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Britain N.Africa Balkans - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 5 de mayo de 2023 por Luis H.

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Yes, exactly. And they put in power one puppet government. Could you remember this puppet 00:00:00
government? For example, Nathalie. Nathalie, what was the name of this puppet government 00:00:07
in France? Alaya. I can see you now, Alaya. Do you remember the name of this puppet government? 00:00:17
No? Fabian? I can't hear, Fabian. Alejandro? I have nothing to know. 00:00:29
It was called a Vichy government and it was led by General Pétain. 00:00:45
Exactly. It was the Vichy government under the rule of General Pétain, exactly, which 00:00:49
was the puppet government who obeyed directly orders from Hitler. And they divided their 00:00:56
country into two parts. 60% in the north was for the Germans, 40% for the Vichy government. 00:01:02
This is the moment when Mussolini did something. Elisa? I have a question. So the Vichy government 00:01:11
is the one that is on the south of France? Yes. Okay, so that's it. Thanks. And Elisa, 00:01:18
who took advantage of this situation to join the war? Mussolini. Here's when Mussolini 00:01:25
decided to take over Albania, right? Exactly. Yes. Okay, I'm really glad because you know 00:01:34
everything and now we are going to explain the second part of the lesson related to the 00:01:41
victories of the Axis powers. Are you ready? Do you have your notebooks? Okay, we are going 00:01:48
to carry on. Okay, class, after the fall of France, Hitler thought that the UK would... 00:01:55
He expected that the UK... Who is asking me a question? Ah, okay. So after the fall of 00:02:07
France, after the fall of France, exactly, Hitler expected and thought that the British 00:02:18
would ask for the terms of peace. Hitler thought that the British would surrender, but it wasn't 00:02:27
the case. This is the moment when Churchill, who became the prime minister after April 00:02:36
in 1940, after the campaign in Norway. So this is the moment when Winston Churchill 00:02:44
said, we will never surrender. Do you remember the... I don't know if you remember the words 00:02:52
from Churchill. Actually, we are going to read his speech at the end of the class. So 00:02:58
Hitler thought that the British would surrender, but it wasn't the case. This is the moment 00:03:06
when Hitler planned the Operation Sea Lion, Operation Leon Marino, when Hitler, together 00:03:13
with Goering and other important generals in Germany, planned the invasion of Great 00:03:25
Britain. Exactly. From the summer in 1940 to the autumn in 1940, it took place the Battle 00:03:34
of Britain, the Battle of Britain, and the German plans were called Operation Sea Lion. 00:03:44
But the Germans made several mistakes because they planned very carefully, very carefully, 00:03:54
the invasion of Western Europe, the invasion of France. And that's the reason as they succeed 00:04:01
on the Western France and Western Europe. But they didn't plan equally the invasion 00:04:09
of Great Britain. They thought that they had enough ships and planes to cross the English 00:04:18
Channel, to cross the Canal de la Mancha, but they were not able to control the sea 00:04:25
and also the skies. It was the RAF, the Royal Air Force. The Royal Air Force in Great Britain 00:04:32
was really powerful. And as I'm going to say now, this Battle of Britain, Operation Sea 00:04:40
Lion ended in failure for the first time for the Germans. And it ended in failure for three 00:04:48
different reasons, for three different reasons that I'm going to explain in a minute. First 00:04:58
of all, because the Royal Air Force, the Royal Air Force in Great Britain was powerful, more 00:05:06
powerful and superior to the German Air Force. The planes from Great Britain, the Spitfire, 00:05:15
the warplanes from Great Britain, such as the Spitfire. This is an image of the Spitfire. 00:05:26
The Spitfire and the Hurricane. The Hurricane was a bomber, a bombardero. And the Spitfire 00:05:34
and the Hurricane were superior to the German Air Force. They were better than the German 00:05:40
Air Force. They do buffer, remember that. So I will say that the Spitfire and the Hurricanes 00:05:52
were superior than the German bomber, the Heinkel and the Messerschmitt. The Messerschmitt 00:05:58
was equivalent to the Spitfire and the Spitfire was better. It was superior in terms of technology. 00:06:06
And actually, Great Britain might produce more planes than the Germans. They were better in 00:06:13
technology, Great Britain, because they might produce warplanes at a rate of 25 to 7 for the 00:06:22
Germans. So they were better in technology. And this is one reason of this victory. 00:06:31
Second reason. Second of all, the radar. The radar was key in this battle because the British 00:06:40
