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2.1. Agriiculture (18th Century) - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 13 de septiembre de 2020 por Ruben P.

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hello today we are going to talk about the economy in the 18th century 00:00:01
we have seen the characteristics of the society already so we are going to see the main 00:00:06
characteristics of the economy in this 18th century so let's begin the first thing is we 00:00:13
need to understand that the economy during the ancient regime it means from the 16th to the 18th 00:00:19
century is going to be laid into all three pillars it means they are going to 00:00:24
be three main economic activities that they are going to characterize the 00:00:29
economy during these centuries okay so that's the important thing which are 00:00:34
going to be these three main economic activities the first one is going to be 00:00:39
agriculture of course okay agriculture is going to be the most important one 00:00:43
during the 16th 17th 18th century also in the Middle Ages okay so in this 00:00:47
moment in the 18th century of course agriculture is the most important one 00:00:53
the second one is trade okay it means to exchange products from one place to 00:00:58
another okay and it's becoming more important why trade is going is becoming 00:01:06
more important during the 18th century basically thanks to the colonial empires 00:01:12
remember at in the end on the end of the 15th century America was discovered okay 00:01:18
America is going to be an important geographical area in order to obtain raw 00:01:25
materials but also a place to sell the products okay to sell the European 00:01:32
products and finally the third the third economic activity is going to be 00:01:38
manufacture and craft work it means all these products the industrial products 00:01:45
that we are going to produce through or using raw materials it means for example 00:01:50
a table and scissors nowadays a computer a phone etc those are manufactured 00:01:56
products okay so the idea is three main pillars three main economic activities 00:02:07
agriculture, trade, and manufacture and craft work. We are going to talk 00:02:13
about these three. In this first video we are going to talk about the agriculture. 00:02:17
So let's see the characteristics of agriculture in the 18th century. 00:02:21
These characteristics are going to be, during the ancient regime, are going to 00:02:26
be close to the Middle Ages and we will see in the next slide the improvements 00:02:30
or the change in this 18th century related with agriculture. So the first 00:02:36
thing and this is going to be a characteristic that we are going to see 00:02:40
in all the European countries in the 18th century is that the 80% of the 00:02:44
population the European population are going to be peasants and they are going 00:02:49
to be working the lands okay but the thing is these peasants are not 00:02:53
controlling the lands okay remember these are the peasants here is a 00:02:59
painting from the 19th century okay so you can see these peasants working the 00:03:02
land remember peasants as we saw in this in the social pyramid are in the bottom 00:03:08
they are poor they are not a they don't control the lands so the idea is these 00:03:16
people most of the population in Europe are poor and they are working the lands 00:03:25
for for who for the church and the nobility so it means a few percentage of the population 00:03:31
is rich because they control the land those are the nobility and the church this privileged 00:03:41
position in the society came from the middle ages remember second of eso okay and these people that 00:03:49
they control the 90% of the land are controlling of course these peasants 00:03:58
okay so the idea is the social relations between the poor and the rich people are 00:04:06
translated into the economy in this relation peasants working the land of 00:04:14
the church and the nobility okay and these peasants are going to be the vast 00:04:20
majority of the society, the European society in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, okay? 00:04:26
So agriculture is characterized by that, by this, okay? The land is going to be in 00:04:33
hands of the church and nobility, they are going to be a few percentage of the 00:04:38
population, but they are going to be the rich people, and vast majority of the 00:04:43
population, this 80% of the European population, they are going to be poor, 00:04:48
they are going to be peasants, and they are going to be working this nobility 00:04:51
and church land okay so remember this image sorry representing the nobility 00:04:55
and representing the the clergy of course this agriculture is going to be 00:05:04
characterized by by this to be I mean a self-consumption agriculture it means 00:05:12
that everything or most of the agricultural products produced in Europe 00:05:21
are going to be used in order to survive it means the noble or the clergy they are 00:05:27
not thinking of producing a lot of agricultural products to sell them they 00:05:35
are not part of the bourgeoisie remember they are privileged but they are not 00:05:40
part of the bourgeoisie so they are thinking okay just to survive they own 00:05:43
the lands, they control the peasants, and most of the production is going to be 00:05:49
addressed to survive. Of course there is going to be a small part of this 00:05:56
production that is going to be used in order to trade, to sell it to the bourgeoisie, 00:06:00
to the merchants, in order for them to sell this product in different areas, 00:06:07
geographical areas. So the idea is this agriculture is going to be a 00:06:12
self-consumption agriculture it means that is the production the 00:06:17
agricultural production is going to be addressed to make the population survive 00:06:22
okay not to earn more money just to survive of course there is going to be a 00:06:26
small part of this agricultural products that they are going to be used for 00:06:32
trading of course if it's a self-consumption agriculture is because 00:06:37
