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Biofuels: plant materials to replace oil

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Subido el 20 de julio de 2007 por EducaMadrid

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Facing the growth of CO2 emissions from transport and the difficulty to find alternatives to the traditional fuels for transport, Europe is proposing an immediate answer. It is encouraging the replacement of diesel and petrol by biodiesel and bioethanol - clean, renewable fuels derived from vegetable matter such as rape seed, cereals and sugar beet. Europe set as indicative objective the replacement of 5,75% of conventional transport fuels by biofuels by 2010. Much effort remains to be done to reach it. Various policies are possible, such as the detaxation of biofuels or the obligation put on suppliers to put a minimum percentage of biofuels on the market. Europe is committed to a truly comprehensive policy on biofuels, which take into account all the different aspects, including those linked to sustainable development and to trade exchanges with its partners…

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Traffic levels in Europe are constantly growing. Cars and trucks bring such socio-economic 00:00:00
advantages that life without them today is difficult to imagine. But the situation is 00:00:18
becoming untenable. Transport produces nearly a third of carbon dioxide emissions, the greenhouse 00:00:24
gas mainly responsible for climate change. Moreover, the transport sector relies 98 percent 00:00:30
on oil, a fossil fuel, for the most part imported, which is set to become more expensive as reserves 00:00:37
become depleted. Europe is proposing an immediate response to this worrying situation. It's 00:00:43
encouraging the replacement of diesel and petrol by biofuels, clean, renewable fuels 00:00:50
which are easy to produce from vegetable matter such as rapeseed, cereals and sugar beet. 00:00:55
The development of the sector will create jobs and open up new markets for agricultural 00:01:01
production. But above all, biofuels contribute to solving broad common problems such as the 00:01:06
diversification of energy sources and fulfilling the Kyoto Protocol commitments. 00:01:17
We are fighting climate change. We are trying to do this imposing issues related to climate 00:01:22
change to industry. But I think we should never forget the transport because transport 00:01:30
is actually emitting more greenhouse gases than something else. So that means biofuels 00:01:34
being more or less CO2 neutral is a very good way how to fight climate change and fight 00:01:39
more emission. This is Stockholm, a city that's pioneered non-polluting urban transport. 00:01:46
It's the start of the working day for Jonas Stromberg, the man responsible for the environment 00:01:56
at the Public Transport Authority. Like 70 percent of his fellow citizens in the Swedish 00:02:01
capital, he takes the bus every day without polluting the environment. Stockholm is the 00:02:06
only city in the world where downtown buses don't consume a single drop of oil. Most buses 00:02:12
in Stockholm are fueled by bioethanol, a sugar crop or cereal derivative, which emits up 00:02:20
to 70 percent less carbon dioxide than a fossil fuel. In fact, like other biofuels, it combusts 00:02:25
in a closed cycle. This means in practice that the carbon dioxide emitted by vehicles 00:02:33
using biofuels is reabsorbed during the growing of the plants from which the biofuels themselves 00:02:39
are extracted. When we started a law some years ago, it was mainly for environmental 00:02:44
reasons. But now it's also for financial reasons because the cost of oil is now very high and 00:02:48
also the security of supply of oil is very risky. So that is those are the three reasons 00:02:53
that we do it. Next to Rouen in northern France. Even though the buses operating in the Rouen 00:02:58
conurbation look quite ordinary at first glance, there is a difference. In Rouen, they 00:03:05
run on rapeseed oil. These vehicles, which are significantly less polluting, are equipped 00:03:11
with engines fueled by a mixture containing 30 percent biodiesel, a renewable biofuel 00:03:18
made from vegetable oils. Today, Rouen is a member of a club of 30 French cities whose 00:03:24
public transport fleets run on a biodiesel mixture. It's mainly biodiesel and bioethanol, 00:03:32
two liquid biofuels which have the potential to replace diesel and petrol on a large scale. 00:03:43
They can be used in the engines of modern cars and distributed via existing infrastructures. 00:03:50
Made from oleaginous plants such as rapeseed and sunflowers, biodiesel is obtained by pressing 00:03:59
and refining. It can be used either in its pure form in modified diesel engines or mixed 00:04:04
5 percent to 30 percent with diesel in standard diesel engines. Produced from sugar crops 00:04:11
such as beet or cereals, bioethanol is obtained by fermentation and distillation. It can either 00:04:19
be transformed into an additive called ETBE which improves the quality of the petrol or 00:04:26
it can be directly mixed with petrol in existing engines up to a maximum of 5 percent authorized 00:04:32
