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agrarian activities - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 25 de octubre de 2022 por Sila O.

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I am making the most of this virtual lesson to review very quickly the points we've already 00:00:00
explained in class. I am talking about the definition of rural space, the organization 00:00:09
of the agrarian activity, the different type of techniques, and I'll explain in more detail 00:00:16
livestock farming, fishing, and forestry, for those groups in which we couldn't arrive 00:00:24
so far, and for all of you, the point number seven. It is the only thing we have to explain 00:00:30
before the exam we have next week, okay? I will explain very quickly these first points 00:00:37
because if you've already corrected the activity of the couples, the couples of definitions, 00:00:45
I've already passed through the slides in which you have all the explanations. So, for 00:00:52
example, the definition of rural spaces, I won't explain again because we've already 00:00:58
talked about this, the difference between the different landscapes, the abiotic with 00:01:04
no presence of living beings, the abiotic, the opposite, yeah? And the presence of human 00:01:09
beings are in this type of man-made landscapes, for example, cities, but not only cities, 00:01:17
also the rural landscapes are man-made, in fact, because we've organized this natural 00:01:25
space with plants but organized by humans, yeah? So, remember the factors determining 00:01:32
the existence of agrarian activity. We have to take into account the physical factors, 00:01:42
for example, the relief, yeah? The climate, the soil, and the water resources, and the 00:01:48
human factors, the demographic, technology, economic structure, and the decisions made 00:01:56
by politicians, by governments, yeah? Remember that this is essential to comment agriculture 00:02:03
and agrarian space. We have to take into account to pay attention to the shape of the plot. We 00:02:12
have regular or irregular plots, yeah? We can find enclosed fields or open fields, yeah? This is an 00:02:21
example of enclosed, and this is open with no boundaries, yeah? Limits, frontiers, and in here 00:02:30
we can see clearly the bushes acting as fences, yeah? As enclosed spaces. The size, we can talk 00:02:37
about big or small, and the ownership, private, collective, or the direct and indirect use. We've 00:02:49
already talked about this in the correction of the couples of definitions, yeah? I continue talking 00:02:58
about the type of crops. We can distinguish between tree crops, herbaceous crops, and shrub crops, 00:03:05
shrub, remember bush, cultivos de arbusto, okay? We can see here the tree crops, yeah? Cultivos 00:03:14
arbóreos, the shrub crops, cultivos arbustivos, for example, coffee, plantation, and the herbaceous, yeah? 00:03:22
Cultivos herbáceos, yeah? According to the farming system, we can distinguish between polyculture, 00:03:33
monoculture, remember? Only one type of crop and several type of crops. The type of exploitation, 00:03:42
it can be intensive or extensive, I won't repeat this because I've already explained in class, 00:03:52
and dry land or irrigated fields, okay? We've already talked about this in the correction video. 00:03:58
Yeah, new element, okay, to review. Depending on the techniques we implement, we use to work 00:04:09
the land, we can talk about traditional agriculture or modern landscapes, yeah? In the traditional 00:04:20
agriculture, we can find common elements, common features, as for example, the existence 00:04:28
essentially in less developed, underdeveloped countries, the use of very basic, ancient, 00:04:37
old-fashioned, rudimentary techniques, the existence, the need of lots of people working, 00:04:47
labor-intensive, yeah? And a small production whose aim is a self-consumption, remember, 00:04:54
el autoconsumo, okay? To be consumed in a private field, en un dominio particular, yeah? 00:05:03
In case we produce little more than we need, we tend to sell this in local markets, yeah? 00:05:11
They tend to use polyculture, yeah? Several type of crops linked to this self-consumption 00:05:20
and in small plots, not big properties, yeah? 00:05:27