is a low productivity agriculture it means the techniques the instruments the 00:06:42
weapons that they are using in order to produce the agricultural products in 00:06:50
order to cultivate the crops are going to be old-fashioned it means they are 00:06:54
not they do not let the peasants to increase the productivity okay they are 00:07:00
not useless but close to it so the idea is there is going to be a low 00:07:09
productivity okay they are going to use this old-fashioned instruments or 00:07:15
weapons the Roman plow is Arado Romano and it's called Roman plow because 00:07:22
came from the Roman era so it means more than 1,000 years ago so the idea is they 00:07:27
are using the Roman plow 1,000 years after they have not improved their 00:07:32
weapons and they are not using even fertilizers so that's the thing they are 00:07:38
using no fertilizers and they are using traditional instruments or traditional 00:07:43
weapons okay that came from the Roman era this is a picture from Spain in the 00:07:50
20th century it means in Spain we are going to still cultivate in the lands 00:07:57
with Roman plow in the 20th century okay until the 1950s okay so it means to develop new techniques 00:08:02
or new technologies to increase the productivity is going to happen in the 18th century but it's 00:08:12
not going to happen in the 16th and 17th century okay so the characteristics of the agriculture 00:08:20
during the answer regime is this low productivity okay we are going to see in the next slide how 00:08:25
is going to improve a little during the 18th century due to new technologies 00:08:30
okay so most of the population are peasants and work in the lands 90% of 00:08:34
the land belong to the church and nobility self consumption agriculture it 00:08:39
means to survive not to trade with it and at the vast majority and low 00:08:43
productivity we are using old-fashioned techniques and instruments of course if 00:08:48
we have no technologies new technologies the agricultural production is going to 00:08:57
be depending on the weather it means if we want a crop to grow what we need is 00:09:02
water and light Sun okay we need the Sun and we need the water okay but imagine a 00:09:07
season in a year where is not going to rain a lot and it's going to be cloudy 00:09:14
and there is not going to be enough sunlight hours okay so it means the 00:09:20
crops are not going to get enough rain it means water and not enough sunlight 00:09:27
so it means the productivity is going to decrease okay so that's why this 00:09:32
agriculture that they use old-fashioned instruments okay and techniques okay is 00:09:38
going to be determined by the weather because depends on the weather if the 00:09:46
weather is good okay productivity the protein is going to increase if the 00:09:50
weather is bad the protein is going to diminish it's going to decrease okay and 00:09:53
finally the last characteristic of this agriculture is that the peasants are 00:09:59
going to pay high taxes and you know that they are part of the non privileged 00:10:06
population okay so they pay high taxes so these are the characteristics of the 00:10:12
agriculture in the 16th 17th and 18th century as I said there are going to be 00:10:18
some changes in the 18th century okay which are going to be these changes they 00:10:22
are going to be related with this the productivity that is going to increase 00:10:26
okay so let's see these changes in the 18th century and the agricultural 00:10:29
changes in the 18th century okay the thing is they are going to be these 00:10:36
scientific developments that they are going to improve the agricultural 00:10:39
production. So that's great, okay. The thing is which type of scientific 00:10:43
developments? Basically chemistry industries and fertilizers. It means they 00:10:49
are going to create, they are going, due to these chemistry studies, they are 00:10:54
going to be able, this population or these people is going to be able to 00:11:00
produce new fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, that they are going to be 00:11:05
really effective in order to increase productivity. So that's the point. 00:11:10
They are going to develop this new technique, sorry, this new technique, 00:11:17
this new scientific improvements and due to that productivity is going to increase. 00:11:23
the other part is a new technique they are going to create or they are going to 00:11:31
develop the triennial rotation what is the triennial rotation okay so first 00:11:36
thing you need to know is in order to produce a crop to cultivate a crop this 00:11:42
crop needs water needs sunlight as I said and also they need some energy from 00:11:48
the ground okay the problem is depending on the crop this crop is going to demand 00:11:54
or is going to need more energy from the ground than others what does it mean 00:12:01
imagine we want to produce out okay you see here okay imagine we have only one 00:12:09
field and everything is produced and we have cultivated only out and we we start 00:12:18
producing out okay first year Oh great production second years okay the 00:12:25
production is a little bit less than the the year before third year okay the 00:12:30
production is really is a few in comparison with the second year and in 00:12:36
comparison with the first year why because oat is demanding a lot of energy 00:12:41
from the ground and we are not letting the ground to regain or get energy again 00:12:47
because we are keeping this a piece of land in production so what they are 00:12:57
going to create is this system the triennial rotation it means we have a 00:13:04
field we are going to divide it into three different pieces and we are going 00:13:09
to we are going to leave one third fallow it means with no crops cultivated 00:13:15
one third cultivated with wheat and the other cultivated with oat. As oat is 00:13:22
the one demanding more energy that's why in the next year the area cultivated 00:13:29
with oat is going to be fallow, it means the piece of this area, this third of the 00:13:37
land is going to be resting, getting back all the nutrients that the plants are 00:13:43
