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2º ESO/LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: THE KNIGHT - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 3 de noviembre de 2020 por Alicia M.

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Here we go, the knight. Take one. 00:00:08
He is the knight in shining armor. 00:00:37
Invincible, he rides through the pages of history, answering to no one but his own code of chivalry. 00:00:40
Whoa there! 00:00:46
Time out? 00:00:47
Cut. 00:00:48
Sorry to take the shine off your shoes there, boss, but you're starting off all wrong. 00:00:49
What do you mean? 00:00:54
Well, if you're going to talk about knights in the Middle Ages, there's only one place to start. 00:00:55
A knight is a man on a horse. That's where it all begins. 00:00:59
Let's cut to the century's clock. 00:01:03
We're starting in the years between 800 and 900. 00:01:08
During this time, warriors got the hang of fighting on horseback. 00:01:12
And by the 11th century... 00:01:17
But that's not a knight. No armor. A simple helmet. 00:01:18
And that lance, it's a glorified toothpick. 00:01:22
That's armor all right for about 300 years. It's all a guy needed look closer. I 00:01:25
Mean look real close 00:01:33
This coat is made out of rows and rows of tiny iron rings all linked together 00:01:36
Thousands of them woven together the rows of iron chains form a mesh 00:01:45
Mail is the Latin word for mesh 00:01:50
so chains of mail became chain mail in English which the Knights simply called 00:01:52
mail here's your night wearing mail a helmet covering the top of his head 00:01:58
carrying a sword and a lance but you'll notice the Lance is more like a spear 00:02:05
that big heavy Lance for knocking other guys off horses that one comes later 00:02:11
Well, if that's all there is to it, what makes this guy so tough? 00:02:20
Put this guy on horseback, team him up with a couple hundred more just like him, 00:02:25
and we're talking a fast-moving wall of iron coats and sharp spears. 00:02:31
Pretty tough to resist. Get the point? 00:02:42
Back in the year 1066, there was a great battle at a place called Hastings 00:02:47
to decide who would rule the land of England. 00:02:57
Knights on horseback won that battle, and we have pictures to show us how they fought. 00:03:00
The pictures are woven into a great tapestry telling the whole story of the Battle of Hastings. 00:03:06
These are the knights of 1066. 00:03:11
They're wearing coats of chain mail that come down to their knees. 00:03:13
Look at the way that they use their lances, throwing or thrusting them. 00:03:16
It would be another hundred years or more before the lance developed into the longer, 00:03:19
heavier weapon carried close to the knight's body. 00:03:23
These pictures come from what's known as the Bayeux Tapestry. 00:03:26
It's in a museum in a small town in France. 00:03:30
The Bayeux Tapestry is one of the best real-life snapshots we have of early medieval knights 00:03:32
at war. 00:03:37
Got it? 00:03:38
Good night, take two. 00:03:39
Dressed in his chain mail, lance in hand, the knight rides forth, a lone warrior seeking 00:03:43
adventure. 00:03:49
Nope. 00:03:50
Try it this way. 00:03:51
The knight, wearing an incredibly expensive suit of mail and riding a war horse that costs 00:03:53
as much as five years pay for a working man. 00:03:59
I mean, this horse was like the sport utility 00:04:04
vehicle of the Middle Ages. 00:04:07
To maintain all this expensive gear, 00:04:09
the knight needed some way to pay for it. 00:04:11
And the kings and lords wanted these expensive knights 00:04:14
to fight in their wars. 00:04:16
And so the two were made for each other. 00:04:18
The knights served the lord, and the lord financed the knight, 00:04:22
usually by giving him large farms. 00:04:25
The Lord also took him on wars and raids and let the knight keep all the loot he could carry. 00:04:28
Hey, wait a minute. 00:04:33
You said the knights went raiding and warring for all the loot they could carry? 00:04:34
Well, that wasn't the only reason, but it was a big part of it. 00:04:38
But there's all this stuff in the script about the age of chivalry. 00:04:41
Here, listen to this. 00:04:46
The code of chivalry demanded that the knight defend the weak, 00:04:47
be generous, compassionate, honest, and courteous, especially to women. 00:04:51
So are you saying that's all just baloney? 00:04:57
No, not really. 00:04:59
But let's break it down to what chivalry really means. 00:05:01
The word chivalry comes from the French word for horse, cheval. 00:05:04
It came to mean the code of conduct for what the French called a chevalier, 00:05:09
or knight as we say in English. 00:05:13
It begins as the code of warriors, loyalty and courage in battle. 00:05:15
Then the church expanded the code. 00:05:20
They were trying to get the violence of the Middle Ages under control 00:05:22
by making it chivalrous to protect the poor, the weak, and of course, the church. 00:05:25
Finally, the poets and the troubadours, who were traveling musicians, added a touch of romance. 00:05:31
