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3.Late Middle Ages in the Christian kingdoms - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 8 de mayo de 2023 por Luis H.

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okay we are ready so this is the question that we are going to answer this is the inquiry 00:00:00
question this is the inquiry question that we are going to answer today 00:00:08
why were there civil wars in castile and in aragon 00:00:14
¿Por qué hubo guerras civiles en Castile and in Aragon? 00:00:19
Why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon? 00:00:24
Because remember, we are going to analyze today the late Middle Ages in the Christian kingdoms. 00:00:29
In the 14th century, there were four different kingdoms, 00:00:36
Castile, Aragon, Portugal, which became independent, and obviously Navarra, but 00:00:42
today we are going to let's focus today on Castile and in Aragon. We are going to 00:00:51
explain only today the evolution in Castile and in Aragon. And this is the 00:00:58
question that we are going to resolve, that we are going to answer. Why were 00:01:06
civil wars in Castile and in Aragon in the 14th century because the 14th 00:01:11
century as you know it was a very very difficult moment for Castile and also 00:01:17
for Aragon. We need to remember that during the 14th century it was the 00:01:27
moment of the Black Death, famine, the Hundred Years War, and obviously all of these calamities 00:01:34
had consequences over Castile and also over Aragon. 00:01:45
So I would say as an introduction that there were civil wars in Castile and in Aragon because during 00:01:54
the 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century it was a terrible 00:02:00
moment for Europe in general and also for the Iberian Peninsula. It was the 00:02:07
moment of the Black Death, famine and this situation, class, led to political 00:02:12
tensions, power struggles between the kings and the nobles. Kings at that time 00:02:21
due to these political tensions fought against the nobles for the power. They 00:02:30
fought each other for the power. It was a moment of political tensions, power 00:02:38
struggles which led to the civil war. So I will say again that there were 00:02:45
different political tensions and civil wars due to the three important 00:02:55
calamities which led to the civil war, not only in Castile but also in Aragon. 00:03:01
So, I divided, as you can see here, the class into two different parts. 00:03:09
I'm going to explain now the introduction and then I will explain the different evolution 00:03:15
in Castile and also in Aragon. 00:03:21
So we said that in the 14th century, please remember that it was a difficult moment for 00:03:25
Castile and in Aragon, kings were fighting against nobles. But we are going to see 00:03:32
that at the end of the 15th century, I'm here, at the end of the 15th century, 00:03:40
step by step, kings were recovering the power for three different reasons that I'm going to explain 00:03:48
in a minute so to sum up remember the 14th century it was a moment of civil war for the three 00:03:59
calamities but at the end of the at the end of the 15th century it was the moment when kings 00:04:06
covered the power recovered with it is regular they recovered the power for three different 00:04:13
reasons reason one kings at the end of the 15th century recovered the power this is the third 00:04:24
reason because they imposed they imposed the roman law over the kingdom and derecho romano they 00:04:35
imposed the roman law and why kings did they impose the roman law because with the roman law 00:04:47
con el derecho romano this law gave more power to the king this law gave them more authority 00:04:57
authority authority authority over the kingdom so this is the first reason 00:05:10
kings recovered the power because they imposed the Roman law and derecho Romano 00:05:20
law laws who came from the Romans and the H or Romano actually today we are 00:05:29
studying the Roman law, and some of our laws are based on the Roman law. 00:05:35
Luis? Yes, tell me. 00:05:41
¿Sabes cómo se dice epidemia en inglés? 00:05:44
Epidemia plague, ¿no? 00:05:48
The same. 00:05:52
Okay, thank you. 00:05:54
So, let's carry on. 00:05:56
This is the first reason 00:05:58
kings recover the power because they impose the roman law over the kingdom and kings 00:06:04
