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HUMAN ORIGINS - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 3 de octubre de 2021 por Alicia M.

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The world we live in feels normal, ordinary. 00:00:00
It feels like this is just how humans exist and always existed. 00:00:04
But it's not. 00:00:09
Never before have we humans lived in a world as sophisticated and engineered to our needs as today, 00:00:11
giving us the luxury to forget about ourselves and not worry about survival. 00:00:18
Food, shelter, security, all of this is more or less taken for granted. 00:00:24
But we're a special few. For more than 99.99% of human history, life was completely different. 00:00:29
And there's no such thing as just one human history. 00:00:36
Our story begins 6 million years ago, when the tribe of Hominini split and our relationship with the apes ended. 00:00:49
2.8 million years ago, the genus of Homo, the first humans, emerged. 00:00:56
We like to think of ourselves as the only humans, but this is far from the truth. 00:01:01
When we, Homo sapiens sapiens, came into existence 200,000 years ago, 00:01:07
there were at least six other human species around. 00:01:12
Cousins of comparable intelligence and ability, 00:01:16
which must have been incredibly scary, kind of like living with aliens. 00:01:19
Some of them were very successful. 00:01:23
Homo erectus, for example, survived for two million years, 00:01:26
ten times longer than modern humans have existed. 00:01:30
it. The last of the other humans disappeared around 10,000 years ago. We don't know what 00:01:32
caused them to die out. Modern humans have at least a few percent of Neanderthal and other 00:01:39
human DNA, so there was some mixing, but certainly not enough to be a merger between species. 00:01:44
So we don't know if our cousins went away because they lost the battle over resources, 00:01:50
or because of a series of minor genocides. Either way, only we remain. 00:01:54
back to the beginnings of humanity 2.8 million years ago early humans used tools but did not 00:01:59
make a lot of progress for nearly 2 million years until they learned to control fire 00:02:06
fire meant cooking which made food more nutritious which contributed to the development of our brain 00:02:11
it also produced light and warmth which made days longer and winters less gruesome on top of that 00:02:18
it not only scared predators away, it could also be used for hunting. A torched wood or grassland 00:02:25
provided small animals, nuts and tubers, that were pre-roasted. From 300,000 years ago, 00:02:31
most of the different human species lived in small hunter-gatherer societies. They had fire, 00:02:37
wooden stone tools, planned for the future, buried their dead, and had cultures of their own. 00:02:43
But most importantly, they spoke to each other, probably in a kind of proto-language, 00:02:48
less complex than ours. If we had a time machine, how far would we be able to go back, 00:02:54
steal a few babies, and raise them today without anyone noticing that they're 00:03:01
a bit different? There is much debate. Anatomically modern humans emerged 200,000 00:03:05
years ago, but probably 70,000 years is as far as we could travel back and still snatch 00:03:12
a behaviorally modern human. Before that, the babies would probably lack a few crucial gene 00:03:17
mutations necessary to build a brain with modern language and abstract thinking abilities. 00:03:23
At some point around 50,000 years ago, there was an explosion in innovation. 00:03:29
Tools and weapons became more sophisticated, and culture became more complex, because at 00:03:34
this point, humans had a multipurpose brain and a more advanced language to communicate 00:03:39
information with each other effectively and down to the last detail. 00:03:44
This allowed much closer cooperation and is what really makes us different from any other 00:03:49
creature on Earth. 00:03:53
Not our comparatively weak bodies and inferior senses, but the ability to cooperate flexibly 00:03:55
in large groups, unlike, for example, rigid beehives or intimate but tiny wolf packs. 00:04:01
As our brain evolved, we became able to do something life had been unable to do up to 00:04:08
this point. 00:04:13
Expand knowledge quickly. 00:04:15
3. build on past knowledge to gain even deeper insights. 00:04:18
This seems daft, but until then, information had to be passed on from generation to generation, mostly through genetics, which is not efficient. 00:04:24
Still, for the next 40,000 years, human life remained more or less the same. 00:04:34
There was little to build upon. Our ancestors were only one animal among many. 00:04:40
among many. Building a skyscraper without knowing what a house is, is hard. But while it's easy to 00:04:45
be arrogant in our attitude to our ancestors, this would be ignorant. Humans 50,000 years ago 00:04:53
were survival specialists. They had a detailed mental map of their territory, their senses were 00:04:58
fine-tuned to the environment, they knew and memorized a great amount of information about 00:05:04
plants and animals. They could make complicated tools that required years of careful training 00:05:08
and very fine motor skills. 00:05:14
Their bodies compare to our athletes today 00:05:17
just because of their daily routines, 00:05:19
