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Subido el 17 de abril de 2023 por Marta G.

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I'm into that kind of music. 00:00:00
I'm into that kind of music. 00:00:16
I'm into that kind of music. 00:00:19
Good morning. 00:00:33
We are starting a new topic today. 00:00:34
We are going to see the relationship that living beings have with their environment. 00:00:36
We are going to see the biosphere. 00:00:40
What is it? 00:00:42
What is the biosphere? 00:00:43
Well, the biosphere is the set formed by all the living beings that live on Earth. 00:00:44
Here, remember that living beings, we are not only talking about animal plants, 00:00:52
but we include many more organisms. 00:00:56
What does the biosphere consist of? 00:00:59
Well, we have a series of organisms, producers, consumers and decomposers, 00:01:01
that are going to take advantage of the energy of the sun and are going to expel heat. 00:01:06
That is, our system is energetically related, 00:01:10
acquiring solar energy and releasing heat. 00:01:13
It also acquires a series of materials, 00:01:16
such as oxygen, water, CO2, phosphorus or nitrogen. 00:01:19
All that is going to enter the system and it is also going to come out in the form of oxygen, 00:01:25
because, for example, producers take CO2 and expel oxygen. 00:01:29
It is going to come out as water, many metabolic reactions, 00:01:33
because its final derivative is water. 00:01:37
CO2, because here consumers take oxygen and expel CO2. 00:01:39
And also as phosphorus and nitrogen, but it may come out in another way. 00:01:44
If one is oxidized, it comes out as a reducer or the other way around. 00:01:49
Everything is going to be related to the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere, 00:01:52
which we have already studied all three of them. 00:01:58
Keep in mind that the biosphere is an open system. 00:02:01
Remember that we saw the systems in topic 1 a long time ago. 00:02:04
We said that the open system was when it exchanged matter and energy with the outside. 00:02:09
There is always a recycling of all that matter. 00:02:14
None of the elements is going to be lost at any time. 00:02:17
The ecosphere, another term that we have to know, 00:02:21
which are all the organisms of the biosphere and the relations that are established between them and the environment. 00:02:23
With that, we are going to focus mainly on this topic, 00:02:30
on all those relationships that occur between organisms. 00:02:33
Within the ecosphere, we have to talk about ecosystems. 00:02:36
The term ecosystem, although we all know it, 00:02:40
we may not be sure how to define it. 00:02:43
We are going to take the definition of Eugene Odom, 00:02:46
who was a great ecologist, who wrote the book Fundamental of Ecology 00:02:49
and is the one called the father of ecological ecologism. 00:02:53
He says that it is a unit that includes all organisms in a certain area interacting with the physical environment, 00:02:56
in such a way that an energy flow leads to a clearly defined trophic structure, 00:03:04
biological diversity and cycles of matter within the system. 00:03:09
That is, we have a community of living beings, which we also call biocenosis, 00:03:14
a physical medium, a physical environment, which is what we call biotope, 00:03:21
and among them they are interacting through a relationship of matter and energy. 00:03:27
This gives rise to the fact that in that system we have, as it says here, a trophic structure, 00:03:35
producers, consumers, decomposers, a great biological diversity, 00:03:40
and that some cycles of matter appear, for example, the phosphorus that enters has to leave in another way, 00:03:45
or the nitrogen that enters also has to leave, etc. 00:03:51
Biomes, when we talk about ecosystem, let's say that we are referring to something smaller. 00:03:54
Biomes are large ecosystems that extend across large regions of the planet, 00:04:00
but in similar climatic conditions. 00:04:04
We are going to see some of the main biomes, I have made a classification, 00:04:07
but there may be others, because depending on the book we choose, we take one description or another. 00:04:12
We have terrestrial and aquatic biomes. 00:04:18
We are going to distinguish between terrestrial biomes mainly due to temperatures and rainfall. 00:04:21
Those climograms that you may have seen when you did geography, 00:04:28
when you did geography and history, 00:04:34
in which you could see the amount of rainfall that there was after a year, 00:04:36
the minimum and maximum temperatures, 00:04:40
all that is what we take to make that classification of terrestrial ecosystems. 00:04:42
And then the aquatic ones, which we are going to classify according to whether they are marine or freshwater. 00:04:46
Let's go with the terrestrial ones. 00:04:51
We have the equatorial jungles, also known as tropical forest or plurisilva. 00:04:53