how do you write impulse imposed or you might write also if you don't like impose 00:06:11
imposed irregular you can write also they implement it implementado or the the phrasal 00:06:22
will be set up. They set up a common framework in law, the Roman law. So this 00:06:34
is the first reason kings recovered the power because they imposed the Roman law 00:06:46
and the Roman law gave them more authority over the kingdom. Second reason, 00:06:51
So, kings recovered the power also because they established, they set up tribunals. Establecieron, no? They established tribunals in justice. 00:06:56
So, kings became judges over the kingdom, se convirtieron en jueces, they became judges 00:07:15
over the kingdom and they had the power in justice. 00:07:29
That's why, sorry, I don't know if I read it out correctly, that's why they had more 00:07:34
power than before because they imposed tribunals in justice and they had also 00:07:41
this power in justice, they became judges. So we could say, we might say, pay 00:07:48
attention to this expression, that the kings at the end of the 15th century 00:07:57
They kept, in the past, keep, present, kept, they kept the nobles at bay, los mantuvieron a raya, they controlled, kings controlled the nobility. 00:08:02
Okay, this is a really good expression for your English, to keep someone at bay, mantenerlos a raya. 00:08:19
And what was the third reason? Also, kings at the end of the 15th century, they improved 00:08:26
the tax collection, la recogida de impuestos. Before that, nobles were in charge of the 00:08:35
taxes but at the end of the 15th century at the end of the 15th century kings 00:08:52
took this power from the nobility they recovered this power they started to be 00:08:59
in charge of the collection of taxes they recollected or they collected taxes 00:09:10
So the nobles obviously were angry for this decision because they lost money, 00:09:18
they lost the power of collecting taxes. So that's why to sum up, para resumir, 00:09:26
I will say in conclusion that at the end of the 15th century kings 00:09:35
recovered their power in Castile and also in Aragon. So remember the 14th 00:09:43
century it was a century of crisis, kings lost their power and it was a moment of 00:09:49
civil wars in Castile and also in Aragon but at the end of the 15th century kings 00:09:55
recovered their power. So now we are going to see the different evolution in 00:10:02
Castile and in Aragon. One question. Are you following me? Teresa, ask you. 00:10:07
The kings said to the nobles that they need to pay taxes too. 00:10:13
Exactly. So the kings take the taxes and say to the nobility 00:10:20
that they need to pay taxes. Yes, kings were in charge of collecting 00:10:25
taxes and also from time to time, not always Teresa, 00:10:31
but from time to time nobles had to pay taxes for example in case of a war 00:10:36
if the kings needed money for a war for example to conquer more territories against muslims 00:10:43
kings gave the order to the novice to pay some taxes not regularly nobles didn't pay taxes 00:10:52
regularly because they were the commoners and the peasants the ones who paid the taxes but from time 00:11:02
to time in case of a war in case of something important in the kingdom the king had the 00:11:09
privilege to impose taxes over them okay thank you for the question so now we are going to see 00:11:15
the different evolution in castile and also in aragon let's pay attention first to castile 00:11:23
And let me introduce this man, this king. This king was Alfonso XI. And Alfonso XI 00:11:31
was the perfect example of someone who recovered the power from the nobles. 00:11:42
Why did Alfonso XI recover the power from the nobles? Because he was the one 00:11:50
who imposed a common law over the kingdom. He was the first one who 00:11:58
imposed, imposed, remember this verb, he was the first one who imposed a common 00:12:05
law over the kingdom. This common law which was imposed in 1348, in 1348, this 00:12:14
This law was called in Spanish, El Real Ordenamiento de Alcalá. 00:12:25
It was the first common law in what is now our country. 00:12:30
At that time, it was only the law for Castile, which was a kingdom, but it was the first 00:12:34
common law in what is now Spain. 00:12:41
It was called the Real Ordenamiento de Alcalá, and obviously it was based on the Roman law, 00:12:46
Derecho Romano. So from that moment in Castile all citizens in Castile had the 00:12:53
