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Arte Románico - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 28 de julio de 2023 por Lucas U.

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Hi everyone. Today's class is about the Romanesque art. 00:00:00
In this presentation about the Romanesque period, we are going to talk about the origins, the architecture, the sculpture, and the painting. 00:00:07
Well, the first thing you must know is that the Romanesque is a new style of art, called so because it is the reminiscence of the Roman art. 00:00:22
So Romanesque means like the Romans, or Roman-like, but remember, it has no relation to the Roman art. 00:00:32
Now, this is important. Now, Romanesque art aimed to spread the religion, okay, and bring people closer to God. 00:00:47
So it's going to, the main aim is going to be religion always, Christianity actually. 00:00:55
Now, the most representative buildings were churches, okay. 00:01:01
Also the cathedral, normally in cities, and monasteries, normally in the countryside, okay. 00:01:06
Well, this style, the Romanesque style is encompassed in the 11, between the 11th and the 12th centuries. 00:01:17
Well, from the 11th century, a new style of art spread throughout the Western Europe, okay. 00:01:27
Thanks to the pilgrim routes, like the Camino de Santiago. 00:01:34
Well, feudalism, which we have studied previously, provides a military and economic security throughout these pilgrim routes. 00:01:41
Another important thing we have studied, the church had very strong influence, and its authoritarian rule extended into every aspect of community life. 00:01:55
Now, during this period, the church remained the predominant influence in Western Europe, so church became even stronger. 00:02:10
Well, in this map, you can see all the territory where the Romanesque spread. 00:02:23
As you can see, it's the Western part of Europe. 00:02:30
Well, most of Western Europe, because there are some places, like the south of the Iberian Peninsula, where Al-Andalus got this territory. 00:02:35
So this Christian style didn't reach this part of the Iberian Peninsula. 00:02:54
Anyway, the rest of Europe was influenced by this new style. 00:03:02
Well, the beginning of this style was right here, actually in Cluny. 00:03:09
And it had a lot of relation with this new style coming from the north of Italy. 00:03:18
Now, let's talk about the basic things about the Romanesque style. 00:03:29
Now, they used cymbals, okay? 00:03:33
It's full of cymbals. 00:03:36
They were very important. 00:03:38
Everything had a message. 00:03:40
Everything has a message. 00:03:42
Every cymbal, everything in a Romanesque style means something. 00:03:44
From the shape of the buildings to the materials and motifs used. 00:03:51
The artists were mostly anonymous. 00:03:57
They were not important. 00:04:00
The important thing was their work. 00:04:03
Now, once they had finished the work in a place, they usually moved to another place. 00:04:06
Sculpture and painting were used to convey spirituality, always focusing on religion. 00:04:13
Now, in architecture, most of the representative buildings were, as I told you before, churches, cathedrals and monasteries. 00:04:23
They were made of stone most of the times. 00:04:32
At first, they had flat and wooden roofs, but fires were frequent, so stone was safer. 00:04:36
So, they began to change the wooden roofs and wood by stone. 00:04:44
Well, right here we have some examples of these cymbals. 00:04:55
We can see many times these types of cymbals of Christianity, the Alpha and the Omega. 00:04:59
It's like everything, the beginning and the end. 00:05:09
Now, the angel announcing the final judgment. 00:05:13
There is always a meaning in this sculpture and these types of representations. 00:05:17
Always there is a meaning. 00:05:25
Right here we can see the sins and the lust. 00:05:27
But let's talk about architecture first. 00:05:38
Now, the main element of the Romanesque architecture is that they use heavy proportions. 00:05:42
That means thick walls and compact structure. 00:05:50
Now, the barrel vault, remember, bóveda de cañón, important. 00:05:55
Rounded arch, arco de medio punto. 00:06:02
And also, they are going to use a lot of big columns and pillars. 00:06:05
Well, they use sculpture with architecture always. 00:06:10
They normally don't use the sculpture just alone. 00:06:15
They always use a sculpture in the buildings. 00:06:19
Now, another important element is the buttress, contrafuertes. 00:06:23
The apse, el apside, the ambulatory, girola or ambulatorio. 00:06:30
They are not going to use it in every church or cathedral. 00:06:38
