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Globalización I

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Subido el 1 de abril de 2016 por Jose Manuel G.

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Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today is the penultimate episode of Crash Course. 00:00:00
We're going to talk about globalization. 00:00:05
This was going to be the last episode, but I just can't quit you, world historians. 00:00:07
So today we're going to talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're going to talk about why we study history at all. 00:00:10
Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green! 00:00:15
Yes, me from the past? 00:00:16
We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job, 00:00:17
so you can make more money than you would otherwise make, 00:00:20
and be a slightly larger cog among the seven billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right? 00:00:22
And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand 00:00:27
all the ways that the t-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition. 00:00:30
This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyper-connectedness, 00:00:36
and its unsustainability. 00:00:42
This t-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it. 00:00:43
So globalization is a cultural phenomenon. 00:00:56
It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, 00:00:57
But we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. 00:01:01
So the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences widespread global 00:01:05
economic interdependence. 00:01:11
Now, of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing 00:01:12
new. 00:01:16
You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the 00:01:17
way in Mesopotamia. 00:01:21
But for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically. 00:01:22
One, multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power. 00:01:25
Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. 00:01:30
It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800. 00:01:33
Today, it takes about five hours by plane and less than a week by ship. 00:01:35
Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading 00:01:39
to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. 00:01:43
To which I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier 00:01:46
of my cable package? 00:01:50
To understand the role that governments play in international trade, let's look again 00:01:51
at this t-shirt. 00:01:54
This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. 00:01:55
And that's not because the U.S. makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton. 00:02:00
It's because the U.S. government subsidizes cotton production. 00:02:03
And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil 00:02:06
or India. 00:02:09
But in the last 30 years, the U.S.'s share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, 00:02:10
India and Africa's cotton exports go up. 00:02:14
And that trend will likely continue as the U.S. moves away from its expensive cotton 00:02:16
subsidies. 00:02:20
In fact, these days it's already possible to find t-shirts with Brazilian, Indian or 00:02:21
Ugandan cotton or a mixture of cottons from all around the world. 00:02:25
But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural 00:02:28
production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower wage countries 00:02:32
– Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. 00:02:36
And then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States 00:02:42
for screen printing and then sold. 00:02:46
You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this 00:02:48
across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. 00:02:52
you'd be wrong. Wholesale t-shirt blanks can cost as little as three dollars. The expense 00:02:58
is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at Thought Bubble 00:03:02
who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a Mongol who is at once cute and terrifying. 00:03:06
So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international 00:03:11
institutions and national governments. Much of this has to do with academic economists, 00:03:15
mostly in the US and Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation 00:03:19
diminishes prosperity by limiting growth. Now some nations, in Latin America, the Caribbean 00:03:23
in Africa haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied 00:03:28
into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade. 00:03:32
So in the past 30 years we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting 00:03:36
rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. 00:03:40
And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans 00:03:44
to developing world economies with the motto, many strings attached. 00:03:48
Now whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world 00:03:52
economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week. 00:03:55
First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. So you'll remember 00:04:00
from the Industrial Revolution episode that industrial Western powers produced most of 00:04:03
the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets. But you'll also 00:04:07
remember that domestic consumption was extremely important. I mean, almost all early Model 00:04:11
Ts were built by Americans and bought by Americans. But since the 1960s, and especially today, 00:04:16
Former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods, for 00:04:22
domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. 00:04:26
This t-shirt, made in China and the Dominican Republic, before being imported to Mexico 00:04:30
and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so 00:04:34
is the computer that you're watching me on. 00:04:37
Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, 00:04:39
especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. 00:04:43
And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. 00:04:46
Like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector. 00:04:50
They make iPads there, actually. 00:04:54
Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. 00:04:55
But what all these countries have in common is that while there is a domestic market for 00:04:57
things like iPads and t-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger. 00:05:00
Oh, it's time for the open letter? 00:05:05
An open letter to Cookie Monster. 00:05:10
But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. 00:05:11
Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored balance bar. 00:05:14
For people who love cookies and pretending to be healthy. 00:05:17
Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. 00:05:19
You don't have a stomach. 00:05:21
That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth, it crumbles up and then just falls out of 00:05:22
your mouth. 00:05:26
But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. 00:05:27
I believe you when you say you love cookies. 00:05:29
It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have 00:05:30
a stomach, you instead have someone's arm. 00:05:33
And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. 00:05:36
You just keep eating, even though you can't eat. 00:05:41