A chivalrous knight served the lady he loved. 00:05:42
Real life knights didn't always live up to their code of chivalry, but the evidence is many of them tried to. 00:05:48
Just like today, when you might dream of being like the hero of an action movie, 00:05:55
The knights of old could dream of being like the action heroes 00:06:00
and the legends of King Arthur and his knights of the round table. 00:06:03
Let's get the load out on King Arthur. 00:06:06
Some experts think there was a real King Arthur. 00:06:16
But he wasn't a king and he wasn't a knight. 00:06:19
He was chief of a tribe in ancient Britain. 00:06:22
We're talking maybe in the 500s, 00:06:24
back in the days when Romans were still running around in togas. 00:06:26
But Arthur became a hero in ancient folktales. 00:06:29
In the Middle Ages, poets and singers picked up those old folktales 00:06:32
and retold them as stories about a king and his brave knights. 00:06:35
Then, just about everyone who told the story added new, fun little details. 00:06:39
Characters like Merlin the magician and Sir Lancelot, who was the bravest of the knights, 00:06:43
ready to sacrifice anything and everything for true love. 00:06:47
And somewhere along the line came the idea of King Arthur and his knights of the round table. 00:06:51
According to one of the earliest tales, the king chose a round table 00:06:56
so no one could get mad about who was sitting at the head or foot of the table. 00:06:59
These knights were a proud group of guys. 00:07:03
The tales of King Arthur and his knights of the round table 00:07:05
were the best sellers of the Middle Ages. 00:07:07
All those stories don't tell us anything about the real life King Arthur 00:07:10
and just a little bit about how real life knights lived and fought. 00:07:13
They tell us a whole lot about how real life knights wanted to see themselves. 00:07:16
Oh, what's that? 00:07:21
It's the beginning of mechanized warfare, boss. 00:07:24
A crossbow. 00:07:26
Well, it takes a while to get it cranked up with the bolt loaded, but once it is, watch out. 00:07:27
It shoots bolts? Does it shoot nails and screws, too? 00:07:33
No. The bolt was what they called a crossbow's arrows. 00:07:38
A crossbow can hit its target from the distance of about two football fields. 00:07:43
Tough for a knight to get at a guy with his spear or sword at this range. 00:07:48
When it was cranked and ready, a crossbow could shoot one of its bolts right through the knight's chain mail. 00:07:51
So, when we get to the middle of the 1200s, things started changing fast. 00:07:57
Okay, cue the night! 00:08:02
Piece by piece, we added plate armor. 00:08:05
We started by protecting our knees and shins. 00:08:08
Remember, we're fighting on horseback, and those are the parts that stick out. 00:08:11
Then, over time, we started wearing a coat over the chain mail. 00:08:22
It had little armor plates sewn into it. 00:08:27
from about 1300 to 1500 we just kept piling up the plate armor until the whole body was covered 00:08:29
i'm still wearing 25 pounds of chain mail more or less under all this plus another 50 pounds 00:08:38
more or less of plate armor if i should get knocked to the ground i shall pick myself back up 00:08:53
But it may take some doing. 00:09:00
Knights who were dead tired from battle and fell in water or mud 00:09:11
had an even greater struggle pulling themselves back up. 00:09:15
Once I'm back on my feet, no problem. 00:09:19
I'm safe beneath all of this armor. 00:09:21
Not for long. 00:09:24
I hate to break it to a knight wearing all those pots and pans, 00:09:26
but there was always another weapon to worry about. 00:09:31
This time, it was the longbow, an English specialty. 00:09:34
Notice the big difference with the crossbow? It's fast. 00:09:38
The English archers could fire 5 to 12 arrows in just one minute. 00:09:42
Get a few hundred archers at work, and that's quite a hail of arrows. 00:09:47
Plus, the bows were so powerful that a direct hit could pierce the plate armor. 00:09:55
So the knights loaded up with all the plate armor they could carry 00:10:01
and hoped the archers didn't get a good straight shot. 00:10:04
With all those arrows flying in from so far away, even the horses had to wear armor. 00:10:07
So now we've got knights in armor looking more like pictures in the storybook. 00:10:13
A skilled warrior could function in a 35 to 75 pound suit, hold a lance steady and charged, 00:10:17
and guide a galloping warhorse with just the pressure of his knees and the touch of his spurs. 00:10:25
Where do you find guys like that? 00:10:35
Well, you start training them from about the time they're 12 years old. 00:10:38
How would you like it? 00:10:43
When his son got to be about 12 years old, a knight would send him off to another castle, 00:10:47
often the castle belonging to the knight's lord. 00:10:51
The boy would serve the knight as a squire. 00:10:56
He learned to ride and to handle a sword and lance. 00:10:58
Yes, my lord. 00:11:02
Is there any punishment I deem suitable for you? 00:11:02