In this traditional agriculture, we'll study several different types. The first, the 00:05:33
slash and burn cultivation, lo que llamamos en español cultivo de rozas, recordad que slash 00:05:39
means cut and burn, okay? So first, first, we clear the area, we cut, we slash the area, the forest, 00:05:44
then we burn, and in the end, we use the ashes as fertilizer to plant, yeah? In there, we tend to 00:05:54
plant several type of crops, so we are talking about polyculture. In addition, we tend to leave 00:06:03
a blank space with no crops. The name of this, remember, fallow, la zona que se queda en barbecho, 00:06:11
yeah? To leave the field, rest, to leave the piece of land, rest, refresh, yeah? Remember, 00:06:19
this cut, slash, slash, and the new type of cultivation, we study the intensive irrigated 00:06:32
farming. Essentially, essentially, we study this type for the monsoon in Asia, los arrozales 00:06:42
monzónicos, remember that the monsoon is a type of extreme rain, yeah? Typical from the southeast 00:06:51
area of Asia, yeah? And in there, we plant essentially rice, very linked to the 00:07:03
extremely dense population of the region, yeah? And here, we are talking about an irrigation that 00:07:14
can be natural because of the rainfall or even artificial, thanks to ditches and systems of 00:07:20
watering the enclosed spaces. To finish with, we talk about the dry land or traditional farming. 00:07:31
This is the typical farming from pre-industrial Europe, la Europa antes de la primera revolución 00:07:39
industrial, I mean, till the 18th century and even the 19th. In it, we tend to use the crop rotation, 00:07:47
and what's a crop rotation? Yeah, we get the plot and we divide it in three parts. 00:07:57
The first year, yeah, the first year, we leave, follow a part, the second year, 00:08:05
we move to another part, and the third year, we rotate to the final part, to be rest, to be 00:08:14
waiting for the next year to be cultivated again, yeah? Remember, barbecho, yeah? 00:08:27
This is an example. Another example of crop rotation, this is not triennial but quadriennial 00:08:36
rotation, one, two, three, and four rotations, okay? In here, we have three, three, three, 00:08:42
three, yeah? This is an example of this traditional dry land cultivation. Yeah, 00:08:48
what about the modern agrarian landscapes? They are linked to the massive production 00:08:57
in industrial fields, industrial companies, and the destination of the production is the 00:09:04
foreign markets, the international markets, yeah? It means to be exported, to be sold 00:09:15
beyond the national frontiers, yeah? The main characteristics of this type of modern 00:09:22
agriculture, the monoculture, as you see, we choose a single type of crop, yeah? They tend 00:09:29
to be irrigated to increase their productivity. We mechanize, we introduce machines, 00:09:36
we introduce also chemical products, fertilizers, etc. We also select the seeds to increase the 00:09:43
productivity and the real capacity of growing, yeah? We reduce the labor cost, 00:09:52
thanks to all this introduction of modern techniques, yeah? And the birth of very, 00:10:00
very modern systems of the greenhouses, the greenhouses, yeah? Los invernaderos. 00:10:09
You can see examples of this in here. We can control the growing of plants, of crops, 00:10:17
not depending on the natural climate, yeah? And remember that I explained to you in class the 00:10:24
hydroponic system, a type of cultivation with no soil, only using 00:10:31
essential nutrients, okay? Yeah, this is very, very trendy nowadays. 00:10:41
And the plantation agriculture is another type of modern type of cultivation based on the 00:10:50
massive cultivation of a single type of crop. So, this is a great example of monoculture, 00:10:58
yeah? To be exported in the international markets, yeah? An example, coffee, banana, tea, 00:11:06
sugarcane, la caña de azúcar, cocoa, yeah? And the key about this plantation 00:11:14
is that they tend to be located in poor countries, underdeveloped countries, 00:11:26
African, Central American countries, but the exploitation of the resources is in hands of 00:11:32
very powerful international companies, as for example, Nestle is an example of it, yeah? 00:11:41