Cookie Monster, you are the best and the worst of us. 00:05:45
Best wishes, John Green. 00:05:49
So although die-hard Marxists might still resist this, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious 00:05:50
that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people. 00:05:54
It's certainly increased worldwide economic output, and while American auto workers may 00:05:58
suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high-wage to lower-wage countries allows 00:06:01
a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second worlds 00:06:06
monopolized manufacturing. 00:06:10
And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have 00:06:12
emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition 00:06:16
of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. 00:06:20
Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes and televisions 00:06:24
are worth the domestic, economic and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker 00:06:28
stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier and 00:06:32
more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA. 00:06:37
But before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave 00:06:41
new world has some side effects. For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, 00:06:46
it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization 00:06:50
will spark like the end of the human species. 00:06:55
But we're going to talk about all that next week. For today, let's bring on the bandwagon 00:06:57
and ride straight for the Thought Bubble. 00:07:02
So these days, people move more than they ever have. 21% of people living in Canada 00:07:04
were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population. Migration 00:07:08
has become easier because, one, air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take 00:07:15
a few plane trips in your life, and two, it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in 00:07:18
touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling 00:07:23
cards. Also, three, even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities 00:07:27
are often much better in wealthy countries. Remittances, money sent home by people working 00:07:32
abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. Like in Tajikistan, 00:07:37
For instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product. 00:07:42
With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also 00:07:49
means cultural blending. 00:07:52
When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic and musical 00:07:54
traditions. 00:07:58
Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today 00:07:59
as increasingly Americanized, right? 00:08:03
Like Friends is currently broadcast in over 100 countries. 00:08:05
You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. 00:08:09
The NBA is huge in China, there are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less 00:08:12
cultural diversity. 00:08:17
But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been 00:08:18
greater. 00:08:23
Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football 00:08:24
matches, these are all available to us. 00:08:28
Culinary-cultural fusion is all the rage, more novels are translated from languages 00:08:31
than ever before, although fewer actually read. 00:08:35
In the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, 00:08:38
where broadcasts of the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, 00:08:44
Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012. 00:08:49
Thanks, Thought Bubble. 00:08:53
Hey, one last request. 00:08:53
Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey, on the pitch at Anfield, 00:08:55
raising the Premier League trophy, with Steven Gerrard hugging me? 00:08:59
Yes, just like that! Oh, Thought Bubble, I love you so much! 00:09:03
Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us, and whether it's for the better. 00:09:07
Assuming you make the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased 00:09:11
at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer DFTBA.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work. 00:09:15
And yes, that does include shipping. 00:09:21
By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that t-shirt will have traveled by 00:09:23
truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane if you opt for priority shipping. 00:09:26
And it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation 00:09:31
of the globe. 00:09:35
And all that for three hours of work! 00:09:36
By contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost 00:09:39
you ten times as much work. 00:09:44
But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize 00:09:46
it. 00:09:51
Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this. 00:09:52
Dang. 00:09:56
Like, in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than 00:09:57
had ever been seen before. 00:10:02
And we live more than twice as long on average as humans did just two centuries ago, largely 00:10:03
due to improved health care for women in childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics 00:10:07
and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, 00:10:12
that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields. 00:10:17
Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances 00:10:22
are, if you're watching this, you A survive childbirth, and B feel reasonably confident 00:10:25
that your children will as well. 00:10:30
It's a new feeling for humans, and as a parent I can assure you, it's a miracle, and one 00:10:32
to be celebrated. 00:10:36
We study history so that we can understand these changes, and so that we can remember 00:10:37
both what we've gained and lost in getting to where we are. 00:10:41
Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't 00:10:45
causes for celebration. 00:10:49
But for today, let's just pause to consider how we got from here to here. 00:10:50
How the relentless and unquenchable ambition of humans led to a world where the entire 00:10:55
contents of the Library of Alexandria would fit on my iPhone, along with recordings of 00:11:00
everything Mozart ever composed. 00:11:05
In such a world, it's easy to feel that we are big and powerful. 00:11:07
Maybe even invincible. 00:11:11
It's easy to feel that. 00:11:13
And also dangerous. 00:11:14
Thanks for watching. 00:11:15
I'll see you next week. 00:11:16
Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. 00:11:18
Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko, associate producer Danica Johnson, and the show is 00:11:20
written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. 00:11:24
Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. 00:11:27
Last week's Phrase of the Week was, crush those rebels. 00:11:28
If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do 00:11:30
so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered 00:11:34
by our team of historians. 00:11:37
Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. 00:11:38
Subido por:
Jose Manuel G.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
90
Fecha:
1 de abril de 2016 - 11:01
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES MARIA ZAMBRANO
Duración:
11′ 51″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
426x240 píxeles
Tamaño:
56.96 MBytes

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