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2. Liberalism and Nationalism - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 18 de octubre de 2020 por Ruben P.

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In this video we are going to begin with the unit 2 so we are going to study liberalism and nationalism 00:00:01
As you are going to see liberalism is going to be divided in two types of liberalism 00:00:07
Political liberalism that is going to be related with the relation 00:00:13
Between the government the person that is ruling the country and the ruled people. It means the citizens 00:00:16
And economic liberalism is related with the economy and finally the idea of nationalism 00:00:24
So let's start with liberalism. First, what is liberalism? 00:00:29
So as you can see we are going to talk about political liberalism and this political liberalism is based on the ideas of 00:00:34
Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire and John Locke. It means all the 00:00:42
Enlightenment ideas 00:00:47
and this political liberalism first of all is going to defend the 00:00:49
the freedom and the individual rights of the population 00:00:55
So this idea of freedom of individual rights means that the population of a country must be free, free to vote, free to elect, and that everyone is going to be equal because all of them are going to have individual rights. 00:00:58
rights so we are going to be we are going to have all right to vote we are 00:01:17
going to have all right to to believe on what we want the right to to a speech 00:01:22
okay to to a speech freely or speak freely about anything we want etc so the 00:01:30
idea of liberalism means everyone is going to be equal we are going to have 00:01:37
all the same rights and second we are going to be free because we are going to 00:01:42
select we are going to elect our our government or our ruler freely second 00:01:47
this liberalism is going to be based on the idea of equality before the law it 00:01:57
means everyone is going to be equal before the law this means that there is 00:02:03
not going to be privileges so everyone is going to be judged in the same way 00:02:09
as I feel they watch it is nobler Clara or serious campesino she commences 00:02:15
el mismo crimen versus who'd gather them and they want that's equality before the 00:02:22
law okay so even if you are a novel if you are part of the clergy or you are 00:02:26
just a peasant if you made the same crime okay you are going to be judged in 00:02:31
the same way okay the law is going to be applied to you in the same way so that's 00:02:37
equality before the law there is not going to be privileges in the society we 00:02:44
are going to have a society based on money so if you are in the top of the 00:02:48
societies because you have more money if you are in the bottom of the societies 00:02:54
because you have less less money but the law is going to be applied equally to 00:02:58
you in spite of the fact that you have a lot of money or you have a few so that's equality before 00:03:04
the law also we are going to talk about national sovereignty the idea of national sovereignty means 00:03:12
everyone everyone um the the i mean the the power is going to reside is going to be laid on people 00:03:18
it means God is not going to elect the monarch is the population why because 00:03:28
the power is not going to be in the monarch is not going to be in God is 00:03:35
going to be in the population in the nation that is why we talk about 00:03:39
national sovereignty okay the nation is going to have the power okay so this the 00:03:44
nation is going to elect the ruler. Why? Because everyone is going to have the 00:03:54
same rights, everyone is going to have freedom, is going to be free to vote and 00:04:01
because everyone is equal before the law. So if we have, if we believe on national 00:04:05
sovereignty is because we believe in inequality before the law, everyone is 00:04:12
going to be equal before the law and because we believe that everyone 00:04:17
must have the same individual rights and the freedom to elect the ruler so that's 00:04:22
the idea of national sovereignty where the liberalism is based also on the idea 00:04:31
of separation of powers it means executive legislative and judiciary so 00:04:37
the king or the ruler is not going to have all the powers and also 00:04:42
liberalism is going to be based on the creation of a basic law called 00:04:48
constitution and this constitution remember is based on the idea of social contract a contract 00:04:52
between the ruler and the rule people so that's the idea this constitution is going to is going 00:04:58
to control or limit the power of the king and is going to embody this national sovereignty is going 00:05:07
to represent this national sovereignty why because this constitution is going to be voted by the 00:05:14
population in this constitution the population is going to set the role of 00:05:21
the king the powers of the key the limit limited powers of the key and this 00:05:27
Constitution is going to establish also the separation of power is the main the 00:05:35
most important a law or the main law in the country so remember the area of 00:05:41
social contract and constitution is a Rousseau idea is an idea of Rousseau Rousseau's idea 00:05:47
separation of powers is the was proposed first by John Locke and after that Montesquieu the 00:05:53
idea of national sovereignty was proposed by Rousseau and the equality before the law of 00:06:01
freedom of individual rights rights was proposed by John Locke in the 18th century so these ideas 00:06:07
of John Locke these ideas of Montesquieu and Rousseau are going to create this 00:06:14
political liberalism this ideology that we call political liberalism the other 00:06:22
the other liberalism is economic liberalism and we have already studied 00:06:32