They are going to use it normally in the pilgrim area. 00:06:43
Where the Camino de Santiago and places like that. 00:06:49
Now, I'm going to show you some images in the next slides. 00:06:53
Well, buildings have few and usually very small windows. 00:06:59
So they let little light inside. 00:07:05
The buildings are very dark inside. 00:07:08
The tower becomes integral part of the church. 00:07:13
Well, right here you have an image about the most important elements of Romanesque church. 00:07:18
Well, to these spaces right here, we call them naves. 00:07:25
In Spanish, we say naves. 00:07:33
Normally, we have from one or three or five naves church. 00:07:35
Like this one. 00:07:44
For example, we have three naves. 00:07:46
We have one big one in the middle. 00:07:49
Another one right here. 00:07:52
And another one right here. 00:07:54
This would be one. 00:07:56
A big one here. 00:07:58
And a big one here. 00:08:00
So the naves are these spaces inside of the church. 00:08:02
Well, now, normally, there were one or two towers near the main entrance. 00:08:05
So there is one tower here. 00:08:16
And there is another tower here. 00:08:18
Well, the batres or contrafuertes, we can see them right here or right there. 00:08:20
As the walls were very thick, they need a batres to avoid they fall down. 00:08:32
Now, barrel vault. 00:08:43
Bóveda de cañón. 00:08:46
Well, a barrel vault is just a rounded arch like the one we have right here. 00:08:48
And it's decontinuous. 00:08:54
This would be a barrel vault. 00:09:02
Now, the place where two arms of the church crosses is called the crossing, el crucero. 00:09:10
We have this arm, this short arm, and we have this long arm. 00:09:18
So as you can see, the image from the top, it's a Christian cross. 00:09:24
And right here, just in the middle, we have the crossing, el crucero. 00:09:30
And normally, normally, there is a tower. 00:09:36
So if we see the church from the top, it would be something like this. 00:09:40
And right here, we would have the apse, which is rounded. 00:09:51
Right here, we have the crossing. 00:09:58
Sometimes, we have some other apse right here and right here and sometimes right here. 00:10:02
Sometimes, there was an ambulatory so that the pilgrims could walk around the main altar and view the relics right there. 00:10:13
In this image, we can see all these elements of the Romanesque cathedral or Romanesque church. 00:10:24
Naves laterales, esta sería la nave central. 00:10:34
El transepto, que es el brazo corto o la nave perpendicular corta, este sería el crucero. 00:10:40
La girola, o ambulatorio, que es todo esto de aquí. 00:10:51
Están dando misa, viene el peregrino, viene el peregrino por aquí, hace así, y el ambulatorio, viene por aquí y ya se va. 00:10:59
Tenemos los ábsiles, que es todo esto, y estos son los absidiolos, que son pequeños ábsiles. 00:11:10
Ahora es el momento de ver algunos ejemplos de este estilo romanesco. 00:11:17
Cuando hablamos de las proporciones pesadas, es decir, las paredes gruesas y la estructura compacta, estamos hablando de estos ejemplos aquí. 00:11:22
As you can see, the walls are very thick, we can see how thick is this wall. 00:11:35
Normally, they have from one to two meters or even more. 00:11:44
That's why they were very heavy and they were not so tall as the Gothic is going to be. 00:11:51
They are not so tall. 00:11:59
Well, very compact structure, normally they are very wide and they are not very tall. 00:12:02
Well, another important thing is that the windows are very small, as you can see, there are almost no windows. 00:12:13
Why? 00:12:24
It's very easy, because the walls are very thick and they are too heavy. 00:12:26
Now, for example, as we have a door right here, and this would be very heavy, all this part, that's why they have opened a window. 00:12:32
Because if they don't open a window, this is going to be very heavy because of this vein, because of this big door. 00:12:45
And this is going to fall, and this is the reason why they opened this window. 00:12:53
Remember this to compare it with the Gothic. 00:13:01
Well, right here you have an example of barred vault, it's what I explained just before. 00:13:09
Actually, this is quite simple, this is just a round arch and it's making a nave from a continuous round arch. 00:13:16
In Spanish we call this arch fajones, arcos fajones. 00:13:35
Well, the round arch is just, in Spanish we call it arco de medio punto. 00:13:41
This is so easy, like this, ok? 00:13:47
This is half circle, half circle. 00:13:51
Well, and it can be decorated in several ways, ok? 00:13:56
As you can see right here with a double column. 00:14:02
Now, as I told you before, they normally don't create a sculpture just to be alone. 00:14:06