radar might detect the German aircraft. So when the Germans invaded Great Britain, 00:06:49
the British developed all these networks of radars. They might detect the German aircraft 00:06:57
and that's why they were the winners in this battle. This is the second reason. 00:07:08
And also, the third reason was important. The British intelligence from Bletchley Park, 00:07:14
the British built a network of espionage in Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park was like a 00:07:28
palace, which was built close to London. And in Bletchley Park, there were at least 00:07:40
10,000 people working in this palace to decipher the Luftwaffe radio transmissions. 00:07:50
So the British intelligence, this is the third reason, the British intelligence 00:08:01
might decipher the Luftwaffe radio transmissions because the Luftwaffe and also other elements of 00:08:06
the German army, they were using this machine, the Niedmann machine, to send messages from one army 00:08:14
to another. But even before in 1935, there was a Polish mathematician, who was Marian Rejewski. 00:08:26
And the Polish mathematicians were able to decipher for the first time NIMBA. And when the 00:08:41
Soviet Union and Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the Polish mathematicians sent all this knowledge 00:08:49
to the French and to the British. And due to this knowledge, Alan Turing was able to build the first 00:09:02
bomb so as to, in order to decipher all codes from the German army. They deciphered first the 00:09:11
codes from the Luftwaffe. There's a great movie which explains all of this story. 00:09:20
I can't remember now the name in Spanish. But it was true. In 1940, there was a meeting between 00:09:29
Alan Turing and Marian Rejewski. Marian Rejewski, the Polish codebreaker, gave all his knowledge to 00:09:37
Alan Turing. And with this knowledge, Alan Turing managed to build the first bomb. So Marian Rejewski 00:09:45
was really, really key in history because with an equation system, he was able to decipher, 00:09:54
to know about the cables in the NIMBA code. And the British used this knowledge to decipher 00:10:03
the codes from the Germans. So I will say, to sum up, that I explain more things for you to know 00:10:13
more. But to sum up, they won in this battle for the RAF, for the radar, and for the ultra-operation. 00:10:19
The ultra-operation was the operation from Blechley Park when the British deciphered the German 00:10:28
codes. So it was the first time when Hitler was defeated. And when Hitler was defeated, 00:10:34
he changed his tactic. Do we have questions? Do we have questions? Ah, yes. Thank you so much, 00:10:43
Elisa. The film was called The Imitation Game. I think that you can watch it for free on YouTube. 00:10:51
I've seen it. I think it's on Netflix. 00:11:01
And also on Netflix, yes. You have time. It's a good movie to know more about this story. 00:11:03
Thank you so much. So what happened after that? As the British were the winners in the Battle of 00:11:11
Britain, Hitler changed his tactic. And the new tactic was called the Blitz. The Blitz began in 00:11:20
September 1940 up to May 1941. And what does it mean, the Blitz? It was the German bombing of most 00:11:30
of the most important cities in Great Britain. The symbol of this change in the tactics was the 00:11:42
city of Coventry, because Germany bombed the city center of Coventry. It was almost destroyed. 00:11:51
And after the bombing, Coventry was a pile of rubble. So this change in tactic for Hitler was a 00:12:01
complete mistake, because he didn't know that he was about to defeat the rough. But when Hitler 00:12:12
changed this tactic, it was true that the burden, la carga, of the war came to the citizens in 00:12:20
Britain instead of having the burden, the forces, the rough, and the army. It was true. But 00:12:29
the result of this campaign was a mistake for Hitler, because it was true that he bombed 00:12:42
he bombed different cities in Great Britain. But it was a failure, because he wasn't able to 00:12:51
defeat definitely Great Britain. Hitler bombed different cities in Great Britain. Actually, 00:13:02
London, as you can see in the image, was bombed relentlessly, during 57 days. 00:13:10
London was bombed relentlessly. And it was true that 20,000 people died only in London, 00:13:24
and in general in Great Britain, 40,000 people died during the blitz. But Hitler, 00:13:34
with this tactic, when he changed his tactic, tried to destroy the morale in Great Britain. 00:13:43
He tried also to remove the war production in Great Britain. But in the end, he wasn't 00:13:50
to defeat Great Britain. So most parts of the infrastructure in Great Britain and above all 00:14:00
in London were destroyed. It was true that the citizens, the British citizens, had the burden 00:14:10
in the campaign. But in the end, Great Britain succeeded and Hitler lost the battle against Great 00:14:18