this economic liberalism so the basis of economic liberalism were set or 00:06:38
proposed by Adam Smith okay here you have Adam Smith he wrote this 00:06:45
this book the wealth of nations in 1776 and he established the three main ideas 00:06:52
of this economic liberalism the first idea is that the state should not 00:06:58
intervene on economy it means the state must not establish extra tax extra taxes 00:07:03
It means no tools, no tolls, sorry, aduanas to eliminate the tolls, to reduce the amount of taxes in order to encourage or promote the freedom of movement of the goods and the traders and the merchants. 00:07:11
So the idea is the state must not set the prices, the quality, the quantity, the state must not create new taxes or new tolls, they prefer the state not to have all these things, no taxes, no tolls, no prices set, etc., in order to encourage the economy to grow, because he believes in the law of the offer and demand, the supply and demand. 00:07:32
Second, he is going to support the idea of freedom of business, it means you can create your own company and you are going to compete with the other companies based on the idea of the law of supply and demand 00:07:58
so no guilds he is going to be against the guilds so what he is going to support is not to set the 00:08:18
prices not to set the quality not to set the quantity okay just to create different companies 00:08:26
that they are going to compete one to the other that one with you and finally the idea of the law 00:08:33
supply and demand we have already studied this and we and we explained in class that if the supply 00:08:40
is high it means we have a lot of products to sell but the demand it means the population the 00:08:47
customers the number of customers that they want to buy this these products is low so the price 00:08:52
is going to decrease okay if the supply is high and the demand is low the price is going to decrease 00:08:59
okay because we have a lot of products to sell but we have a few people to buy them 00:09:06
so that's why this low supply and demand establishes that that the price is going 00:09:10
to be set due to this relation between the supply and demand a high supply and 00:09:19
a low demand means low prices and on the other way if the supplies are a few okay 00:09:24
and the demand is really high it means we have a few products to sell but we 00:09:34
have a lot of people to buy them that they want to buy their products the 00:09:39
price of the products is going to increase okay so that's the law of 00:09:44
supply and demand if the supply is high and the demand is low the price is going 00:09:49
to decrease if the supply is low and the demand is high the price is going to 00:09:55
increase okay this is what is explained here when the supply exceeds the demand 00:10:01
the producers have to reduce the prices to stimulate sales. Similarly, when the 00:10:07
demand is higher than supply, buyers are pushing up the price of goods, okay? So if 00:10:12
you look at this explanation, what you can see is economic liberalism 00:10:22
means no intervention in economy, what they want is freedom of business, they 00:10:26
don't want the state to intervene and just let the relation between the supply 00:10:32
and demand with no loss okay to control this supply and demand okay so let do let do the 00:10:36
economy okay let let the economy to interact and to evolve freely so that's why the motto 00:10:44
a lemma is let do let pass in in french is let se faire let se passer it means let do the economy 00:10:53
let pass not intervene there must not be intervention in the economy in the economy 00:11:00
okay so that's the economic liberalism and it's the basis of our economic system nowadays 00:11:05
as well as the political liberalism is the basis of our political system nowadays 00:11:13
finally we need to talk about nationalism and its consequences okay first of all what we need to do 00:11:20
to describe to define what is a nation a nation is a group of people with the same language 00:11:27
with the same um as i said the same language the same um the same language the same culture 00:11:35
and also they are going to live inside the same frontiers the same boundaries 00:11:44
okay so a nation is a group of people that they share they they share the language 00:11:51
the culture and the frontiers so nationalism is an ideology that is going 00:11:57
to propose or is going to support the idea of a nation that a nation 00:12:05
any nation has the right to create their own state it means if there is a nation 00:12:12
it means a group of people with the same language the same culture and the same 00:12:19
frontiers they are going to have the right el derecho to create their own nation that is why 00:12:23
in spain catalonia that they have the same language that they have the same frontiers 00:12:30
that they have the same um that they have the same culture they want to be independent because they 00:12:35
they are going to propose the independence idea based on nationalism okay so nationalism is this 00:12:43
ideology that is going to establish that a nation has the right to create their own state so what 00:12:52
is going to happen due to nationalism that we have if we have a state with more than one nation 00:13:02
inside these nations are going to are they are going to want to create their own state for 00:13:07
example catalonia the vast country calitria etc but if we have a nation and more than one country 00:13:13
Inside these nations, they are going to be unified. That is what is going to happen in Italy and Germany, we are going to see it now. 00:13:23
So let's see, nationalism means the right or the ideology that defends the right of a nation to create their own state. 00:13:33
Look at this map, you can see in Europe different nations inside the same boundaries. 00:13:41
