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2º ESO/GUILDS IN WESTERN CULTURE - Contenido educativo
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The life of a commoner in the High Middle Ages wasn't easy.
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By High Middle Ages, we are referring to a period of time that spans from around the 11th century to the 13th century.
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In Western Europe, feudalism was a system of government.
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This means the higher classes were royals and nobles who owned land and the lower classes were those who worked on the land.
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The landowners were expected to be unquestioningly loyal to the king.
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In exchange, the noble was granted control over his land and the peasants who lived and worked on it.
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Peasants worked to maintain the land and pay taxes and rent to their lord.
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Feudalism was not very beneficial to the lower classes, and there was little chance a peasant would ever move up in the social ranks.
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In the High Middle Ages, taxes grew along with an increase in trade and foreign military campaigns.
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No single peasant had much of a say about the oppression, but a group of peasants with a common voice was more readily heard.
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As peasants, who shared commonality in the product they sold or made, formed into an organized group they became known as guilds.
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Guilds created standards for their products and regulations for sale.
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Guilds provided a means for a person to move higher in the social class system.
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The guild set standards for the products of its members and also for the means by which they were compensated.
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Guilds could grant protection to their members against high taxes or rent forced upon them by their lords.
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A guild could fix the price of a product and prevent any advertisement or price reductions to stop competition among craftsmen and merchants.
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In doing so, the guild not only provided protection to its members, but also to consumers.
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Quality standards of the products offered also ensured consumers would not be taken advantage of.
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Craftsmen and merchants weren't allowed to trade products with people who were not members.
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Guilds also provided care for members who became sick and protected them while they traveled.
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Similar to modern unions, they also petitioned for good working conditions and reasonable working hours.
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Guilds also helped with the cost of funerals for its members and helped provide care for orphans and workers who became disabled.
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Some supported education for its members as well.
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At the time, most of the schools were held in monasteries and were only used to educate clergy.
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As trade increased and the demand for literacy and commoners for record-keeping grew,
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church schools could no longer handle the educational needs of the people.
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Some of the earliest secular schools were supported by guilds.
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In addition to caring for the sick and disabled,
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guilds also helped build buildings and protected barriers around villages and towns.
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They provided military assistance against any foreign invaders and monitored the town for criminal activity.
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The members were thought to have high ethical and moral standards
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standards and expected to avoid any corruptive behavior.
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Each guild had its own official charter.
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The charter was the legislative grant written by the government that identified the group
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as a guild.
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In having official status, guilds were able to enforce rules on their members.
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Merchant guilds controlled the way trade was conducted in a town.
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They enforced rules like bans on trading with non-members.
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Some merchant guilds became very powerful, and their members were able to obtain higher
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social positions in their towns.
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Some held office within their cities while also representing their guild.
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As members could climb to the hierarchical ranks in a guild to help their social status,
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membership consistently increased.
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As the number of members in merchant guilds grew, so did the number of guilds.
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The merchant guilds became so powerful that they started to create regulations over unrepresented
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individual craftsmen and traders.
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The regulations created a need for the craftsmen to create their own guilds to protect themselves.
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Both guilds were created to protect craftsmen and traders against merchant guilds.
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They worked much in the way of the merchant guilds, shielding members from excessive taxes
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and providing care and protection for its members.
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Guilds were formed by people who produced the same type of product.
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Some of the guilds formed at this time include the following, bakers, masons, painters, apothecaries,
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Handlemakers, Clothers, Tanners, and Cobblers.
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Although craft guilds attempted to regulate the number of members, the guilds grew in number and size very quickly.
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A hierarchy developed to regulate members.
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The newest members of a guild were known as Apprentices.
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Apprentices were developing skills within their craft and learning the ways of business.
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They were given training by the guild along with food and shelter.
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If an apprentice was successful, he would then reach the second level of the craft guild and be known as a journeyman.
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Journeymen were paid a small wage while they got better food and a slightly higher quality of shelter.
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If a journeyman met with success, he could reach the highest level of the hierarchy, the master.
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In order to become a master, a journeyman's work had to be examined by other masters.
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If the masters approved of the journeyman's work, he could have his own shop.
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This would give him the level of master in his guild.
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As we briefly learned before, the educational structure was changing in Western Europe in the High Middle Ages.
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Crusaders who were fighting a holy war in the Near East returned from battle with manuscripts written by famous Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato.
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These texts were normally only available to monks who copied them for preservation rather than for education.
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Now that secular schools were developing, these classical documents were used to teach many people how to reason and debate ideas with each other.
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Education advanced quickly under the classical structure and masters began to form their own guilds.
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These guilds were known as universitas, which was a Latin term that meant a group of people associated into one body.
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You might think of these as scholastic guilds.
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guilds. These groups enforced educational standards on their students and teachers.
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This was the beginning of the modern university. Feudalism in the high middle ages created
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an unending oppression for peasants. In order to have a better voice and stop unfair treatment,
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craftsmen and tradesmen banded together to organize guilds. Guilds offered a means by
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which a commoner could increase his place in the social hierarchy. Merchant guilds were
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formed to protect its members and regulate trade. As merchant guilds grew bigger and more powerful,
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they began to take advantage of individual craftsmen. The craftsmen then began to form
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their own guilds called craft guilds. Craft guilds worked to protect its members from
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over-regulation and to set standards for the products produced. Additionally, scholars began
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to form guilds to regulate educational standards and protect students and teachers. These skills
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were referred to as universitas and led to the creation of modern universities.
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- Subido por:
- Alicia M.
- Licencia:
- Dominio público
- Visualizaciones:
- 158
- Fecha:
- 29 de noviembre de 2020 - 12:16
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES LA SENDA
- Duración:
- 06′ 50″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1920x1080 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 182.77 MBytes
