especially true in the later stages of the war, when American 00:14:01
air superiority dominated both the Pacific and European combat theaters. But surprisingly, 00:14:06
this was not the case in the beginning stages of the war. Early American fighters could 00:14:12
not always match the speed and maneuverability of the enemy aircraft that they were facing. 00:14:16
To help find a way to improve the aircraft American pilots were flying, U.S. military 00:14:21
planners turned to NASA's predecessor, NACA, which they hoped could find a way to help 00:14:26
the United States gain air superiority over World War II's battlefields. 00:14:31
On the eve of World War II, with the prospect of war looming in the United States, military 00:14:35
planners began an exhaustive look at the preparedness and equipment that it would use to fight a 00:14:40
war. One area where the United States had fallen noticeably behind to its future enemies 00:14:45
was in aircraft. Many of the aircraft that U.S. pilots were flying were much slower and 00:14:50
less maneuverable than the aircraft that they would soon be facing in combat. With this 00:14:56
knowledge in hand, a concerted effort was made by the U.S. government to find ways to 00:15:00
quickly improve the American aircraft situation. Since NASA's predecessor, NACA, or the National 00:15:05
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, was the preeminent aeronautics lab in the country, 00:15:11
a large part of this examination fell to them. NACA researchers knew that they could improve 00:15:15
an aircraft's performance by simply reducing the amount of drag the aircraft experienced. 00:15:20
This was called drag cleanup. 00:15:26
The Navy's XF-2A Brewster Buffalo was the first of many military aircraft tested by 00:15:29
NACA in an effort to improve performance. Researchers at the NACA Langley Research Center 00:15:34
took only five days to determine several key areas in which the Buffalo could be improved. 00:15:39
To the untrained eye, the Buffalo appeared aerodynamically clean. However, the wind tunnel 00:15:45
information showed a very different picture. Many parts, like the gun sights, the engine 00:15:50
cowling and landing gear on the Buffalo, protruded into the slipstream, causing increased drag 00:15:55
which slowed the aircraft tremendously. The researchers at NACA modified these problem 00:16:00
areas, which increased the Buffalo's speed by an impressive 10 percent. Such a performance 00:16:05
improvement without raising engine power or reducing fuel efficiency immediately caught 00:16:11
the eye of many aircraft designers. Extra speed for a fighter plane, even as little 00:16:16
as 15 miles per hour, could determine who won or lost in an aerial dogfight. 00:16:20
When Langley researchers streamlined the U.S. Navy's F-4F Wildcat, it was able to fly 00:16:27
a full 45 miles per hour faster. The F-4F's successor, the F-6F Hellcat, was also streamlined, 00:16:32
making it faster and more maneuverable, able to reach a maximum speed of 375 miles per 00:16:40
hour. This extra speed proved valuable in combat, allowing Hellcat pilots to destroy 00:16:45
nearly 5,000 enemy planes in aerial engagements. 00:16:50
NACA Langley proved a key stopping point for dozens of aircraft on their way to combat 00:16:56
duty in World War II. During one month alone in July 1944, 36 U.S. Army and Navy planes 00:17:00
were evaluated in detailed studies of stability, control and performance. NACA Langley tested 00:17:07
137 different airplane types between 1941 and 1945, either in wind tunnels or in flight. 00:17:14
While NACA's pioneering drag cleanup work helped save the lives of many American pilots 00:17:22
during World War II, it also shortened the war considerably and saved the lives of countless 00:17:26
others around the world. During the World War II era, NACA researchers also worked on 00:17:32
a series of wing designs called the Low Drag Series. These wing designs were so successful 00:17:39
in improving aircraft performance that they are still being used by airplane designers 00:17:44
today. Coming up, we find out how new satellites may help scientists better understand the 00:17:48
Earth's atmosphere. But first, did you know that Charles Lindbergh shot down a Japanese 00:17:54
fighter in World War II? Although Lindbergh was not in the military, he was secretly asked 00:17:58
to teach American pilots how to increase the range of their P-38 Lightnings. During a training 00:18:03
mission on July 28, 1944, Lindbergh encountered a Japanese Sonja aircraft. As the Sonja turned 00:18:07
to attack, Lindbergh fired a short burst, sending the Sonja down in flames. Understanding 00:18:13
the Earth's atmosphere can be very difficult. A mixture of global weather patterns, greenhouse 00:18:20
gases and airborne particles can make the overall picture for scientists very confusing. 00:18:25
To help provide a better picture of how all of these variables affect the Earth's atmosphere, 00:18:31
NASA researchers are developing new atmospheric satellite systems. These new systems will 00:18:36
not only work to provide a better understanding of the Earth's atmosphere, but will lead to 00:18:41
better prediction models. Stephanie Nevin finds out more. 00:18:45
In recent years, researchers have seen an alarming warming trend in the global climate. 00:18:55
Reports of increasing temperatures, thinning glaciers and rising sea levels have led to 00:19:00
