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7. Enlightenment thinkers - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 27 de septiembre de 2020 por Ruben P.

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in this video we are going to continue with enlightenment and basically we are 00:00:01
going to talk about them enlightenment thinkers related with the political 00:00:06
thinking and we are going to talk about the basic economic perspective in the 00:00:11
18th century or the most important one at least so let's talk about this main 00:00:17
alignment thinkers the first one is going to be Voltaire Voltaire is a 00:00:22
French thinker he is going to defend as you can see the Parliament as the 00:00:25
institution that is going to limit the power of the monarch so the idea of 00:00:33
Voltaire is or he's supporting the British system if you remember we have 00:00:38
talked about parliamentarism in Great Britain and he Voltaire is supporting 00:00:44
this idea the idea of a parliament limiting the power of the monarch okay 00:00:50
and he also is going to defend the religious tolerance it means religious 00:00:57
freedom anyone can believe in anything they want they can believe in in Allah 00:01:02
they can believe in Jesus Christ etc they can believe in any type of a God or 00:01:10
religious thinking. Remember, if Voltaire is in favor of a parliament limiting the 00:01:16
power of the monarch is because he is against the absolute monarchy, okay? So he 00:01:24
is part of the Enlightenment thinkers and he is going to support the idea of a 00:01:31
parliament, okay, limiting the power of the monarch, so it means he is 00:01:35
going to be against the absolute monarchy. The second Enlightenment 00:01:39
thinker is going to be Montesquieu he is going to support the idea of separation 00:01:44
of powers remember three powers executive legislative and judiciary so 00:01:48
that's the point that's the idea he is going to support the separation of 00:01:52
powers if you remember during the British Revolution in Great Britain in 00:01:58
the 17th century what they this revolution is going to set the power of 00:02:05
the Parliament limiting the power of the monarch and in Great Britain also in 00:02:10
that moment in the 17th century they are going to establish this separation of 00:02:14
powers so Voltaire and Montesquieu are accepting okay and defending the ideas 00:02:18
or the basis of the British political system okay so they are going to accept 00:02:27
this British political system they are going to accept these main ideas and 00:02:34
they are going to defend them the third Enlightenment thinker is going to be 00:02:38
Rousseau he is the most difficult one okay and Rousseau is going to defend two main ideas 00:02:45
the idea of a social contract and the idea of popular sovereignty when we talk about a social 00:02:52
contract we talk about the creation the the the to write a constitution so this social contract 00:02:58
means a social contract between the ruler it means the prime minister or the king and the individuals 00:03:09
the citizens of the country. So Rousseau is establishing that every country needs a 00:03:15
constitution, every country needs a social contract, a constitution that is going to be 00:03:24
accepted by the ruler and by the individuals and it's going to be written by the ruler and the 00:03:29
individuals. So the idea of a constitution is like to have a framework, a legal framework, 00:03:35
the most important law that is going to limit the power of the ruler and 00:03:43
establish the rights of the individuals so when we talk about Rousseau and the 00:03:49
social contract means he supported to write a constitution and a 00:03:57
constitution that is going to be accepted and written by the ruler and 00:04:04
the individuals establishing the limits for the ruler and the rights for the 00:04:07
individuals also he's going to defend this idea the idea of popular sovereignty 00:04:13
popular sovereignty means that the population of a country freely is going 00:04:19
to vote their ruler okay the idea of popular sovereignty is that the power 00:04:25
the power that the ruler is going to have gains from the population of the 00:04:33
country and this population of the country is going to elect as they have 00:04:38
the power they elect the ruler. How? Through voting. So as you can see Rousseau is 00:04:44
supporting two main ideas social contract and popular sovereignty that 00:04:51
they are the basis of a democratic country. It means to have a constitution 00:04:56
limiting the power of the ruler and giving rights to the individuals, a 00:05:02
constitution written by the ruler and individuals and also the idea of popular 00:05:06
sovereignty that it means that the people of the country have the power so 00:05:13
that they are going to give this power freely to the ruler how voting him or 00:05:19
her the last element in case we need to talk about are Diderot and d'Alembert 00:05:24
Diderot and d'Alembert also French French French French and Rousseau lived in 00:05:32
So Diderot and D'Alembert, they are going to edit or they edited the Encyclopédie 00:05:38
The Encyclopédie is a number of volumes or books that they are going to gather all the knowledge of that period of time 00:05:46
Okay? And the idea of writing or editing this type of books is to share this knowledge 00:05:58
with the population that they are able to read, that they know how to read. 00:06:09
Make sense? So the idea is that Hiderot and D'Alembert are going to edit the 00:06:15
encyclopedia and in this encyclopedia that is going to have a number of volumes, 00:06:20
a number of books. What they are going to do is to bring together all the knowledge 00:06:25
of that time, of the 18th century, and share it with all who could read the books, of course. 00:06:31
Nowadays we have a really famous encyclopedia, that is Wikipedia, where you can find all the 00:06:38
knowledge gathered in this web page. So here is Diderot and here is D'Alembert 00:06:45
