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EV 2ESO - 14 Challenges for science - Contenido educativo
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How is science connected with ethics?
In this unit, we will talk about science, technology, and ethics, and we will refer especially to medicine and the moral challenges that it implies.
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Science and technology are two different areas.
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Science tries to understand how the world is.
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That's, for example, what physicists do when they try to explain why the sun shines.
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Technology, on the other hand, tries to invent machines, objects that help us.
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For example, when engineers invent a new car. Nowadays, science and technology are together, so we talk about technoscience. For example, that's what happens in medicine. Medicine today has evolved so much that it has created a new area of research called biomedicine.
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that's the use of live cells for scientific and technological purposes but not everything
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that we can do in science and technology is positive and good that's why we must establish
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limits to what scientists and engineers can do let me give you an example imagine a doctor has
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invented a new medicine and wants to try it on his patients so he uses it without informing
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them of course this is unethical immoral this shouldn't be ever done this should be forbidden
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that's why we must establish limits and when i talk about limits i refer to both legal limits
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and moral limits legal limits imply that we should pass a legislation that determines what is
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forbidden what kind of actions must never be done in science and technology so that we can
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punish people who break this law but there must also be moral limits meaning that every individual
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should be aware of what is correct and incorrect and should stop doing what is morally incorrect
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One very interesting case that shows us the connection between science, technology and ethics is a moral dilemma.
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A moral dilemma is a difficult situation when we have to decide between two possible options.
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Both options are difficult, both options have disadvantages, so it's not easy to decide what is the best thing to do.
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Let me give you an example taken again from medicine. Imagine we have a patient that's very
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ill because he's suffering a strange disease. If we don't do anything, he may die. So the doctors
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are trying a new surgery with him. They have invented a new procedure. They can try to operate
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this patient, but there is a high risk that the patient dies in the operation. Should the doctors
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operate him or not if we don't operate the patient he might die because of the
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disease if we operate him he might also died because of the operation so it's
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tricky it's not easy to decide what is the best option what would you do here
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is where medical ethics can help us medical ethics tries to give us some
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clues in order to decide what's the best thing to do in cases like this medical
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ethics is based on four basic principles the principle of autonomy the principle
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of beneficence the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of
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justice the principle of autonomy means that the patient has to approve to
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accept to give permission to all the things doctors are doing there the
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principle of beneficence means that everything doctors do must be used to
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help the patient the principle of non-maleficence means that doctors
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should never do anything that could harm the patient we must avoid harm and the
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fourth principle the principle of justice means that we must treat all
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patients fairly and also treat each individual case separately taking into
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account the peculiar circumstances of every individual biology and medicine
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are two fascinating areas of research but they also raise important ethical
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questions some of the most difficult and interesting ethical issues raised by
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biomedicine are those that are linked with assisted reproduction stem cells
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cloning and eugenics assisted reproduction reproduction has helped
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many infertile couples to have children but it has also produced a lot of spare
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fertilized eggs in order to improve the chances of a pregnancy a lot of eggs are
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fertilized in an assisted reproduction process those which are not used are
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stored frozen and nobody knows what to do with them the problem is that these
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eggs can potentially develop and create a human being so what should we do with
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them is it correct to destroy them is it correct to use them in order to do
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scientific research is it correct to keep them frozen stored in a building
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forever so that's a difficult a tricky ethical debate stem cells are cells that
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are found in embryos and that can transform into different types of cells
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for example muscle cells or nerve cells so they are very useful and scientists
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are very interested in getting to know more about them because they could potentially be
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used to produce different tissues and eventually create organs that can be used to cure diseases
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the problem is that these stem cells that come from embryos produce a debate an ethical debate
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is it more correct to use an embryo to take stem cells from them and later use these cells to
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cure another person the problem comes because the embryo can potentially be transformed into
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a person so if we destroy the embryo to use the stem cells we are stopping this natural development
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that makes the embryo into a person nevertheless today scientists can also produce stem cells
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with different ways not using embryos so that can be somehow solved cloning is a
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technique that is used to reproduce exact copies of an organism cloning has
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been used to produce identical copies of animals like the famous Dolly sheep and
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some people fear that if we continue our research with cloning scientists might
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eventually produce human clones creating an identical copy of a human being
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raises tremendous ethical issues it is a big big problem so some people are very
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afraid of this and they thought they think that a cloning human cloning
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should be totally forbidden nevertheless some scientists think that cloning can also be used
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to produce organs and tissues that could help us to cure diseases that today cannot be treated
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so they talk about therapeutic cloning therapeutic cloning is different to human cloning because the
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idea in therapeutic cloning is to use cloning techniques to cure diseases not to create copies
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of human beings and it's important that you make this difference and you understand it properly
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finally let's talk about eugenics eugenics is a technique used to select organisms
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in order to improve this species so the basic idea consists in encouraging the reproduction
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of some organisms that are considered superior and to make difficult or stop the reproduction
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of organisms that are called inferior in order to improve the race this is exactly what the nazis
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did the nazis used these two types of eugenics what we call positive and negative eugenics
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positive eugenics means encouraging people in this case that were considered
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genetically superior or racially superior to have a lot of children and negative eugenics
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is about making as much as possible to stop people who were considered inferior from reproducing
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as you know what the nazis did was to kill a lot of people that were considered
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rationally inferior and also to sterilize people they didn't want to reproduce for example people
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that were mentally ill of course today we think about these practices as highly unethical immoral
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and unacceptable because they violate human rights nevertheless some people are afraid that a new
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type of eugenics might develop in the future for example if we develop genetic engineering
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and in the future is possible to decide the traits of your children imagine that in a few decades
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biomedicine has developed so much that we can offer our parents to create children
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with their traits the characteristics that they prefer this could be done selecting the embryos
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selecting the engineering that can make them for example tall or blonde or intelligent or with blue
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eyes what kind of world would be living if this was possible there would be some children that
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have been selected or designed by their parents while there would be other children that were
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born like you and me so wouldn't it be a world where naturally born children would be discriminated
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it would probably lead to a society that is hierarchically divided into superior people so
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people that were engineered and inferior people people that were born naturally so a lot of people
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are scared about that and they think cloning should be also regulated and some practices
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forbidden in order to stop the darkest side of this kind of research.
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- Idioma/s:
- Autor/es:
- César Prestel
- Subido por:
- César Pedro P.
- Licencia:
- Reconocimiento - No comercial - Compartir igual
- Visualizaciones:
- 78
- Fecha:
- 22 de octubre de 2020 - 17:43
- Visibilidad:
- Público
- Centro:
- IES CERVANTES
- Duración:
- 11′ 39″
- Relación de aspecto:
- 1.78:1
- Resolución:
- 1280x720 píxeles
- Tamaño:
- 597.78 MBytes