And to finish with the extensive mechanized monoculture, very present in Canada, 00:11:50
the States, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina also, and they are examples of monoculture of generally 00:11:58
cereals, cereals as wheat, yeah? The wheat belt, for example, this is the essential region of the 00:12:08
States in where we can find a very, very big extensive plots of wheat, yeah? Belonging to big 00:12:15
companies, but also other products as maize or even sunflowers, 00:12:26
yeah? This is an example, great mechanization, big plots, regular, 00:12:38
yeah? What about the livestock farming? The livestock farming is the raising of animals 00:12:45
to use the resources we can obtain from them, as for example, food, 00:12:54
textile, yeah? And we can also distinguish, classify as with the agriculture, taking into 00:13:01
account the size and the productivity, yeah? We can talk about extensive or intensive, 00:13:08
depending on the mobility of them, nomadic, seasonal, sedentary, and if they are more enclosed, 00:13:18
confined, or more free, yeah? I've already explained this in the correction video, 00:13:24
and I will show you the pictures again, just to review and to check and to reinforce. 00:13:30
This is an example of unconfined and extensive, yeah? Also extensive and confined, freely feed, 00:13:37
and also an example of extensive and unconfined. On the contrary, confined and intensive production, 00:13:48
we control the feeding of these animals, yeah? We look for the maximum profit 00:13:58
with the minimum cost, including the quality of pastures and the space used, yeah? 00:14:09
The same for chickens, yeah? And the same for the American raising of animals, yeah? 00:14:20
So, considering the mobility, remember that I've already explained in the correction video, 00:14:33
the transhumance and moving, depending on the season, looking for fresh pastures, yeah? 00:14:38
And remember the name of the different type of 00:14:44
livestock, caprin, bovine, ovine, poultry, equine, porcine, ganado ovino, porcino, 00:14:50
caprino, vale? Ganado aviar, ganado equino, lo llamamos en español, y porcino, yeah? 00:14:59
Remember that the modernization in this field, the livestock farming, led to also the mechanization 00:15:09
of the procedures, yeah? The introduction of foreign breeds, yeah? Razas no procedentes del 00:15:18
lugar donde se están criando, yeah? Looking for a bigger productivity, and the specialized farm 00:15:27
using a single type of livestock. This is the equivalent expression as the monoculture, yeah? 00:15:37
For the crops, we talk about monoculture, and with animals, we talk about a specialized farm, 00:15:46
yeah? The consequences, you already know this, this is a very well-known problem, yeah? The use 00:15:53
of hormones, the poor quality of the feeding of these animals, yeah? The bad living conditions 00:16:00
in these intensive mechanized farms, and the spread of diseases. We've already talked about 00:16:12
these pandemic problems we've been living in the past decades. We've already talked about 00:16:20
la gripe aviar, la gripe porcina, las vacas locas, all that is linked to the 00:16:29
density of animals in the same space, the type of medical control, etc., yeah? 00:16:38
Fishing, I won't focus too much in here because I've already explained the correction, yeah? 00:16:47
Remember the difference between coastal deep-sea fishing and deep-sea fishing in international 00:16:52
waters, depending on the near or far we are from the coastline, yeah? And the pictures showing 00:16:57
the examples. And to finish with, the forestry, remember the forestry, the exploitation of 00:17:06
forests to obtain products as cork, resins, rubber, remember the definitions, the translations in here, 00:17:13
yeah? The cork, the resins, and the rubber, yeah? For the tires, recordados los neumáticos, yeah? 00:17:21
Deforestation is not the same as forestry because we can explode the forest, but 00:17:32
trying to keep the balance, if we destroy with no control, we are talking about deforestation. 00:17:39
And when we try to reintroduce species and to control the growing of the good, we talk about 00:17:45
reforestation, yeah? Yeah. And this is the new part for you all, yeah? The primary sector in 00:17:54