same law, okay? Second reason, also Alfonso XI, we need 00:13:01
to remember Alfonso XI because he fought against the Muslims in the 00:13:08
Battle of Salado. Very close from the school we have a street which is called 00:13:14
the Battle of Salado and this battle was important because Alfonso XI in 1340 00:13:20
fought against Muslims and Alfonso XI conquered all this place in what is now 00:13:28
Cadiz. He conquered Algeciras, Tarifa. He took over more 00:13:37
territories against the Muslims. And for this reason, the Kingdom of Granada became smaller 00:13:46
than before. Remember when the Muslims came from here, from North Africa to Gibraltar, 00:13:54
you remember the territories that they had conquered in the Emirates. They conquered 00:14:03
the vast majority of the peninsula, but obviously now Muslims were in decline and Christians became 00:14:09
stronger and the kingdom of granada also became smaller than before clara as a way that the 00:14:16
muslims were paying taxes in order to win peace no exactly they conquered them exactly this is 00:14:24
the moment this is the moment muslims the narrate family knew that castile and aragon had some 00:14:31
problems in the 14th century for the black death for the famine for the hundred years war and this 00:14:39
This is the moment when they paid taxes to Castile 00:14:44
and also to Aragon in exchange for peace. 00:14:48
They paid parias, but in the 15th century, 00:14:51
the Narid kingdom was in decline. 00:14:56
Castile was recovering step by step, 00:14:59
and that's why the Muslim territories became smaller. 00:15:03
Thank you for the questions, really good questions. 00:15:08
So let's carry on. 00:15:11
And also we really need to remember Alfonso XI, 00:15:14
because as I said before, he kept the nobility at bay. 00:15:18
Montu Barraia, he controlled the nobility. 00:15:23
He had more power when he reached the power. 00:15:27
When he came into power, Alfonso XI, 00:15:34
it was, if you want to know, 00:15:37
I'm not going to add this in the exam, 00:15:39
he came into power in 1312 up to his death in 1350. He kept the nobility at bay, he controlled the 00:15:41
nobility, he had more power than them, but finally he died. He died and his kingdom ended in 1350. 00:15:53
When he died, when he died, and this is really important, his son, Pedro I, came into power. 00:16:05
His son, Pedro I. And Pedro I wanted to carry on with the same policy as his father. 00:16:14
policy, politica. Alfonso XI died and his son, Pedro I, came into power. Pedro I wanted 00:16:26
to carry on with the same policy like his father, exactly, so he wanted to improve his 00:16:40
royal authority, his royal power. Actually he wanted to control the wool industry. 00:16:50
You know that the wool industry was really really important in Castile. It was 00:17:01
the most important raw material and before that it was under the hands of 00:17:06
the nobility. So Pedro I wanted to improve his royal authority, his 00:17:14
royal power he said tell me in what year Alfonso the eleven died Alfonso the 00:17:19
eleventh died in the year 1350 okay and this is the moment when better the first 00:17:32
came into power he wanted to improve his royal authority controlling the world 00:17:38
industry and what do you think? Obviously, nobles were against of this idea. Nobles 00:17:44
were against of this idea and there was a rebellion. There was a rebellion. This 00:17:53
is the beginning of the Civil War class. We talked at the beginning in the 00:18:00
inquiry questions why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon. In 00:18:07
Castile because Pedro I wanted to improve his power, his money, controlling the wool 00:18:12
industry and the nobility was against this idea. There were power struggles at that time. 00:18:20
Actually this is the moment of the Civil War. Pedro I, this is the portrait of Pedro I, 00:18:28
who was supported by England because the civil war, 00:18:37
the civil war in Castile took place at the same time 00:18:42
that the Hundred Years War. 00:18:47
And for this reason, Pedro I received the support 00:18:49
from England and his, let me introduce the second character 00:18:54
and his illegitimate, and his illegitimate brother, 00:19:01
enrique ii enrique ii received the support from france this is the civil war in castile 00:19:07
which took place at the same time than the hundred years were who was the winner you know the end of 00:19:17