for example France is most of France is going to have the same ethnic group but 00:13:47
as you can see the Britannia and Alsace and Lorraine they have a different 00:13:51
nation or in Spain Galicia and Portugal form the same nation while Catalonia 00:13:56
Baleares and Valencia they they form the same nation as well as the Basque 00:14:04
country and Navarre they form the same nation Italy most of Italy is going to 00:14:08
have the same ethnic groups ethnic group but for example Germany Germany is going to have the same 00:14:15
ethnic group as most of Switzerland part of a part of France that is Alsace and Lorraine Luxembourg 00:14:20
and Austria and part of Italy so the is you if you see okay the idea of nationalism is 00:14:28
one nation must have or or has the right to create their own country so for example if we follow this 00:14:37
rule Spain must be more than one country, Galicia should be with Portugal, Valencia 00:14:45
and Catalonia along with Baleares should create their own country, the Basque 00:14:54
country and Navarre they should create their own country and the rest of Spain 00:14:58
must be another country. Also France, Bretagne must be independent, these two 00:15:02
territories must be add to Catalonia and Valencia and Baleares as well as 00:15:07
switzerland austria part of italy and part of france and luxembourg must be part of germany 00:15:13
so that's the idea of nationalism we have a nation a group with the same language the same 00:15:19
culture and the same boundaries and they have the right to create their own state 00:15:24
that's why this nationalism that spread across europe in the 19th century have two consequences 00:15:29
if we have a plurinational empire it means an empire with more than one nation inside 00:15:35
they are going to try they are going to go they are going to split up they are going to divide 00:15:40
in different countries for example austria russia or turkey let's see here we have the austrian 00:15:46
empire here we have the russian empire and here we have the ottoman the turkish empire the ottoman 00:15:52
empire you see greece is inside the ottoman empire so greece is going to turn independent 00:15:59
due to nationalism. For example, the Austrian Empire is going to have in present-day Austria, 00:16:05
present-day Hungary, present-day Czech Republic or Slovakia, etc., as well as Russia, Estonia, 00:16:12
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, etc. So what we are going to see is in Europe these empires 00:16:19
are going to be divided into different countries due to nationalism for example these are the 00:16:29
nations the ethnic groups inside the austrian empire so this austrian empire is going to be 00:16:36
divided into different countries for example croatia is this one nowadays present day or 00:16:44
eslovenia this is russia and the different national groups kazakhstan uzbekistan turbanistan 00:16:50
tajikistan ukraine all these territories with different nations are going to create a new 00:17:00
nation so one nation one state that's the idea of nationalism and of course if we have 00:17:08
for example Italy is one nation but we have in Italy more than one country so 00:17:16
what is going to happen due to nationalism all these territories are 00:17:22
going to be unified based on this idea or Germany Germany we have Prussia we 00:17:26
have Hanover Baviera part of Austria so Germany is going to be created it's 00:17:32
going to be unified due to this idea of one nation one country or for example 00:17:37
the El Reino de los Países Bajos okay the Kingdom of the Netherlands is going 00:17:44
to be divided into Belgium and the Netherlands because Belgium and the 00:17:49
Netherlands are two different nations so examples Greece is going to turn 00:17:53
independent because was part of the Ottoman Empire but they they formed the 00:18:00
same the one nation so Greece is going to turn independent in the 19th century 00:18:05
second Italy and Germany is going to create one only one nation based on the 00:18:10
idea of one only one country based on the idea of one country one nation as 00:18:16
well as Italy and the Belgian Revolution is going to divide the kingdom of the 00:18:21
Netherlands that was the Netherlands and Belgium in two countries why this 00:18:30
division between the Netherlands and Belgium because Belgium's they will 00:18:34
speak a different language French and Balloon and the Netherlands are 00:18:39
speaking Dutch. Also in the Netherlands they believe in Calvinism, one of the branches of 00:18:46
Christianism, and in Belgium they are Catholics. So there is a clear division between these two 00:18:54
territories. Here we have one nation, Belgium, based on Catholicism and a different language, 00:19:00
and the Netherlands based on a different language Dutch and a different religion that is going to be 00:19:10
a protestant religion Calvinism so what we are going to see due to this Belgian revolution 00:19:17
that is a national revolution is the division between these two countries so nationalism 00:19:25
is going to or divide plurinational states it means an estate with more than one nation inside 00:19:32
or to unify different countries that form one nation. 00:19:38
And with this we finish with the definition of liberalism and nationalism. 00:19:45
The first Atlantic Revolution is the American Revolution. 00:19:50
We have already studied it with Jenna, so in the next class we will begin with the French Revolution. 00:19:54
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
RUBÉN PEINADO GONZÁLEZ
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
174
Fecha:
18 de octubre de 2020 - 21:44
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
20′ 03″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
103.08 MBytes

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