Yes, my lord. 00:11:05
A squire was also put to work grooming horses, assisting the knight with his armor, and serving 00:11:05
food at the lord's table. 00:11:11
The training of a squire might continue for eight years, and then the squire was dubbed 00:11:22
a knight. 00:11:27
An elaborate dubbing ceremony might go on for days. 00:11:28
The young knight-to-be would spend all night praying in a chapel. 00:11:32
The next day, the king, or some other great lord, would tap the kneeling squire on the 00:11:36
left shoulder and then award him with a shield and a pair of gold spurs. In the 00:11:40
olden days instead of a tap of the sword the knight was dubbed by a solid smack 00:11:54
in the face. As time went on those dubbing ceremonies got more and more 00:11:58
religious because the church got more and more anxious to get those sword 00:12:07
swinging knights under control. Sometimes when the Knights went on those looting 00:12:10
raids they would loot the churches too so the church tried turning them into 00:12:16
soldiers of God rather than soldiers of fortune okay we're ready to tell them 00:12:20
about the Crusades in 1095 the Pope rallied soldiers all across Europe to 00:12:27
launch a great crusade against the Muslims who ruled Jerusalem he wanted to 00:12:35
regain the tomb of Jesus and at the same time to ship a lot of Europe's most 00:12:42
violent men off to the east. The Knights of Europe loved the idea. They could fight in the name of 00:12:46
the church, have a great adventure, and maybe get rich on land and loot all at the same time. 00:12:51
During the next 130 years, there were eight major crusades. At a time when it was a big deal to 00:12:57
travel a hundred miles, thousands of people traveled thousands of miles across oceans and 00:13:03
continents. There were great battles and great sieges. Cities were captured, lost, and then 00:13:09
captured again. It's hard even to count how many thousands died. Knights killed in battle, 00:13:15
travelers dying of disease, men, women, and children massacred when invaders captured 00:13:21
their city. When it was all over, the knights were driven out of the east and the Muslims 00:13:26
still ruled Jerusalem. But the Crusades made big changes in the knights' world. By opening 00:13:30
up a path to the east, things that were once unknown or else unbelievably rare became a 00:13:37
part of daily life, well, at least for the rich. Rice, sugar, lemons, spinach, well, 00:13:43
they can't all be tasty, and spices like ginger and nutmeg and cinnamon. Knights also learned 00:13:50
from the people they fought against better ways to build castles, better ways to care 00:13:56
for the sick, and an easier way to write down numbers. Instead of writing a number like 00:14:00
178 this way, Europeans learned to write it this way. Bottom line, the Crusades showed 00:14:06
the knights the world was a lot bigger than they thought, and it would never seem so small 00:14:17
again. The Knight, take three. Having learned the arts of war during their early youth and 00:14:21
further developing them during the battles of the Crusades, the gallant knights display 00:14:31
their prowess before lords and ladies at the great spectacles known as tournaments well well what 00:14:36
well aren't you going to stop me and tell me that i've got everything wrong well you haven't got 00:14:45
this part wrong really they really did have tournaments with lords and ladies and jousting 00:14:50
with the two guys where they ride right at each other with lances and try to knock each other off 00:14:57
their horses well i knew it hey can we get the knight back here again what began as mere practice 00:15:02
for battle became a structured system of tournaments with its own set of rules but it was 00:15:09
gruesome two teams of knights would pick a time and a place and really it was like going to battle 00:15:15
in one famous tournament 80 knights and squires were killed the object was to capture an opponent 00:15:21
not to kill him but look at the weapons we used this is a battle axe it was easy to use on horse 00:15:29
back this side was to hit the guys on the ground they usually didn't have much armor protection 00:15:37
for another man in armor this was the end that meant business then there was the mace it could 00:15:42
be deadly but it could also be handy if you wanted to knock somebody out to take him prisoner but 00:15:52
This is the one we depended on most. 00:16:01
When it came to a real fight, you reached for your sword. 00:16:04
It was the symbol of knighthood. 00:16:07
When it came time to fight in real warfare, things were not pretty. 00:16:10
When a sword bit into chain mail, it drilled those little iron rings deep into the wound, 00:16:14
causing more pain and infection. 00:16:19
As plate armor grew more complete, knights fighting on a hot summer day 00:16:22
risked dying of heat stroke or suffocation. 00:16:26
Along with the threat of crossbow bolts or a hail of arrows from longbowmen, by 00:16:29
the mid-1200s, infantry learned to use long-handled weapons to knock a knight 00:16:34
