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2º ESO/ SPAIN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 9 de mayo de 2021 por Alicia M.

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Spain is a country that functions a lot like a federation without actually being a federation. 00:00:00
When a country is a federation, what that means is that it is a union of partially self-governing 00:00:05
states under a central government. This sounds like Spain, which along with its country-wide 00:00:10
government has many autonomous communities that are self-governing. These include not only the 00:00:14
communities in the Iberian Peninsula, but also the insular territories such as one community for the 00:00:19
Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and another for the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa. 00:00:23
The cities of Ceuta and Melilla on Morocco's side of the Strait in North Africa have special 00:00:28
status as autonomous cities, while Gibraltar on Spain's side is not a part of Spain and 00:00:33
is instead an overseas territory of the UK. 00:00:37
The autonomous communities were established during Spain's transition to democracy following 00:00:41
the death of dictator Francisco Franco. 00:00:45
The framers of the new Spanish constitution in 1978 wanted to maintain a unified, indivisible 00:00:48
Spanish state, so they were careful to deliberately not make Spain a federation, but at the same time 00:00:53
needed to keep the Galicians, Catalans, and Basques happy who wanted more autonomy after being 00:00:59
suppressed by the highly centralized Franco regime. Those communities can sometimes have 00:01:04
powers that even exceed those of states and federations. Some have recognized distinct 00:01:09
nationalities, have their own official languages, and some even collect taxes independent of the 00:01:14
Spanish government. So in practice, Spain behaves like a federation, but in theory, the constitution 00:01:19
only guaranteed a process through which regions could become self-governing, but did not itself 00:01:24
establish or list the powers of these entities. Instead, the regions would later gain their rights 00:01:29
through a statute of autonomy, which is similar to the process of awarding devolved powers in 00:01:34
non-federations called unitary states. This is an important distinction because in general, 00:01:39
the constitutions of federations clearly outline the division of powers between the federal 00:01:45
government and the members. In unitary states, the central government can change the powers of 00:01:49
its subnational divisions. While in a federation, the federal government must respect the members' 00:01:54
rights, and often constitutional reforms require consent from the members. But at the same time, 00:01:59
the members must respect the powers of the federal state and cannot unilaterally succeed. 00:02:05
This distinguishes federations from confederations, which are unions of sovereign states 00:02:10
which retain the right to secede at any time. For example, Spain is a member of the European Union, 00:02:15
which is like a confederation, since member states can leave by invoking Article 50 of the Treaty of 00:02:20
Lisbon, which established the EU. Spain's complicated internal structure is the result 00:02:25
of its history. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the local varieties of Latin, used by 00:02:30
the common people, known as Vulgar Latin, slowly diverged into the various Romance languages. 00:02:35
For centuries, the north of Iberia was split between many Christian kingdoms, 00:02:40
while the South was under Muslim rule. In each of the Christian kingdoms, 00:02:44
Vulgar Latin diverged into different languages, such as Galician, which is related to Portuguese, 00:02:48
Leonese, Aragonese, and Castilian, which are related to each other, and Catalan, 00:02:53
which is distantly related to French, but is more closely related to the Occitan language 00:02:57
that existed in southern France before being mostly replaced by French. 00:03:02
The Basque language in the Pyrenees Mountains is not a Romance language. It's not even in the 00:03:05
Indo-European language family of most modern European languages, and so is likely descended 00:03:10
from a language that existed in those mountains from before Indo-European languages spread into 00:03:15
Europe. The Castilian language became dominant following its spread during the Reconquista and 00:03:20
became the language of a unified Spanish kingdom, and is commonly known as Spanish in other languages 00:03:25
as well as among some Spanish speakers. However, Galician, Basque, and Catalan identities remained 00:03:30
strong, so they were allowed to quickly establish autonomous communities by the method outlined in 00:03:35
the constitution when Spain became a democracy. The rest of Spain gradually created their own 00:03:40
autonomous communities, and now they cover all of Spain's territory. The autonomous communities 00:03:45
are composed of one or more provinces of Spain, which are themselves composed of municipalities. 00:03:50
This means most of Spain has four levels of government. Municipal, provincial, the regional 00:03:56
governments of the communities and the national government. The autonomous cities in North Africa 00:04:01
take on the powers of a municipality, province, and a community. Some communities are large and 00:04:06
cover many provinces, but some, like Madrid, established specifically to make administering 00:04:12
the capital easier, contain just one. In general, all the communities have control over their 00:04:17
finances and are in charge of education, health, and social services, but other powers are unequally 00:04:22
distributed among the communities. Some communities have their own civil code which means they have 00:04:27
their own method of dealing with non-criminal legal decisions and these communities have 00:04:33
co-official languages along with Spanish. Galicia has Galician and Basque is a co-official language 00:04:38
in the Basque country along with the Basque-speaking areas of neighboring Navarre. Valencia has a 00:04:43
variety of Catalan called Valencian and Catalan itself is co-official in the Balearic Islands 00:04:48
and Catalonia. Additionally, Catalonia recognizes Occitan as co-official, as is spoken by some in 00:04:53
border regions. As well, Aragonese and Asturian are considered protected languages in their 00:05:00
namesake regions, and both Asturian and Galician are protected in Castellón León. Catalonia, 00:05:05
Navarre, and the Basque Country have their own police forces, while Navarre and the Basque 00:05:10
Country are communities of chartered regime, which means they collect the taxes within their 00:05:14
territory and then send a portion to the national government to cover its responsibilities. 00:05:19
communities, all the other communities are part of the common regime where the situation 00:05:22
is reversed. 00:05:26
Some communities, notably Catalonia, want more powers devolved, and there is some desire 00:05:28
in Spain to become fully federalized, but currently Spain is still technically a unitary 00:05:32
state. 00:05:38
If you enjoyed this video, you might like this one about Russia, or this one about Spain's 00:05:39
tiny neighbor Andorra, which speaks Catalan and has two princes, one is a bishop in Catalonia 00:05:43
and the other is the president of France. 00:05:48
Subido por:
Alicia M.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
94
Fecha:
9 de mayo de 2021 - 19:14
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
05′ 59″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1920x1080 píxeles
Tamaño:
148.73 MBytes

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