and both are going to edit the Encyclopédie. This is the first volume of the Encyclopédie 00:06:56
but the Encyclopédie is going to have more than one volume, 00:07:03
more than 20. And finally what we need to talk about is the economic thinking and we are going 00:07:07
to see the main perspective related to the economic thinking, that is the economic liberalism. 00:07:16
Economic liberalism is the main economic theory in the 18th century and this economic liberalism 00:07:32
was developed by Adam Smith in his book La riqueza de las naciones. 00:07:42
So this book is going to support two main principles, well here is Adam Smith, even 00:07:53
you see here three main principles, it's going to be only two, it's going to be free 00:08:00
trade and movement and the law of supply and demand. 00:08:04
So the idea of economic liberalism is two principles, free trade and movement of goods 00:08:11
and the law of supply and demand. 00:08:17
I'm going to explain both. 00:08:19
The first idea is free trade and movement of goods, it means that you can move freely 00:08:21
the objects that you are going to sell or you are going to trade with. 00:08:26
So for example, if I want to import some products from the US, I have to pay to bring those 00:08:32
products to Spain, there are going to be tolls, what we call aduanas. 00:08:39
For example, if you go from Madrid to Asturias, you need to pay, if you are using the roads, 00:08:47
you need to pay in a specific moment. 00:08:56
Those places you are paying for are called tolls, las aduanas. 00:09:00
So you need to pay for using these roads. 00:09:06
So Adam Smith is saying, okay, we must have free trade and movement of goods. 00:09:10
It means the traders, the merchants, shouldn't be paying these tolls, shouldn't be paying 00:09:17
these aduanas because they are supposed to have, it is supposed to be easy to move the 00:09:26
objects or the goods from one place to the other so the idea of free trade and 00:09:35
movement of goods is that it means if a trader or a merchant do not have to 00:09:40
pay to introduce for example the objects or the products in a city they are going 00:09:46
to go to the city more than once in order to sell their products but imagine 00:09:54
in the 18th century, the cities are surrounded by a wall, una muralla, and they have a gate, 00:10:00
una puerta, so if they want to cross the gate of the city with some goods, they need to pay, 00:10:09
okay, so imagine you are a merchant, okay, you need to pay every time you get into the city with the 00:10:17
goods, so in a specific moment you are going to go once or twice at most, because you don't want to 00:10:23
pay every time you go, ok, the toll, no? La aduana. So Adam Smith is saying, ok, 00:10:29
banish all these tolls, ok, eliminate all these tolls, so the traders or the merchants can go 00:10:38
into the city easily, so they can go more than once or twice, so they can sell all the goods 00:10:46
they have they have so it would be easier for them okay to trade and it is 00:10:53
easier to trade the money is going to move and people is going to be richer so 00:10:59
that's the idea the other idea is that he is going to propose the law of supply 00:11:06
and demand okay the law supply and demand means that if I have imagine I 00:11:12
sell cell phones okay I sell phones okay and I have a lot of people that they 00:11:19
want phones but I have only two so imagine I have 50 people that they want 00:11:25
to buy my phones but I only have two so only two people can have a phone so the 00:11:31
price of the phone is going to be higher or lower it's going to increase or 00:11:36
decrease it's going to increase because I have many people that wants the phones 00:11:39
but I have only two okay so I know I can increase the price as much as I want 00:11:46
because one or two of these 50 are going to pay for the phone anyway okay so 00:11:53
that's the idea if I have a few goods to sell but I have a lot of people that 00:12:00
they want to buy the phones okay the price is going to increase but if what I 00:12:05
have is a lot of goods and a few people wanting to buy the products what I'm 00:12:15
going to do is to decrease the price because I have a lot of different I have 00:12:23
a lot of products but a few people that they want to buy my products so that's 00:12:28
why what I'm going to do is to decrease the to decrease the number to decrease 00:12:33
the price so remember this the law of supply and demand la ley de la oferte la 00:12:41
demanda supply means the number of goods I have the demands is the number of 00:12:46
people that they want to buy my products so if the supply is high but the demand 00:12:50
is low what I'm going to do is to decrease the price if the supply is low 00:12:55
but the demand is high what I'm going to do is to increase the price that is the 00:13:00
idea so Adam Smith is going to support the idea of free trade and movement of 00:13:05
goods it means a banish the tolls and let them the woods move easy as well as 00:13:10
the merchants so they can provide with these goods to the cities and other 00:13:17
places easily so the money is going to move faster and the other idea is to 00:13:21
propose this law of supply and demand it means depending on the supply and demand 00:13:28
the price is going to be higher or lower if the supply is high but the demand is 00:13:35
low price is going to be low if the supply is low and the demand is high the 00:13:39
price is going to increase and thus the economic liberalism and its two 00:13:45
principles. This is the main economic perspective of the 18th century and is 00:13:52
going to spread through the 19th and 20th and 21st century. 00:13:59
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
RUBÉN PEINADO GONZÁLEZ
Subido por:
Ruben P.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
37
Fecha:
27 de septiembre de 2020 - 20:58
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES ANTARES
Duración:
14′ 09″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
64.82 MBytes

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