Here we have a large amount of rainfall throughout the year and a constant temperature. 00:05:01
We are in the area of ​​the equator where there are no differences between winter and summer. 00:05:07
The savannah is an area where we already have two seasons, the rainy season and the dry season, 00:05:14
so one season it is going to rain a lot and another season it is going to rain little, 00:05:21
although the temperatures remain more or less constant. 00:05:25
And the desert, we already saw when we were talking about how convective cells were distributed, 00:05:28
where the large deserts appeared, which appeared mainly in the tropical areas, 00:05:36
because of that convergence of air in the tropics that made the anticyclones descend 00:05:41
and that heated the air and on the other hand dried it up. 00:05:49
Here we have the large deserts where the rainfall is very, very scarce 00:05:53
and the temperatures vary a lot between day and night. 00:05:58
In the temperate climates, we have the temperate forest, 00:06:01
which would be a forest where the rainfall is relatively abundant throughout the year, 00:06:05
there is not much variation between winter and summer, 00:06:15
but the temperatures do vary, in winter they are colder and in summer they are a little warmer. 00:06:18
It is the typical forest, as we speak of the Atlantic forest, for example in the area of Galicia, Asturias, 00:06:24
or if we go to Central Europe, almost all of Central Europe has a temperate forest, 00:06:31
or in the areas of the United States, Mediterranean forest. 00:06:35
Although we call it Mediterranean, it is not only in Europe, in the Mediterranean region, 00:06:40
we also find it, for example, in South Africa, we find it in the area of Chile and Argentina, 00:06:46
we find it in Australia. 00:06:51
It is a forest characterized by very high temperatures in summer, 00:06:54
a little cold in winter, not excessively cold, but a little cold, 00:07:01
and a rainy season in spring and autumn, and quite dry in summer. 00:07:06
The meadows and steppes would be those places where we have two very marked seasons, 00:07:12
also a rainy season and a dry season. 00:07:21
They are large areas where there are practically no trees, 00:07:24
with conditions of life that are generally harder, 00:07:28
it may be because they are areas where the wind blows a lot, where it is not favoured that trees appear. 00:07:32
There are large areas of the planet where those meadows or steppes appear, 00:07:38
for example, the Pampa Argentina, we find the large meadows of the United States. 00:07:43
We have already moved on to the cold climates, here we distinguish two, 00:07:48
the taiga, which are areas where forest still appears, where trees appear. 00:07:51
We have a very cold season, which is quite long, 00:07:58
and a slightly warmer season, which allows these trees to survive. 00:08:02
The precipitation is generally in the form of snow in winter, 00:08:07
and then in summer it also rains, it is also a humid season. 00:08:11
And the tundra, we are already going further north, 00:08:15
and we find an area where trees can no longer grow. 00:08:19
The vegetation will always be low because practically all year it is covered with snow, 00:08:22
which does not allow these trees to appear. 00:08:28
In the aquatic ecosystems, we said that we distinguish between the marine and the freshwater, 00:08:31
in the marine we distinguish two areas, the neritic or coastal area. 00:08:36
We take it from the coast up to 200 metres deep, 00:08:41
which depending on the area of the planet will be more water inside, more towards the coast. 00:08:47
For example, on the Chilean coast, the depth immediately drops, 00:08:53
because we are close to a tectonic pit. 00:08:58
But, for example, in the areas of Australia, 00:09:01
we have many, many kilometres of this neritic area, 00:09:06
that is why these large coral barriers appear in Australia, 00:09:11
because they are areas where there is little depth, 00:09:14
the water passes very well and large formations such as coral barriers can develop. 00:09:17
And the pelagic area would be the one where the depth of the seabed is more than 200 metres, 00:09:22
and certain floating organisms appear that are not settled on the bottom. 00:09:30
For example, here the pelagic area is based, its main organism is the phytoplankton, 00:09:39
although we cannot see it, but they are the ones that determine all the trophic chains of the pelagic area, 00:09:45
those microscopic algae that will feed the rest of the trophic chain. 00:09:51
Well, within the aquaculture, we distinguish two, for example, the lotic area or running waters, 00:09:57
here we would include the rivers, streams where the water moves, 00:10:05
and the Atlantic areas, which are stagnant waters, 00:10:11
we include lagoons, lakes, swamps, even if they are of artificial origin, 00:10:16