Spain. It is exactly the same, we've been explaining through the unit, but focusing on 00:18:06
the Spanish case, yeah? So, the agriculture, the agrarian activities represent a very small 00:18:12
percentage of the people working, yeah? The employees, yeah? And also a few quantity of the 00:18:21
GDP, remember the gross domestic product, el producto interior bruto, of the country, yeah? 00:18:35
The great characteristics of agriculture in Spain are linked to irrigated farming, essentially, 00:18:44
in the huerta, in the regions of huerta, for example, yeah? Also, the growing of rice 00:18:52
or fruits, yeah? Vegetable. But we also have a big, big quantity of dry land farming, yeah? 00:19:02
We are talking about the growing of cereals, yeah? But also the growing of, for example, 00:19:12
grapes, grapes, las uvas, el cultivo, no olvidéis del vino, uno de los primeros 00:19:22
productos de exportación española, and we cannot forget the oil, yeah? Las olivas, 00:19:29
another key product, yeah? To be exported. This is the Spanish gold. 00:19:41
What about the livestock farming? We tend to build cattle, we are talking about 00:19:50
cows for meat and milk, yeah? Essentially, in the northern part of Spain. 00:20:00
Sheeps, very, very typical from the central plateau, de la meseta, yeah? 00:20:06
In here you have las churras y las merinas, lo he puesto como curiosidad por el refrán este 00:20:14
español de no confundir churras y merinas, son dos razas de oveja española, vale? 00:20:19
Raised from the, before the Middle Ages even, yeah? The growing of pigs, yeah? Essentially 00:20:26
in Extremadura, the region of Salamanca, la zona de la dehesa, vale? La dehesa extremeña, 00:20:37
la dehesa salmantina, okay? These black pigs in these grasslands, en estas regiones de dehesa. 00:20:44
And in mountain areas, very typical, the raising of goats, vale? Las cabras, 00:20:53
essentially for the milk, even more than the meat in this case. 00:21:00
What about the intensive farms? We have lots of farms essentially close to big cities as 00:21:06
Madrid or Barcelona to supply urban markets, okay? Essentially the growing of pigs and chicken. 00:21:15
What about the mining? Another primary activity that used to be essential in the Spanish economy 00:21:27
during the 19th and even a big part of the 20th century, but nowadays in decline, yeah? Nowadays 00:21:35
most of these mines in the north of Spain, in Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco are closing 00:21:42
and they are transforming into essentially a touristic destination and the creation of 00:21:49
alternative companies, yeah? And here I show you a map with the main mining resources 00:21:59
obtained in the different regions of Spain, yeah? You have carbón, cobre, estaño, hierro, yeah? 00:22:09
What about the fishing in Spain? Taking into account the long coastline, yeah? The fishing 00:22:17
is a great activity even nowadays for us, yeah? I strongly recommend you to open this video 00:22:26
to learn a little more, yeah? And we also have restrictions from the European Union about the 00:22:34
quantity of catches, las capturas, yeah? And the volume of the catches and the size of the 00:22:46
fishes, yeah? Nowadays we are opting for alternative methods as the aquaculture, 00:22:55
yeah? Very very interesting, las piscifactorías, vale? La cuicultura, good? 00:23:04
Good. And to finish with you have in here two graphs showing what I've already explained, 00:23:12
yeah? The percentage representing the primary sector, yeah? And in here what factors explain 00:23:18
the reduction in the primary sector workforce? The answer for this question is easy, 00:23:25
the modernization. As we've introduced machines in the agrarian activities, 00:23:32
the quantity of people needed to produce is being reduced and reduced and reduced, okay? 00:23:38
Okay, and that's enough for today. Thank you. If you have doubts, please don't hesitate to write to me. 00:23:45
Subido por:
Sila O.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial - Compartir igual
Visualizaciones:
8
Fecha:
25 de octubre de 2022 - 17:18
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES LA SENDA
Duración:
23′ 56″
Relación de aspecto:
1.78:1
Resolución:
1280x720 píxeles
Tamaño:
83.68 MBytes

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