by the current directive on petrol quality. A mixture containing up to 85 percent bioethanol 00:04:37
can be used in specially modified engines. Back to Sweden where bioethanol is gaining 00:04:45
a share on the private car market. Sweden was the first member state to support at a 00:04:53
national level the concept of flexifuel cars which can run equally well on pure petrol 00:05:00
or a bioethanol mixture. It's just one single tank and you can then in this tank have either 00:05:05
100 percent petrol as we do today or you can have up to E85 which is 85 percent ethanol 00:05:14
and 15 percent petrol and you can have any mixture between these these two extremes and the engine 00:05:22
will automatically adjust itself. So you choose if you don't find ethanol you can always fill petrol. 00:05:27
Less harmful to the environment these cars are sold at the same price as ordinary cars 00:05:33
and are just as enjoyable to drive. Today they represent 10 percent of sales in Sweden. 00:05:41
Although bioethanol is the most popular biofuel outside the European Union Europe has put more 00:05:47
development effort into biodiesel because the majority of vehicles here have diesel engines. 00:05:57
This is moreover why Europe produces too much petrol in its refineries and is obliged to import 00:06:01
diesel to meet demand. It's therefore only to be expected that biodiesel is used more than 00:06:08
bioethanol in Europe. So today biodiesel is the leading biofuels sold in Europe and produced in 00:06:14
Europe. It represents 80 percent of biofuels in the European Union. Last year we produced two 00:06:21
million tons which is not much when you compare it to the very ambitious targets of the European 00:06:32
strategy but is already quite a lot because we are increasing our production every year by more 00:06:40
than 35 40 percent. Europe is the world leader in biodiesel production. This industrial sector is for 00:06:48
example well developed in France and Germany. The Grand Couronne factory near Rouen is one of the 00:06:58
biggest biodiesel production facilities in Europe. 00:07:04
Every day we produce the equivalent of 1,000 hectares of colza. We receive a hundred trucks 00:07:06
but also trains and trams and we produce 800 tons of ester per day which represents for 00:07:16
the anecdote the equivalent of 8 million kilometers traveled by motorists if they used it 00:07:23
In the biofuels directive adopted in 2003 Europe set itself an indicative objective 00:07:30
replace 5.75 percent of fossil fuels for transport by biofuels by 2010. But in reality it's way 00:07:39
behind this target. The member states have not even been able to obtain the intermediate 00:07:47
objective of 2% by the end of 2005. The imposition of obligatory objectives is one of the main 00:07:52
demands of the biofuel producers. 00:08:01
Today the objective of 5.75% that we have is an indicative objective. It is not enough. 00:08:03
We need an obligatory objective that will allow us to create this market, to truly create the 00:08:11
market and to stimulate investment to create the industry. 00:08:16
In fact several policies are possible to stimulate the use and production of biofuels at European level. 00:08:21
One of the policies is already in place. It's taxation policy where the member states can 00:08:28
give incentives in taxation for biofuels. This is a good instrument but there could 00:08:33
be other instruments, legal instruments for companies that sell oil on the market to have 00:08:41
some part of their product or they blend it with biofuels. 00:08:46
This measure which would oblige suppliers to put a percentage of biofuels on the market 00:08:53
would make investors feel safer and give a new boost to the biofuels industry. 00:08:58
Methanol as fuel is something that has just started only a few years ago. If that blending 00:09:05
limit of 5% is respected by 2010, probably the European production will reach an amount 00:09:12
in the vicinity of 5 billion litres. 00:09:23
To achieve the objective of 5.75% biofuel use by 2010, the European Commission is encouraging 00:09:28
member states to oblige suppliers to market a minimum percentage of biofuels. However, 00:09:34
widespread use of biofuels will need a more integrated policy beyond this date. 00:09:40
With the rise in oil prices, these questions will be increasingly placed on the list of 00:09:47
priorities on the European political agenda. Biofuels have considerable potential. The 00:09:51
European Union is committed to a truly comprehensive policy on biofuels, a policy which will be 00:09:57
developed taking into account environmental imperatives such as respect for biodiversity 00:10:03
and which is in full accordance with the principles of sustainable development. 00:10:08
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Idioma/s:
en
Niveles educativos:
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      • Nivel Intermedio
Autor/es:
The European Union
Subido por:
EducaMadrid
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada
Visualizaciones:
1582
Fecha:
20 de julio de 2007 - 14:22
Visibilidad:
Público
Enlace Relacionado:
European Commission
Duración:
00′ 14″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
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