Britain. Okay? So after that, we need to remember that the blitz ended in May, in the spring of 1941. 00:14:27
So in the spring in 1941, Hitler changed his tactic again. As he lost against Great Britain, 00:14:43
Hitler changed his tactic and he moved the war to North Africa. 00:14:53
Did you understand the first part, the Battle of Britain? If you have questions, 00:15:01
we can stop here. And if not, I'm going to carry on. Lucas, did you understand everything? 00:15:05
Lucas, yes. Thank you so much. Enrique, do you have questions? 00:15:14
Yes, yes. Okay, ask me, ask away. 00:15:23
Why was the war, the plan, the last plan of Hitler putting the war to Africa? 00:15:27
Yes, this is a really good question, Enrique, that I'm going to explain in a minute. 00:15:37
Thank you for the question. Elisa. 00:15:42
Yes, so the Sea Lion Plan, what exactly did it consist of? Was it to surround Britain? 00:15:45
No, it was the plan to invade Great Britain by sea with the naval forces, with the German naval 00:15:54
forces, and also with the planes, with the air forces, with the Luftwaffe. Hitler wanted to use 00:16:06
both forces. He wanted to combine both forces in order to defeat Great Britain, but they couldn't 00:16:13
for the three different reasons that I've explained before. Okay, Elisa? 00:16:22
Yes. More questions? 00:16:27
More questions? No? So, I'm going to answer, exactly, I'm going to answer Enrique's question 00:16:29
because it was a really good question. So, why did Hitler move his troops to North Africa? 00:16:38
That's the key. Why in the spring of... Actually, it was in March in 1941 when Hitler moved his troops to North Africa. 00:16:44
Thank you for the question, Enrique, because Hitler wanted to avoid an Allied landing in North Africa. 00:16:56
Hitler was afraid of an Allied landing in North Africa. 00:17:07
Un desembarco de los aliados en el norte de África. 00:17:12
He was afraid of that. He wanted to avoid an Allied landing, not only in North Africa, 00:17:17
but also in Western France. And that's why Hitler, as a result of that, as a consequence, 00:17:22
he wanted to control North Africa. And also because Germany, at this moment in war, 00:17:28
ran out of oil. And Hitler was planning to conquer North Africa, completely North Africa, 00:17:37
from Morocco to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, up to Egypt, in order to reach the Middle East. 00:17:49
Because you know that in the Middle East, what is now Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and Iran, 00:17:56
it had a huge reserve, and also in Saudi Arabia, the huge reserve of oil. Germany was run out of 00:18:03
oil and that's why Hitler was planning to conquer North Africa in order to get the oil from the 00:18:12
Middle East. But in June, remember that in June, it was the moment when Italy joined the war. 00:18:19
He helped Hitler when they invaded Albania. And at the same time, the Italians invaded 00:18:32
Libya in June 1940. They invaded Libya because Mussolini wanted to have Libya as a colony, 00:18:44
and also because the vast majority of the British troops in North Africa were in Egypt. 00:18:54
So General Graziani from Italy attacked from Libya to Egypt. But as I said before, the bulk 00:19:02
of the British forces, the vast majority of the British forces were in Egypt. They defeated the 00:19:12
Italians and they began a counter-attack. You don't need to know all these details in the war 00:19:20
in North Africa, but I'm explaining to you because if not, you're not going to understand 00:19:27
the result of the battle. So due to this Italian failure, due to this Italian mistake and the 00:19:32
counter-attack from the British, due to that, it was the moment when Hitler sent the lead 00:19:44
of the German army to North Africa. Hitler sent the Afrika Korps under the rule of Rommel, 00:19:53
General Rommel, in order to defeat the British in North Africa in March 1941. And it was true 00:20:02
that Rommel landed in this city in El Agheila, in Libya, and very, very quickly he received 00:20:13
the nickname of the Desert Fox, El Zorro del Desierto, because he succeeded and he conquered 00:20:25
from El Agheila to the city of Sidi Barrani. It was from March to May, but the British again 00:20:32
recovered. They recovered again and General Oshinlek began another counter-attack and 00:20:41
Rommel had to, he must retreat from Sidi Barrani to El Agheila again. 00:20:50
And this is the moment when, due to this failure, Hitler sent more troops to North Africa. 00:21:00
They prepared a huge army and due to this huge army, from January 1942 to September 00:21:07
1942, Rommel again recovered the territory to El Agheila up to the important city of El Alamein 00:21:14
in Egypt. This city was in the Second World War. It was a turning point in 1942 00:21:25