They use the sculpture with architecture. 00:14:13
So, all the sculptures we are going to see in the Romanesque are normally in the buildings, as we can see right here. 00:14:18
Well, this is the batters I told you before. 00:14:27
As the walls are very thick, they need to create these batters, these contrafuertes, to avoid the wall falls. 00:14:30
Well, I told you about the apse before, los apsides, ok? 00:14:41
They can be more than one. 00:14:48
And then we have the lateral one of the apsidiolos, the small apse. 00:14:51
It depends on the different style in the Romanesque, we have different types. 00:14:59
Well, as I told you before, this is the ambulatory, ok? 00:15:07
This is the ambulatory. 00:15:11
Well, as I told you before, this is the ambulatory, ok? 00:15:14
Where the pilgrims could walk around while people is listening to the priest. 00:15:18
Well, another thing I told you before, they use small windows and you already know the reason. 00:15:26
The walls are very thick and they cannot open big windows because the building would fall easily. 00:15:33
Very important and very characteristic, the bell towers. 00:15:41
Normally, we have bell towers right here at the front of the building. 00:15:45
Normally, we always have it. 00:15:50
And we have also just in the crossing, ok? 00:15:53
There are many particularities in the different Romanesque styles. 00:16:00
There are many particularities in the different Romanesque styles. 00:16:05
For example, we have an example of the Romanesque of the Pyrenees. 00:16:11
And also in Italy, they have the bell towers out of the main building. 00:16:17
Now, as I told you before, they use the Latin cross plant, ok? 00:16:26
So they have this shape normally. 00:16:32
There are some using Greek cross plant, which is just like the red cross, ok? 00:16:35
Just like here. 00:16:42
And they also use, it's not very common, except in Italy, the Basilica style. 00:16:44
The Basilica style is just like a nave with an apse, ok? 00:16:52
Just this. 00:16:57
The plant churches were usually cruciform, like the one I told you before. 00:16:59
To recall the cross on which Jesus died. 00:17:04
This is, we call it the Latin cross, ok? 00:17:08
This one. 00:17:11
Now, the long arm of the cross was made up of one or more naves. 00:17:13
You already know what is a nave, ok? 00:17:18
And it's finishing in an apse. 00:17:21
The shorter arm is called transept. 00:17:23
Remember this word, transept. 00:17:26
And they also, sometimes, they also finish in apse. 00:17:28
It depends. 00:17:31
Well, right here you have some examples of different type of plants. 00:17:33
Las plantas. 00:17:39
This would be Latin, ok? 00:17:41
This would be Latin. 00:17:44
This is the transept, ok? 00:17:46
The main nave. 00:17:50
The lateral naves, ok? 00:17:52
The ambulatory. 00:17:55
The apse. 00:17:57
The small apse. 00:17:59
Now, we have the Greek plant, right here. 00:18:01
They are not very common. 00:18:05
And the basilica, the basilica plant, which are common just in Italy. 00:18:07
Well, the Latin cross from the top, as you can see. 00:18:15
If we have a, we make a photo from a drone or a plane, we see the plants right here. 00:18:20
We see right here the main nave, the apse, ok? 00:18:28
And the lateral naves and the transept. 00:18:35
And right here we can also see, ok, the crossing. 00:18:42
There is a tower. 00:18:46
The different apse. 00:18:48
See, we can see the different type of apse. 00:18:50
Ok, the main one and the lateral and the small ones. 00:18:53
Now, the most, one of the most characteristic elements of this Romanesque architecture is the barrel vault, as I told you before. 00:18:57
As you can see these round arches, ok? 00:19:08
And this is like the main nave. 00:19:15
Well now, time to talk about sculpture. 00:19:21
Now, as I have already told you, it's used in conjunction with architecture, ok? 00:19:24
Normally are in the portals, in the portals, like the main entrance of the buildings. 00:19:35
They are made in the archibalds and the tympanums. 00:19:43
One of the main characteristics of the elongated bodies, unreal and inorganic elements, spiritual and flat. 00:19:48
And almost always frontal positions. 00:20:00
We are going to see some examples right now. 00:20:04
Like this one. 00:20:07
As you can see, we have a frontal position, we have some of these unrealistic elements. 00:20:09
You can see the size of the hands, ok? 00:20:15
If we compare it with the rest of the body. 00:20:20
We can see the feet, which are very, very big compared with the rest of the body. 00:20:22
And they have this duck form, very characteristic. 00:20:32