we also include it here in the aquaculture. 00:10:20
Within these ecosystems, how do organisms relate to each other? 00:10:24
Organisms will relate to each other by a series of trophic relationships. 00:10:28
I have posted a video that is in English, but you can put it with subtitles, 00:10:33
and you will find out that it is called Ecology of Ecosystems, 00:10:37
so that you can get a first idea of ​​what these trophic relationships are like. 00:10:40
Do you see it? And we continue. 00:10:45
Well, once we have seen the video, we go with those relationships, 00:10:47
we distinguish between producers, consumers and decomposers. 00:10:50
Let's see the different types. 00:10:54
Within the producers are the autotrophic organisms, which are the ones that feed themselves. 00:10:56
Here we have two types, we would have the photosynthetic, 00:11:01
which are those that depend on light to carry out their chemical reactions and to feed themselves, 00:11:04
and the kinesynthetic, which obtain energy from the oxidation of organic substances, 00:11:11
for example, this one that we have here, sulfulobus, 00:11:16
is an archaea that uses sulfur to make its chemical reactions. 00:11:19
We have other types of archaea, for example, which are methanogenic, 00:11:25
which generate methane in their chemical reactions. 00:11:28
That is, not everything will depend on light, 00:11:31
but there may also be producers that depend on other chemical substances. 00:11:33
Consumers are going to be those who are going to eat the producers or who are going to eat each other. 00:11:39
We have herbivores, which are going to be the primary consumers, those who eat the producers. 00:11:48
Carnivores, we have secondary consumers, who are the ones that are going to eat the herbivores, 00:11:54
or tertiary consumers, which are those who eat the herbivores. 00:11:59
For example, what example have I put here? 00:12:05
I have put a tomato plant. 00:12:07
For example, we have a producer, we have the tomato plant, 00:12:11
we have the flea that sucks the sap from that tomato plant, that is, it is a herbivore. 00:12:14
We have the fly that eats the flea, which would be a secondary consumer. 00:12:21
In case you don't know, flies are great and wonderful to get rid of fleas. 00:12:25
And we have this little bird, which is a carbonero, 00:12:30
that eats the fly that eats the flea, and that would be a tertiary consumer. 00:12:33
Among the consumers we have two other types. 00:12:38
We have, for example, the carnivores or necrophages. 00:12:41
Something dies, something eats it directly. 00:12:43
They are the carnivores, which does not mean that we do not have, for example, 00:12:47
a secondary consumer that is also a carnivore. 00:12:50
If I find free food, I will take advantage of it. 00:12:53
And we also have the saprophytes or detritivores. 00:12:56
These are in charge of eating decomposing material, 00:12:59
but not so much of the dead animal, but of the remains that remain. 00:13:03
Imagine a corpse that is left abandoned in the field of a sheep. 00:13:10
For example, the sheepdogs start eating it, 00:13:14
and the remains of that sheep, of the wool, of the meat, of the bones, 00:13:16
they eat it on the ground, little by little, the saprophytes, 00:13:20
or in the water, it falls to the bottom of a lake, 00:13:23
and the detritivores also eat it. 00:13:28
All these organisms, producers, consumers, and decomposers, 00:13:30
are related by a series of trophic networks. 00:13:35
From what was said before, from the trophic chains, 00:13:38
the herbivore eats this, the other. 00:13:41
It's not that simple. 00:13:44
Normally, there are many relationships between each other. 00:13:46
A consumer can also be a carrion at a certain time, 00:13:50
or even a secondary consumer can be a herbivore. 00:13:54
So, what is a trophic network? 00:13:57
They are food chains of an interconnected ecosystem, 00:14:00
through food relationships. 00:14:04
And at the last stage of the chain, we have the decomposers. 00:14:08
What are decomposers? 00:14:12
They are a special type of detritivores 00:14:14
that are responsible for transforming organic matter into mineral salts. 00:14:16
Here, we close the cycle. 00:14:19
We already have a series of bacteria, a series of fungi, 00:14:21
that are going to eat the remains of what is left 00:14:24
and transform it into mineral salts 00:14:28
so that they return to the ecosystem again. 00:14:30
And this is all for today, 00:14:34
starting with our topic of the biosphere. 00:14:36
Until the next day. 00:14:39
Transcription by ESO. Translation by — 00:14:44
Idioma/s:
es
Autor/es:
Marta García Pérez
Subido por:
Marta G.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
45
Fecha:
17 de abril de 2023 - 10:54
Visibilidad:
Clave
Centro:
Sin centro asignado
Duración:
14′ 56″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
960x540 píxeles
Tamaño:
46.53 MBytes

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