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CEV 2ESO - 16 Cooperation or competition - Contenido educativo
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Cooperation or competition
Human beings are social beings.
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We need other people in order to become really human, to learn a language, to learn the rules
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that we need to coexist in society.
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That's the reason why some philosophers said that human beings are social by nature.
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This was Aristotle's idea.
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Aristotle thought that human beings are social by nature because, considering the importance
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of society in our lives, he thought that everyone was born social.
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But other philosophers thought that this is not true, that society is actually a human
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construction, something that we make, not something that is in our nature.
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And that's why they invented a different theory to explain why we are social beings.
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This new theory is called the theory of social contract.
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According to the theory of social contract, human beings live in society because we have
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decided to do so, because we have agreed upon some rules.
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We have made a deal, a contract with other people in order to respect each other's rights
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and to decide how to live together, how to coexist.
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The theory of social contract was very popular during the modern age, in 17th, 18th centuries.
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For example, the British philosopher Thomas Hobbes defended the theory of social contract.
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He invited us to imagine how life would be if people could live individually, separately,
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not in a society, but isolated, each one trying to survive by him or herself.
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How would people live in such conditions, in what he called a state of nature, before
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creating society?
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Can you imagine that?
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For Thomas Hobbes, human beings are deeply selfish and competitive.
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They want to survive at all costs.
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So if we really lived in a state of nature, we would live in a war of all against all.
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Each person would try to survive, no matter how, and nobody would respect other people.
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So that is a terrible situation that nobody really wants.
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So that's why society was invented.
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According to Thomas Hobbes, what we did was to give all the power to one specific person
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that we call the sovereign, in order to let this sovereign impose peace and stop the war
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of all against all.
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That's how Thomas Hobbes thought that society was invented.
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That's how he imagined the social contract worked.
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In order to overcome this state of nature of selfish, competitive people, we must give
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all the power to a sovereign that will use this power to impose peace and to end with
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this war of all against all.
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But not all philosophers agree with Thomas Hobbes.
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A clear example is Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who was a different philosopher and who supported
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also the theory of social contract, but had a very different idea of how human nature is.
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For Rousseau, human beings are not in state of nature, competitive and selfish.
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On the other hand, human beings in the state of nature, said Rousseau, are good and they
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are benevolent.
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They want to live in peace with other people.
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Their deep heart is generous and is free and happy.
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So in order to create society and to escape the state of nature, we cannot give all the
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power to a sovereign that will make the sovereign a tyrant.
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And Rousseau didn't want to live in a tyranny.
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So he imagined that the best way to create a social contract to make a society was not
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to give all the power to a specific person, but to give the power to the collective, to
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the people.
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Rousseau thought that the only way to keep the freedom and the liberty that we enjoyed
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in the state of nature while we are in society was to give all the people to the collective.
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So the sovereign actually must be the people, not a specific person.
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So that's the way to create a democracy, a real society in which everybody is respected
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and free, like in the state of nature, but enjoying all the benefits of living with other
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people.
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- Idioma/s:
- Autor/es:
- César Prestel
- Subido por:
- César Pedro P.
- Licencia:
- Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
- Visualizaciones:
- 7
- Fecha:
- 21 de julio de 2023 - 18:31
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES CERVANTES
- Duración:
- 05′ 09″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1280x720 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 297.94 MBytes