off his horse. Once on the ground, the bravest knight could be at the mercy of 00:16:39
a fast-moving common soldier, plunging a dagger through the slits in his armor. 00:16:45
Not a game for amateurs, so a big reason for the tournaments was to keep knights 00:16:49
in constant practice and prepared. Another was the chance to earn big bucks. 00:16:56
There's one real-life hero from the Middle Ages we should hear about, 00:17:02
kind of like their version of a star quarterback. 00:17:06
Here, let's get the lowdown on William Marshall. 00:17:08
His name was William Marshall. 00:17:17
He was born in the 1100s. 00:17:24
William was always brave in battle, but in the beginning, William was poor. 00:17:26
But then he started going to tournaments. 00:17:31
If a knight like me was taken prisoner during the mock battles in a tournament, 00:17:33
he had to give up his horse and sometimes his armor to the knight who captured him. 00:17:38
He had to pay a hefty ransom too to retrieve his horse and buy back his armor. 00:17:43
If a knight was truly a good fighter, he could become rich by competing in tournaments. 00:17:48
Well, William was one of the best fighters who ever breathed. 00:17:57
He found another knight to be his partner, and the two of them cleaned up. 00:18:02
In ten months of tournaments, William and his partner took 103 knights prisoner. 00:18:07
That made him so rich, he formed a whole team of knights, 00:18:13
leading them in victory to tournaments all over Europe. 00:18:17
It was a tough way to make a living, though. 00:18:20
Once, William won a tournament. 00:18:22
His friends went to go give him the prize and found him on his knees at the blacksmith. 00:18:25
William's helmet had gotten so smashed up during the tournament 00:18:30
The blacksmith had to pound it back into shape 00:18:33
So William could get it off his head 00:18:35
The man worked hard for his money 00:18:37
Get your programs here 00:18:40
Trust me, you can't recognize your players without the programs 00:18:42
As time goes on 00:18:45
These tournaments become less and less like mini wars 00:18:48
And more like public sporting events 00:18:51
Spectators cheer for the knights of their choice 00:18:53
However, one problem 00:18:55
It's hard to know who you're rooting for 00:18:57
when everyone's wearing a bucket with eye slits over his head? 00:18:59
These guys didn't wear numbered jerseys. 00:19:02
So, instead of a jersey with a number, 00:19:05
the players at a tournament start putting personal symbols on their shields, 00:19:08
on the surcoat they wear over their armor, 00:19:12
even on the cloth draped over their horse. 00:19:15
It started as a practical device, 00:19:18
but then the lords began to have all the knights who fought for him share similar emblems, 00:19:20
the first team uniforms. 00:19:24
Eventually, every noble family was known for its own coat of arms. 00:19:26
Learning to read and recognize all these emblems became a full-time job for men called heralds, 00:19:30
and the use of emblems became known as heraldry. 00:19:36
We've come a long way in the last 600 years. 00:19:39
Let's go back over the script and see if we got this right. 00:19:42
It started with a mounted warrior with chain mail and a spear in the 800s. 00:19:46
By 1095, knights felt a Christian duty to march away on the first crusade, and felt 00:19:53
a not-so-saintly itch to get rich by looting the east. 00:20:01
In the 1200s, the glory days of the crusades are waning, but it becomes the golden age 00:20:07
of the tournament. 00:20:12
By 1300, the plate armor starts to pile up to defend against those pesky crossbows and 00:20:16
longbows until by 1400 you finally got the honest to goodness knight in shining armor from head to 00:20:21
toe the night take four he is the knight in shining armor after centuries of change he finally rides 00:20:30
invincible through the pages of oh no afraid so boss better just throw away the script by the time 00:20:43
you hit the late 1400s, gunpowder is coming into its own. I'll let you in on a little 00:20:51
something. It really wasn't guns and cannons that made the knight in armor obsolete. It 00:21:01
was cash. By the 1400s, he was just too darn expensive with his custom-made armor and his 00:21:06
ride of a luxury horse. Why pay for one of these guys when for the same money, you can 00:21:12
hire a dozen of these guys? No, not very chivalrous, but they get the job done on the battlefield. 00:21:18
The most lasting legacy of the Knights, their code of chivalry, was just real enough to inspire generations of people to try to act just a little bit better. 00:21:33
Maybe a little of that still lives on today. 00:21:43
But as for this guy, at the time he was all dressed up, he had no place to go. 00:21:45
Okay, that's a wrap. 00:21:56
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
103
Fecha:
3 de noviembre de 2020 - 18:32
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
23′ 15″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
480x360 píxeles
Tamaño:
142.43 MBytes

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