and they lived a rich social life within their tribe. 00:05:21
Survival required so many skills 00:05:25
that the average brain volume of early modern humans 00:05:26
might even have been bigger than it is today. 00:05:29
As a group, we know more today, 00:05:32
but as individuals, our ancestors were superior to us. 00:05:34
But then, around 12,000 years ago in multiple locations, 00:05:38
humans developed agriculture. Everything changed very quickly. Before, survival as a hunter and 00:05:42
forager required superb physical and mental abilities in all fields from everybody. With 00:05:49
the rise of the agricultural age, individuals could increasingly rely on the skills of others 00:05:55
for survival. This meant that some of them could specialize. Maybe they worked on better tools. 00:06:00
Maybe they took time to breed more resistant crops or better livestock. Maybe they started 00:06:06
inventing things. As farming got more and more efficient, what we call civilization began. 00:06:11
Agriculture gave us a reliable and predictable food source, which allowed humans to hoard food 00:06:18
on a large scale for the first time, which is much easier to do with grains than meat. 00:06:22
The food stock required protection, which led to communities living together in tighter spaces. 00:06:27
First, early defense structures were built. The need for organization grew. 00:06:32
The more organized we got, the faster things became efficient. 00:06:37
Villages became cities, cities became kingdoms, kingdoms became empires. 00:06:41
Connections between humans exploded, which led to opportunities to exchange knowledge. 00:06:48
Progress became exponential. 00:06:54
About 500 years ago, the scientific revolution began. 00:06:56
Mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed everything we thought we knew. 00:07:00
The Industrial Revolution followed soon after, laying the foundation for the modern world. 00:07:07
As our overall efficiency grew exponentially, more people could spend their lifetime contributing to the progress of humanity. 00:07:12
Revolutions kept happening. 00:07:20
The invention of the computer, its evolution into a medium we all use on a daily basis, and the rise of the Internet shaped our world. 00:07:22
It's hard to grasp how fast all of that happened. 00:07:30
It's been about 125,000 generations since the emergence of the first human species. 00:07:32
About 7,500 generations since the physiologically modern humans saw the light of day. 00:07:39
500 generations ago, what we call civilization began. 00:07:45
20 generations ago, we learned how to do science. 00:07:49
And the internet became available to most people only one generation ago. 00:07:53
Today, we live in the most prosperous age humanity has ever experienced. 00:07:57
we have transformed this planet from the composition of its atmosphere to large-scale 00:08:02
changes in its landscape and also in terms of the other animals in existence we light up the 00:08:07
night with artificial stars and put people in a metal box in the sky some have even walked on our 00:08:13
moon we put robots on other planets we've looked deep into the past of the universe with mechanical 00:08:18
eyes our knowledge and our way of acquiring and storing more of it has exploded the average high 00:08:24
school student today knows more about the universe than a scholar a few centuries ago 00:08:31
humans dominate this planet even if our rule is very fragile we are still not that different from 00:08:35
our ancestors 70 000 years ago but your lifestyle has existed for less than 0.001 percent of human 00:08:43
history from here on there's no saying what the future holds for us we're building a skyscraper 00:08:50
but we're not sure if it's standing on a solid foundation or if we're building it on quicksand. 00:08:57
Let's leave it with that for now. The next time you miss your train, your burger is not hot enough, 00:09:03
or someone cuts in line, remember how special this made-up human world is. 00:09:07
Maybe it's not worth being upset about all those little things. 00:09:12
This video was supported by Audible.com slash Nutshell. In the making of it, 00:09:17
we used the book Sapiens, A Brief History of Humankind as one of the major sources. 00:09:21
If you want to get to it or any other book for free and support us, 00:09:26
go to audible.com slash nutshell and get a free 30-day trial. 00:09:29
It's so hard to read books when you have the internet, so we can at least listen to them. 00:09:33
In general, we listen to a lot of audiobooks while designing our videos, 00:09:37
so we can highly recommend Audible. 00:09:40
Okay, this was our first take on making a history-related video. 00:09:43
We'd love to make much more of them, but they take even more time than our average video, 00:09:46
so we might do three or four a year. 00:09:50
Your feedback's very welcome here. 00:09:52
Thank you so much for watching and if you want to support us directly, you can do so on Patreon. 00:09:54
It really helps us out. 00:09:59
While you think about it, here are more videos if you need more distraction. 00:10:01
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
132
Fecha:
3 de octubre de 2021 - 10:25
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
10′ 05″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
269.72 MBytes

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