because it was the most important battle in North Africa between the Germans and the British. 00:21:37
But I'm not going to explain the result of the battle because we will explain that on the 00:21:43
following days. So we could say that in 1941, both armies, the Germans against the Allies, 00:21:49
were fighting in North Africa. They were not able to control completely North Africa and it was 00:22:00
another failure for Hitler because he couldn't get the resource that the Yemenis needed at that 00:22:06
time for the war. And this is the moment when Hitler again moved his troops, he changed his 00:22:13
tactics again and he began the conflict and the campaign in the Balkans. The campaign in the 00:22:24
Balkans, in Europe, began also in Spain in 1941 up to June in 1941. And I'm going to explain in a 00:22:35
minute what happened in the Balkans. So you could say that due to this failure in North Africa, 00:22:47
again Hitler moved the war to the Balkans, to Europe. Do you have questions up to here? 00:22:54
Or shall I carry on? 00:23:04
Fabian? Shall I carry on? Do you have questions? Julia? 00:23:13
Question, teacher. 00:23:16
I have a question. 00:23:17
Julia first, then Elisa. Julia. 00:23:18
So I didn't get what happened in El Alamein. 00:23:23
I didn't explain it, Julia. 00:23:29
Yes, but... 00:23:31
I will say that El Alamein, I will write that El Alamein was the decisive battle in North Africa 00:23:32
between the allies, Great Britain against the Yemenis. And it was a turning point 00:23:41
because it was the un punto inflexion because I will explain on the following class that this 00:23:48
battle, this battle was key for the rest of the Second World War. But I will explain that 00:23:57
on the following class, okay? Because if not, it's too much. But to sum up, Hitler couldn't 00:24:05
control North Africa and that's why he moved the war, his troops, to the Balkans, okay? 00:24:12
So we're going to explain the Balkans. Elisa? 00:24:19
So, just to be sure, so what happened was that Italy came down to Libya, that was 00:24:24
British territory before, they invaded it, they got a little bit, then they lost it all, 00:24:31
then the German troops entered and they regained it, they lost it again, then there was more troops 00:24:37
that came from Germany, they won it again and then they lost all the territory, right? 00:24:43
Yes, you don't have to explain all of this in the exam. I'm explaining to you 00:24:47
to know what happened in this campaign in North Africa. You don't need to know all of this with 00:24:52
this detail but I think it's a good knowledge to understand what happened in North Africa 00:24:59
and why Hitler moved his troops to the Balkans, okay Elisa? 00:25:06
Libya was in a British colony but it has British influence because the British were 00:25:11
in Egypt which was very close to Libya, okay? And remember that Mussolini wanted to have a 00:25:18
Roman Empire, that's why the Italians invaded Libya because it was very close from Italy, okay? 00:25:26
Antonio? Antonio, go on, go on. 00:25:36
So, after the counterattack of Great Britain, Great Britain took Libya or not? 00:25:40
Only for a short period of time, Antonio. You don't need to know all of this with this detail 00:25:52
but General Auchinleck managed to control Libya, as you can see here in the image, 00:25:59
only from November to May. This mistake... No, but I mean after the counterattack of Italy. 00:26:08
Italy conquered Libya and attacked Egypt and then Egypt had a counterattack to Libya. 00:26:21
Yes, yes. Did they conquer Libya at that point? 00:26:27
Only for a short period of time because also the Germans, after that, 00:26:31
Hitler sent more troops and Rommel, with these troops created, he made a huge army and with this 00:26:38
army he launched the final attack not only over Libya but also over Egypt which led to the battle 00:26:46
of Alamein. Thank you. David? I have a question. When France was defeated, did their possessions 00:26:56
went to Germany or they were part of the BC government? Well, thank you so much for the 00:27:15
question. The colonies were for the BC government but the BC government was controlled by the 00:27:22
Germans. So, for example, what happened with the French colonies? The French colonies were 00:27:28
controlled by the BC government above all in North Africa but they received orders from Hitler, 00:27:33
from the Germans. Actually, General Franco tried to join the war together with the Axis. 00:27:39
He wanted, General Franco wanted to have an empire in North Africa but Hitler would prefer 00:27:49
to give the French colonies to the BC government instead of giving the French colonies to General 00:27:56
Franco. Why? Because the Spanish army was weaker than the BC government. Elena? 00:28:04
So, basically, it was a lot of information and sometimes the audio did not go very well. 00:28:14
Did you close your microphones? Yeah, yeah, it was closed but I don't know why. There were some 00:28:25