the story pedro ii supported by england or enrique the second supported by france 00:19:24
Enrique II. 00:19:32
Enrique II, exactly, because France was the winner in this important war. 00:19:34
And for this reason, Pedro I died in 1369 and his illegitimate brother, Enrique II, came into power in 1369. 00:19:42
So what was the end of this story? 00:19:59
story obviously when Enrique II came into power he was a man from the nobility because the nobility 00:20:01
supported him and obviously when he won Enrique II gave more power to the nobility 00:20:11
Pedro II was the brother of Pedro I, and he supported more the nobility than Pedro's idea. 00:20:21
There was a rebellion in which Enrique won, and so he passed through the throne. 00:20:36
And he came into power because Pedro I died, he died in the civil war. 00:20:46
Enrique II came into power. And what was the consequence of this civil war? 00:20:52
Enrique II was a puppet, marioneta. Enrique II was a puppet, marioneta, under the hands of the nobility. 00:20:59
So, what was the conclusion in Castile? I'm going to finish with this point. We are going 00:21:11
to explain very quickly Aragon. In Castile, the nobility became really, really powerful 00:21:18
at the end of the 14th century and they carried on with this power up to the end of the 15th 00:21:25
The civil wars carried on in Castile up to the end of the 15th century, but the civil 00:21:36
war in Castile finished in 1469, when this queen, Isabel from Castile, took over, seized 00:21:46
the power. And with Castile and with Isabel from Castile, it was the moment again when 00:21:59
the Queen kept the nobility at bay. I'm talking about the Catholic Queen, Isabel la Catolica, 00:22:07
the Catholic Queen Isabel la Catolica, who got married to Fernando from Aragon. And this 00:22:18
the moment when Aragon and Castile joined their own crowns. They did enjoy the kingdom because 00:22:26
Aragon was independent from Castile but they joined both crowns and this is the end of the 00:22:36
medieval time and the beginning of the modern age that you are going to study next year. You are 00:22:44
going to start from here because the Catholic kings were really important in the history of 00:22:49
Spain. And you are going to study the reforms next years. So, in conclusion, in Castile, civil wars 00:22:54
carried on up to the, I would say, up to the end of the 15th century, when the Catholic kings 00:23:06
came into power and again kings recover recover the power for the kings so let's analyze very 00:23:14
very quickly let's analyze very very quickly around what happened at the same time in aragon 00:23:26
more or less the same story class more or less the same story because 00:23:34
Because kings in Aragon in the 14th century were spending a lot of money because, remember, 00:23:39
remember that Aragon was conquering many, many territories alongside the Mediterranean 00:23:54
Sea in the 14th century. 00:24:01
They conquered first Mallorca in 1229, later on they conquered Sicily at the beginning 00:24:04
of the 14th century. 00:24:12
They conquered also Sardinia and in the 14th century they conquered also Athens and finally 00:24:15
Naples at the beginning of the 15th century. 00:24:28
So what was the situation in Aragon? 00:24:33
The king in Aragon ran out of money because they conquered as a consequence of this conquest 00:24:36
alongside, again, the king in Aragon ran out of money because they spent a lot of money 00:24:44
in this conquest alongside the Mediterranean Sea as a consequence of the conquest of the 00:24:56
Mediterranean Sea. And for this reason, kings asked for more money to the nobles. 00:25:02
Kings, I'm here, class, kings asked for more money to the nobility, to the nobles, 00:25:12
who were members of the courts, who were members of the courts, las cortes, the 00:25:20
parliament in Aragon. So, what was the situation at that time? Kings lost, they ran out of money 00:25:28
and there was this dialogue between the nobles and the kings in the courts, in the parliaments. 00:25:39
Kings, in general, asked for more money to the nobility and the nobility said to the king, 00:25:47
okay we are going to give you this money but in exchange for that we want more power and for this 00:25:52
reason they created they created this institution in aragon which was called the generalitat also 00:26:03