going to demand in the next year. As you can see this fallow area is 00:13:50
rotating year by year in order to keep the whole piece of land with 00:13:57
energy enough to produce every year a third of oat and a third of wheat 00:14:05
instead of ending up or killing the ground okay so these are the two 00:14:13
scientific developments they are going to create this triennial rotation it 00:14:22
means a technique in order to keep the production steady it means to produce 00:14:26
and produce every year and every year without ending up or killing the ground 00:14:30
then all the nutrients of the of the ground and the other one are these 00:14:35
chemistry studies that they are going to let them use new fertilizers okay that they are going to 00:14:39
make the lands more productive apart from this we are going to have this commercial bourgeoisie 00:14:45
remember the bourgeoisie appears in the 18th century and they are going to start they are 00:14:52
going to start buying some lands in order to increase the productivity remember they have 00:14:59
money they are trading they are merchants and remember they are going to 00:15:07
buy the lands for two reasons one we have seen one already that is to to be 00:15:11
part of the nobility because they wanted to be part of the nobility I have the 00:15:17
same privileges the second one is to make these lands profitable okay what 00:15:20
they want is to increase the productivity of the land okay that's 00:15:28
important thing okay so they want to increase the productivity of the land 00:15:32
the second thing is related with a commercial bourgeoisie is that communal 00:15:38
lands are going to be privatized you know that privatized means that you can 00:15:43
buy this piece of land okay the thing is this commercial bourgeoisie is going to 00:15:47
buy the lands from the nobility or the clergy okay because imagine I don't know 00:15:53
I'm a noble I have these pieces of land but I'm not cultivating them and suddenly a bourgeois 00:15:57
appears and said okay I'm going to buy your lands and I'm going to give you this amount of money and 00:16:04
I'm going to say okay perfect because I'm getting no money from these lands I don't want to invest 00:16:08
money on my land so I'm going to sell it to you so that's one way for the bourgeoisie to obtain 00:16:14
the lands. The other way is this one. Which are communal lands? This is 00:16:19
important. Imagine that all the class is living in a town, a small 00:16:25
village. 80% are going to be peasants, some of them could be artisans 00:16:32
and others are going to be part of the bourgeoisie, nobility or clergy. 00:16:40
So if you are a peasant, you are working for the noble lands or could be for a bourgeois 00:16:45
in this case, okay? 00:16:50
But you are not earning enough money in order to survive, okay? 00:16:53
So there are going to be part of the lands surrounding the town that they are not going 00:16:58
to belong to the nobility or the bourgeoisie or the clergy. 00:17:04
They are going to be communal, they are going to be for the peasants. 00:17:08
So the peasants can go to this piece of land that belongs to the city hall, it means ayuntamiento, 00:17:13
and they can obtain wood. 00:17:19
They can take their cows or their animals to these lands in order to start eating the 00:17:22
grass, to feed the animals. 00:17:29
So that's the point of these communal lands, it means to make the peasants' lives easier. 00:17:32
What they are going to say is, ok, these communal lands are not productive, they are being used 00:17:41
by peasants that they are poor, of course they are letting these peasants to survive, 00:17:49
but we do not care about the peasants, what we want is these lands to be productive in 00:17:54
order to sell the products. 00:17:59
So what they are going to do is to make these lands private, or let these lands to be private, 00:18:01
Not to belong to the city hall, but to the bourgeoisie. 00:18:08
It means the bourgeoisie is going to be able to pay to buy the communal lands, okay? 00:18:14
So, this is going to happen in the 18th century and basically in England, okay? 00:18:19
So, the bourgeoisie is going to start buying lands in order to be nobles, to have these privileges, 00:18:24
and also, of course, they have this mentality, okay, to earn money. 00:18:30
So, increase the productivity. 00:18:35
The second part is these communal lands are going to be privatized, they are going to 00:18:36
be bought by the bourgeoisie in order to do what? 00:18:40
To of course increase the agricultural productivity and this is going to happen in England. 00:18:50
The last part of this or the last consequence of this increase of the agricultural productivity 00:18:58
is that there is going to be a demographic explosion of course if we have more food 00:19:06
okay there there is there is going to be more population there is going to be more food to 00:19:12
feed the population so the population is going to survive so the population is going to increase 00:19:18
do you understand that it means uh if we if we can produce more food it means we can feed 00:19:24
more people so we can feed more people it means that we the the population is going to increase 00:19:31
that is what we are going to call demographic explosion okay of course if we have more 00:19:38
population the population is going to demand more agricultural products so it's a cycle 00:19:46
so we produce more it means we can have we can we can feed more population and if we can feed 00:19:51
more population is because these people is demanding the agricultural products so it's 00:19:56
a great business for the bourgeoisie. 00:20:01
So the bourgeoisie is going to make money not only with the colonial trade but also 00:20:04
with this increment of the agricultural productivity. 00:20:09
Autor/es:
RUBÉN PEINADO GONZÁLEZ
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
52
Fecha:
13 de septiembre de 2020 - 22:59
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
20′ 19″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
87.46 MBytes

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