widespread speculation that global warming is being caused by greenhouse gases that result 00:19:05
from man's activities. Climate models that predict the Earth's future climate patterns 00:19:10
indicate that global warming could continue to increase if the concentration of greenhouse 00:19:14
gases in the atmosphere continues to rise. Even though these climate models are powerful 00:19:19
tools in predicting future global climate, a more detailed understanding of clouds and 00:19:24
aerosols could lead to more accurate climate prediction models. Researchers may be able 00:19:28
to determine why the climate is warming, if it is being affected by greenhouse gases and 00:19:33
what we can do to change it. That is why researchers at NASA are preparing six innovative 00:19:38
satellite systems, which, when launched, will provide key information about the Earth's 00:19:43
atmosphere. Two of these satellites, CALYPSO and CLOUDSAT, will focus primarily on aerosols 00:19:48
and cloud structures, providing much more information about how clouds and aerosols 00:19:54
interact with each other and how they are affecting the atmosphere's radiation balance. 00:19:59
I spoke with Vermont Poole at NASA Langley Research Center to find out more. 00:20:04
It's important to study clouds and airborne particles, which we call aerosols, because 00:20:08
both of them have significant effects on the Earth's climate, just like greenhouse gases, 00:20:13
such as carbon dioxide. But unlike greenhouse gases, which warm the planet, airborne particles 00:20:17
and clouds can either have a warming effect or a cooling effect, depending on their type 00:20:24
and their altitude. Because of these complicating factors, it's very difficult to represent 00:20:29
cloud and aerosol processes accurately in climate models that are used to forecast 00:20:35
the climate in the future. So the data that we will be collecting from CLOUDSAT and CALYPSO 00:20:40
will provide a much more accurate picture of cloud and aerosol processes. 00:20:46
So what are the differences between the CALYPSO and CLOUDSAT satellites? 00:20:51
They're going to be launched on the same rocket, and when they get to altitude, they will separate 00:20:54
into different, very closely matched orbits. In fact, as CALYPSO and CLOUDSAT orbit the 00:21:00
Earth, they will be within 10 to 15 seconds of each other in their orbit. 00:21:06
CLOUDSAT and CALYPSO are going to be flying as part of a formation of satellites that's 00:21:10
called the Afternoon Constellation, or the A-Train for short. 00:21:15
The A-Train will actually consist of six separate satellites flying in close proximity to one 00:21:19
another. Once in orbit, each satellite will cross the equator within minutes of one another, 00:21:24
taking specific atmospheric measurements. Although each satellite has a unique mission, 00:21:30
the data retrieved will be combined together, providing detailed observations about the 00:21:35
condition of Earth and assisting scientists with making predictions related to climate 00:21:40
change. By combining information from the different 00:21:44
satellites, scientists will be able to gain much more information about the condition 00:21:47
of the planet than they could from any single mission alone, greatly improving prediction 00:21:52
capabilities. Once these systems are in place, what do 00:21:57
you hope the outcome will be? Our ultimate goal is to provide accurate 00:22:00
scientific information to decision makers and governments worldwide so that informed 00:22:04
and balanced decisions on how to mitigate or adapt to climate change can be made. 00:22:11
And NASA's going to play a very crucial role in this process because of our capabilities 00:22:16
in developing and flying new technologies such as CALYPSO and CLOUDSTED. 00:22:21
NASA researchers are not only studying the Earth's atmosphere from space, but are also 00:22:30
making airborne measurements by using specially adapted aircraft. 00:22:34
By the year 2010, the FAA, or Federal Aviation Administration, estimates approximately one 00:22:38
billion passengers will travel on board commercial planes. 00:22:43
As air travel increases, pilots are faced with more congestion on the ground and in 00:22:46
the air. And while pilots are ultimately in control 00:22:51
of their own aircraft, it is the air traffic controllers who are directing them the moment 00:22:54
the plane leaves the gate, keeping in constant communication as the plane travels en route. 00:22:58
Our own Johnny Alonzo finds out how this complex system keeps our skies organized and our planes 00:23:03
on schedule. During peak air travel times in the United 00:23:08
States, there are about 5,000 airplanes in the sky every hour, which is about 50,000 00:23:16
aircraft operating in our skies every day. From the time the plane pushes back from the 00:23:21
gate until it arrives at the gate of its final destination, it is being handled by air traffic 00:23:24
controllers. These controllers must coordinate the movements 00:23:29
of thousands of aircraft, keep them at safe distances from each other, and direct them 00:23:32
during takeoff and landing from airports. Air traffic controllers are also responsible 00:23:37
for directing aircraft around bad weather and ensuring that traffic flows with minimal 00:23:41
delay for both commercial and private aircraft. I spoke with Gary Laurel from NASA Langley 00:23:45