words that I couldn't hear. So, basically, Hitler sent his troops to North Africa and General Rommel 00:28:30
was the one who led the troops from Germany. Yes, yes. And basically, what happened is that 00:28:39
Hitler was not able to control everything there, right? Exactly. And Rommel couldn't get the oil 00:28:46
that Germany needed at that time and that's why Hitler changed again. He moved the troops to the 00:28:54
Balkans. Are you ready to explain the Balkans? What happened in the Balkans? I have another 00:29:01
question. Sorry, Elisa. So, why did the Germans create the BC government instead of just getting 00:29:11
that piece of land for themselves too? Very good question. Because they didn't have enough 00:29:21
soldiers, Elisa, to control everything. Okay? That's why they needed some allies 00:29:26
in the territories that they were invaded. Okay? Elisa? 00:29:32
Elisa, did you get the information or not? 00:29:42
Okay. Yes, yes, I did. It's just that I had to mute again. Sorry. Yeah, yeah, I got it. Thanks. 00:29:45
Okay, perfect. We are going to carry on. So, what happened in the Balkans? Again, it was another 00:29:53
mistake for the Italians. Mussolini tried to conquer Libya before and it ended in failure. 00:30:00
And Mussolini, again, planned to conquer Greece from Albania, but it ended in failure. 00:30:08
So, again, what happened in the Balkans? First of all, Mussolini launched a campaign in order 00:30:15
to conquer Greece in June 1940, but this campaign ended in failure. And it was a huge mistake 00:30:24
for the Axis powers. It was a huge mistake for the Axis powers. Because at that moment, 00:30:35
I will say that in autumn in 1940, Hitler was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union. 00:30:49
And he trusted Mussolini. Mussolini said to Hitler that he was able to conquer the Balkans. 00:30:57
Hitler, for this reason, was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union because he thought that the 00:31:06
only way to put in the peace table Great Britain was to defeat the Soviet Union. Hitler was convinced 00:31:12
of the planning to invade the Soviet Union. He trusted Mussolini, but Mussolini 00:31:22
wasn't able to conquer the Balkans. Mussolini was planning to conquer from Albania to Greece, 00:31:31
but it ended in failure. So, what happened next in April 1941? So, as Mussolini wasn't able to 00:31:42
conquer the Balkans, Hitler launched another campaign to conquer the Balkans. First, he bombed 00:31:51
the city of Belgrade. Belgrade was completely destroyed as Hitler had done it in other cities 00:32:02
in Europe, such as Warsaw, Rotterdam, Coventry. Belgrade was a pile of rubble after this bombing. 00:32:14
Hitler managed to conquer Yugoslavia first, and then Greece. But the question is, 00:32:27
why did Hitler move his troops to the Balkans? As I said before, because 00:32:36
I would say that from autumn in 1940 up to the spring in 1941, Hitler was planning the invasion 00:32:44
of the Soviet Union. He was planning the Operation Barbarossa, one of the most important pivotal 00:32:53
moments in history. He was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, 00:33:01
and Hitler didn't want to have an enemy at his back, an enemy at his tail. That's why Hitler 00:33:10
invaded the Balkans. He trusted Mussolini first. He thought that Mussolini was capable of conquering 00:33:22
the Balkans, but he wasn't. This is the moment when Hitler invaded the Balkans because he was 00:33:33
planning the invasion of the Soviet Union. So, Hitler invaded the Balkans in April and in June, 00:33:43
he conquered not only Yugoslavia, but also Greece. This is the moment when the German tanks 00:33:53
entered the Acropolis in Athens, in Athens, in Greece, in Athens. 00:34:01
So, obviously, Hitler succeeded in the Balkans, but the Germans lost many, many times 00:34:11
to conquer later on the Soviet Union 00:34:22
because they had to delay their plans. They had to delay their plans and the Germans were not able 00:34:28
to launch the campaign over the Soviet Union up to June in 1941. Hitler was planning to invade 00:34:40
the Soviet Union in the spring and he had to wait up to the summer to invade the Soviet Union. 00:34:50
And with this, we are going to finish the class today. Julia had a question. Julia, ask away. 00:35:00
It has, the video has cut and I hadn't heard the final part. The one from the invasion of 00:35:10
the Soviet Union. Yes, Hitler was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union 00:35:18
in the spring in 1941, but he had to wait up to the summer because he had to conquer first the 00:35:27
Balkans so as to avoid an enemy at his back. Okay. 00:35:35
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
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Fecha:
5 de mayo de 2023 - 9:27
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