now if you travel to catalonia you are going to find an institution which is called the generalitat 00:26:14
the government in Catalonia, which was founded in 1364, basically for what? The Generalitat 00:26:20
was founded by the nobility to control the king, to control the power of the king. Okay? 00:26:30
To sum up, kings ran out of money, they asked for money to the nobles, and the nobles gave 00:26:43
them the money in exchange for power, in exchange of creating the generalitat to control the 00:26:51
king. 00:26:59
And there were two important moments in the history of Aragon, and with this we are going 00:27:00
to finish. Two important moments which explain in my opinion the situation in 00:27:06
Aragon. The first moment was the Caspe commitment. Caspe was a village in, it was 00:27:12
more, it was a town. It is a town in Aragon. It is more important than a 00:27:21
village. It's a town in Aragon. If you travel to Aragon, to Caspe during the 00:27:26
summers they usually organize theater plays to represent, to explain what 00:27:34
happened in the Caspe commitment, in the Caspe meeting. It's called in Spanish 00:27:41
El Compromiso de Caspe and the Compromiso de Caspe was a meeting which took place 00:27:47
which took place in 1410. It was a meeting where the priests were the 00:27:55
most important priests, sacerdotes, bishops, obispos and nobles met together 00:28:02
in Caspe. And what was the reason? Because the king in Aragon died, he didn't have 00:28:10
an heir and for this reason, in this meeting, different 00:28:17
priests, bishops and members of the nobility chose one king. But other 00:28:28
nobles were against this idea and it began the Civil War in Aragon. 00:28:36
It began the Civil War in Aragon. Can you repeat? Yes, in the Compromiso de Caspe, 00:28:42
in the Caspe Commitment, it was a meeting where the most important people in Aragon 00:28:50
The elite chose one king, but some nobles were against this king, and it began the civil war. 00:28:58
And the civil war in Aragon, which began in 1410, it lasted up to here, up to 1462. 00:29:09
So it was terrible for Aragon. 00:29:22
They lost a lot of money in this civil war. 00:29:24
it lasted up to the 00:29:26
kingdom of 00:29:30
Juan II 00:29:31
John II or Juan II 00:29:33
whatever you want 00:29:35
this is the moment 00:29:37
when the civil war 00:29:39
ended and I'm going to 00:29:42
finish with this point 00:29:44
why do we need to remember Juan II 00:29:45
John II 00:29:48
because he was 00:29:49
the king 00:29:52
who ended 00:29:52
he was the king who ended the civil war this is the family let's keep talking in chat yes yes i 00:29:55
know but i said to candela that uh don't be concerned candela because i'm recording the 00:30:04
lesson and you can hear the lesson later on okay don't worry um so we're about to finish why why 00:30:10
we need to remember Juan II, John II, because he was the king who ended the civil war in Aragon, 00:30:22
and also because he was the father of this man, he was the father of this man, he was the father of 00:30:30
Ferdinand of Aragon. And Juan II knew that after all these years of civil war, Aragon ran out of 00:30:37
money. They needed to improve their situation and Castile at that time was in a better situation 00:30:46
than Aragon. That's why Juan II looked for a marriage to Castile and as a consequence 00:30:56
Buscó un matrimonio para su hijo en Castilla. 00:31:07
He looked for a marriage to his son in Castile. 00:31:12
For this reason, Ferdinand of Aragon got married to Isabel of Castile and it was the beginning 00:31:16
of the Catholic kings in 1469. 00:31:25
They got married to each other. 00:31:29
ended the medieval time and it was the beginning of the Catholic Kings. Remember 00:31:32
that this is not the beginning of Spain. When the Catholic Kings came into power 00:31:38
was not the beginning of Spain. Spain was born in the 18th century and it was 00:31:44
not the beginning of Spain because at that time there were two different 00:31:53
kingdoms, the kingdom of Aragon and the kingdom of Castile, and both of them were independent 00:31:58
from each other. There were some laws in Aragon and different laws in Castile. But it was 00:32:05
true that when the Catholic kings came into power and when they got married to each other, 00:32:11
they joined both crowns. But they didn't join both kingdoms. This is important. They joined 00:32:17
the both crowns but they didn't join both kingdoms why because there were one 00:32:28