to find out how it works. An air traffic controller is primarily tasked 00:23:50
with separating airplanes. However, they do provide other services such as traffic advisories, 00:23:53
weather information, and other status types of information for the National Airspace System. 00:23:58
What are some of the tools used by air traffic controllers? 00:24:03
The primary tool used by controllers for separation services is called RADAR, which stands for 00:24:05
Radio Detection and Ranging. Essentially what happens is from an antenna, a radio beam 00:24:10
is transmitted, it balances off the aircraft, and is returned to the radar antenna. There's 00:24:16
a presentation on the radar display of which your position is based on that return. You 00:24:21
can see behind us there's a display which is part of the radar system that controllers 00:24:26
use and your position as well as the position of other aircraft in the system will be presented 00:24:29
on display and give the information the controller needs to provide air traffic services to you. 00:24:33
Does one controller handle my plane while it's in the air? 00:24:39
There are a number of controllers that will handle your flight as you move throughout 00:24:42
the system. Once you depart, your flight will be handed off to yet another controller and 00:24:44
that process continues throughout the duration of your flight. The primary delineation of 00:24:49
what a controller is responsible for in a radar environment is called a sector. So as 00:24:53
a controller works you through his or her sector, you'll be transferred to another sector 00:24:58
where another controller will work you. All right, so Gary, walk me through this. What 00:25:02
happens from departure to arrival, from gate to gate? 00:25:07
Assuming there aren't any delays, you'll taxi out to your departure runway and there's a 00:25:10
controller that issues taxi instructions and deconflicts you from other airplanes on the 00:25:15
ground. There's a controller that will issue a takeoff clearance for you, and yet another 00:25:18
controller that will work you as you're climbing to your cruise altitude. As a matter of fact, 00:25:22
several controllers. As airplanes move from one sector to the next, there's a transfer 00:25:28
of what we call control, and there's a transfer of communications. So you'll be in communications 00:25:31
with each controller along the way. And this process continues all the way to your destination 00:25:36
airport, and you may talk to 10 or 15 different controllers and reach your destination. Prior 00:25:41
to descending into the terminal area at your destination airport, there are several controllers 00:25:45
involved in sequencing inbound to that airport and assigning the arrival runway. Once you 00:25:49
get there, you'll land, you'll taxi clear of the runway, and you'll be issued taxi instructions. 00:25:54
They'll take you right to your gate, but that's basically how the process works. 00:25:59
And I thought that the pilot was in control of the whole flight. 00:26:03
Well, the pilot is ultimately responsible for the safe operation of his or her airplane. 00:26:06
However, they are required to adhere to air traffic control instructions. Just like when 00:26:11
you're driving your car, there are certain signs along the way that basically tell you 00:26:15
what you're required to do. As you get to a busy intersection, you may have to slow 00:26:18
the car down. If there's a red light, you have to stop, because you're trying to accommodate 00:26:22
other cars, because you're not the only car out there. And that's pretty much the way 00:26:26
your air traffic control system works. There are control instructions that are issued because 00:26:29
you're not the only airplane out there. 00:26:32
Do you get tickets? 00:26:33
Sometimes. 00:26:34
Sometimes. 00:26:35
So, in the future, will air traffic control be much different than it is today? 00:26:39
I think so. We're, of course, not building more airports. We're not building many more 00:26:43
runways either, so we have to optimize the use of the facilities that we currently have. 00:26:47
And to that end, NASA's looking at cutting-edge concepts and technologies to make better utilization 00:26:51
of those facilities, both in terms of capacity, that is to say the number of airplanes you 00:26:56
can get in and out of an airport at a given time, and safety as well. And these are just 00:27:00
some of the concepts that have been explored by NASA and continue to be explored. 00:27:06
Really. How do you change the channel on this? I mean, do you have cable on this thing? 00:27:10
That's all for this edition of Destination Tomorrow. Thank you for joining us. 00:27:15
I'm Steele McGonigal. 00:27:19
And I'm Kara O'Brien. For all of us here at NASA, we'll see you next time. 00:27:20
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:27:30
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:28:00
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 00:28:30
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Subido por:
EducaMadrid
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
410
Fecha:
28 de mayo de 2007 - 17:04
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
NASAs center for distance learning
Duración:
28′ 32″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
480x360 píxeles
Tamaño:
166.06 MBytes

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