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CEV 2ESO - 19 Justice as fairness - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 21 de julio de 2023 por César Pedro P.

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Justice as fairness

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What is justice? Have you ever wondered what this concept means? For example, how 00:00:00
should we make our rules in society, our laws, so that they are just? Is there a 00:00:08
right procedure to make legislation that guarantees that these laws are going to 00:00:16
be fair and just? The American philosopher John Rawls created a theory 00:00:24
of justice to answer this important question. He created a model, a procedure, 00:00:31
so that we could create rules that are fair and just for everybody. His theory 00:00:40
is quite abstract, so let me explain it with an imaginary example. Imagine that 00:00:49
a great inventor has created a machine that can destroy you and transform you 00:00:56
into a completely different person. This revolutionary machine works like this. 00:01:05
You enter the machine, you press a button, and then you disappear, and immediately 00:01:12
you reappear. You reappear in another body, so maybe you are someone of a 00:01:18
different age, of a different gender maybe, of a different religion, of a 00:01:24
different wealth. You don't know who you're going to be after going through 00:01:30
this machine. How can this machine help us to create just norms? Imagine that we 00:01:35
use this machine in the process of making norms. Let's make the norms 00:01:45
following this procedure. We're going to talk, we're going to discuss, and we're 00:01:50
going to make the laws, finding an agreement after we talk. But later, once 00:01:57
that we have created the law, everybody must go through the machine. So you don't 00:02:05
know who you're going to be when the law will be applied. How would this 00:02:12
change your way of making the law? If you really don't know who you're going to be, 00:02:18
would you make a law that discriminates people? It would be quite stupid, because 00:02:26
you might be one of them after going through the machine. So our law would be 00:02:32
fair, because you don't know if you are going to appear in the body of someone 00:02:38
who has problems, or who has health problems, or who is poor, or who has a 00:02:43
different gender or race. Of course, John Rawls didn't speak about this machine. In 00:02:49
his book, The Theory of Justice, he proposed a model, though that is quite 00:02:58
similar. He said, if we want our laws to be just, we should try to make them with 00:03:05
equity. And this can only be done if we create the law under a veil of 00:03:13
ignorance. What is this? A veil of ignorance means that you don't know who 00:03:20
you really are. So instead of making laws that benefit you or the group you 00:03:26
belong to, you should forget, make an effort to ignore the kind of person that 00:03:32
you are. Imagine that you don't know who you are, and then try to make the rules 00:03:39
forgetting the particular group you belong to. If you do that, the laws will 00:03:45
be fair. This imaginary situation in which everybody makes a law under a veil 00:03:51
of ignorance, meaning not taking into account their particular interests or 00:03:58
circumstances, is called by John Rawls the original position. So what he says 00:04:03
in his book is, the law will be fair and just if it is made under a veil of 00:04:10
ignorance in the original position. Because in this case, we will take into 00:04:17
account all different perspectives, and we will not try to favor our particular 00:04:23
standpoint. How would a certain law look like if we do it following this method? 00:04:30
John Rawls thought that the law that is done under a veil of ignorance and in 00:04:40
the original position will have two characteristics. It will follow the 00:04:45
principle of equality, and also it will follow the principle of difference. The 00:04:50
principle of equality says that we will make rules that treat people with 00:04:57
equality, with equity, that give equal rights, benefits, and freedoms to 00:05:03
everybody, that give the same opportunities to everybody, regardless of 00:05:10
the group they belong to or of their particular circumstances. But there is 00:05:15
also a principle of difference, because if we make the rules under a veil of 00:05:21
ignorance, we will try to favor specially disadvantaged people in order to 00:05:25
reestablish equity. Now, it is important that you realize that the law made 00:05:32
according to this procedure need not be an absolutely egalitarian law. For 00:05:38
example, if we make the law like that, it is not necessarily that everybody 00:05:45
earns the same salary. That's not what Rawls is saying. Certain degree of 00:05:49
inequality would be acceptable, says Rawls, but it should be according to one 00:05:55
principle. Inequalities would be fair if they benefit everybody, not just the 00:06:04
privileged, but also the people that are worst off. For example, in society, it 00:06:12
would be fair to pay a higher salary to those people that need an important 00:06:22
effort in order to learn an important job. For example, if they want to become 00:06:28
doctors or engineers, this takes a long time studying and it requires personal 00:06:35
sacrifice. So it is fair that they receive an extra amount of money in 00:06:41
their salary if they decide to work as engineers or doctors as a compensation 00:06:47
for this personal effort, personal sacrifice. But this is not unfair. If we 00:06:53
pay extra money to doctors or engineers because they worked harder, that is not 00:06:59
unfair because it benefits everybody. Having engineers and having doctors is 00:07:05
beneficial not just for them, but for all society because their job can help also 00:07:11
disadvantaged people. 00:07:16
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
César Prestel
Subido por:
César Pedro P.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Compartir igual
Visualizaciones:
13
Fecha:
21 de julio de 2023 - 12:31
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
07′ 20″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
115.99 MBytes

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