laws in in Aragon and a completely different not completely different but 00:32:36
different laws in Castile they only join both monarchy both both monarchies 00:32:43
monarchies and they didn't join both kingdoms but it was really important in 00:32:51
the history of the Iberian Peninsula when the Catholic Kings came into power 00:32:59
because in 1492 and I'm going to finish with this point because you are going to 00:33:04
study next year this moment in 1492 the Catholic Kings for example conquered 00:33:10
Granada and they expelled some Muslims who were living in the 00:33:19
Nauru kingdom. They conquered definitely Granada and they finished the 00:33:24
reconquest and when they finished the reconquest they had the money to 00:33:29
discover America. They gave the money to Christopher Columbus to travel to the 00:33:33
new continent, to America. This is another story and you are going to study all 00:33:39
these stories next year okay so we finish and we finish with the medieval 00:33:44
time there is a a one question the Kings us for the nobility a for the money when 00:33:51
you when they were in the in a war or when are you talking of Aragon or 00:33:59
Castile. And Aragon? Aragon asked for the money from the very beginning because when they conquered 00:34:08
all of these places they spent a lot of money in soldiers, mercenaries, mercenarios, 00:34:15
and kings ran out of money and they asked for this money to the nobility so from the very beginning. 00:34:23
And after the Caspian Commitment, it started the war, right? 00:34:29
Yes, after the Caspian Commitment, as the king in Aragon died without an heir, 00:34:36
it was true that in this meeting the clergy and the nobles chose one king but other nobles 00:34:44
were against this idea and it began the civil war. 00:34:54
Up to what Kingdom? Up to the Kingdom of John II, Juan II. 00:34:57
Can you put commitment? 00:35:04
Commitment, commitment, compromiso. 00:35:08
Okay, or the CASPE meeting, la reunión de CASPE. 00:35:11
You could say, you might say the CASPE meeting. 00:35:20
Several years ago there was a series in Televisión Española about the Catholic Kings and this is the portrait of Juan II and this is the actor who represented Ferdinand of Aragon's father. 00:35:26
It was a great series to explain the Catholic Kings' Kingdom. 00:35:45
Luis, can you repeat what happened in Castile after Enrique II? 00:35:52
In Castile after Enrique II, so what was the consequence of his victory? 00:36:00
When he won, he gave more power to the nobility, because the nobility supported him. 00:36:07
And the civil war and the stable situation carried on in Castile up to the Kingdom of the Catholic Kings. 00:36:16
Can you repeat the end of the second world war and just say something of the Catholic Kings? 00:36:32
Yes, as I said before, when Enrique II won, he gave more power to the nobility, because 00:36:44
the nobility supported him in the civil war, so as to defeat, in order to defeat, Pedro 00:36:54
I, but the situation in the kingdom was pretty unstable up to the Catholic kings, because 00:37:00
the Catholic Kings came into power it was the moment when the Kings recovered 00:37:09
the power in the modern age but what does have in common 00:37:14
La Mujeres de Ferdinand with Enrique II. 00:37:22
Isabel came from the same family. 00:37:35
Ah, so Enrique II and Ferdinand, that was the son of John, who rules Aragon, and they 00:37:38
Exactly. Isabel from Castile. Isabel was the heir from Castile and she got married to the heir in Aragon. 00:37:48
And this is the moment when they joined both crowns. But remember, they didn't join both kingdoms. 00:38:02
Unieron las coronas, they joined both monarchies, but they didn't join both kingdoms. 00:38:13
So, to sum up, why were there civil wars in Castile and in Aragon? Because in this moment 00:38:23
kings were fighting against the nobles up to the kingdom of the Catholic kings, when kings 00:38:29
we convert the power okay 00:38:40
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Todos los derechos reservados
Visualizaciones:
44
Fecha:
8 de mayo de 2023 - 20:33
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
38′ 45″
Relación de aspecto:
17:9 Es más ancho pero igual de alto que 16:9 (1.77:1). Se utiliza en algunas resoluciones, como por ejemplo: 2K, 4K y 8K.
Resolución:
1854x976 píxeles
Tamaño:
1.05

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