Well, right here, they show us the sacred book. 00:20:39
And this hand is like blessing the people. 00:20:47
Well, this would be a church portal. 00:20:56
This is the main entrance. 00:21:00
Alright, this is the main entrance. 00:21:02
And we have the jump pedestal, the colonnade, the jump column, the jump figure. 00:21:03
The tympanum, which is right here, where the main images are. 00:21:13
The bourgeois, the archibalds and the sprandle. 00:21:20
These elements are always talking about an episode of the Bible. 00:21:25
Normally, right here, we have Jesus Christ or the most important persons of Christianity. 00:21:30
And right here, normally, they are representing the saints and some other situations in the Bible. 00:21:42
Right here, we have another example, a real one. 00:21:52
When the door is really big, they create a column and it's called parteluz. 00:21:57
Right here, we would have a door and right here, we would have another door. 00:22:08
This would be the dintel, el dintel. 00:22:13
The tympanum. 00:22:16
Here we see Jesus, much bigger than the other characters. 00:22:19
Here we have other characters, also much smaller. 00:22:29
We always go from more importance to less importance. 00:22:33
And here are the archibalds. 00:22:38
As you can see, everything is filled with some kind of sculpture. 00:22:39
Even if they are different geometric decorative elements, as we have, for example, in this area here. 00:22:49
This is called horroris vacui, horror of the void. 00:23:00
Well, right here, we have another example of this door, which would be something like this. 00:23:04
Here we have another example. 00:23:15
As you can see, the door is horroris vacui. 00:23:21
Again, everything is full. 00:23:28
The rest of the facade does not have to have much decoration, but the facade is very decorated with different elements. 00:23:31
And then you will see that the most important elements, normally Jesus, the apostles, 00:23:41
are always larger in size than the rest of the characters. 00:23:48
One of the curious things, which is why it is called Romanesque, 00:23:59
and has to do with, or is based on, or has influence on Roman art, 00:24:05
is that, for example, this image, I don't know if it reminds you of that Romanesque architecture, 00:24:10
which is the triumphal arch. 00:24:21
Imagine trying to avoid the rest of the facade. 00:24:24
This is similar to a triumphal arch. 00:24:29
Well, now, let's keep talking about this culture. 00:24:32
Now, in the Middle Ages, the art had an educational and religious function. 00:24:36
Most of the people could not read and write. 00:24:42
So, images taught them about the Christianity or the Christian religion. 00:24:46
The size and the shape of Romanesque sculpture were adapted to fit into the spaces available. 00:24:52
So, they changed the size depending on the architecture. 00:24:58
Now, human figures were unrealistic, remember this, they are unrealistic. 00:25:05
Well, today, we cannot see them today. 00:25:14
But the sculptures were painted with bright colors. 00:25:17
Today, most of these colors have disappeared. 00:25:21
Now, the facades and of the churches, especially the tympanums, 00:25:24
were decorated with subjects such as Christ in glory 00:25:28
and the Last Judgment. 00:25:33
Well, right here, we have some more examples. 00:25:36
As you can see, sculptures fit on the space they have. 00:25:39
So, it's related, totally related with the architecture. 00:25:45
As we can see, this would be Jesus. 00:25:50
And this would be the apostles. 00:25:54
And some saints, normally, some saints or important people of the church. 00:26:02
Well, the capitals and the cloisters were decorated with animals, plants, 00:26:08
biblical stories, and everyday scenes. 00:26:15
Now, there were wooden carvings, usually on the altars. 00:26:19
They used wood. 00:26:24
Now, two main themes were shown, normally. 00:26:26
The Virgin and the Child, and Christ on the cross. 00:26:30
These are the two main subjects of Romanesque. 00:26:35
Well, here you have examples of capitals, of the sculpture that is very detailed. 00:26:42
On the other hand, it lacks the representation of the feeling, 00:26:48
therefore, it is not naturalistic. 00:26:54
It is very unnaturalistic. 00:26:56
Here would be the representation of Adam and Eve. 00:27:00
Here you see, for example, the size of the heads, how big they are. 00:27:06
They are very hieratic, which means that there is very little movement. 00:27:11
Look at the almond-shaped eyes, typical of Romanesque. 00:27:17
You see that there is no representation of feeling. 00:27:21
I don't know, I got a ... 00:27:24
There is no representation of feeling, or happiness, or anything. 00:27:27
The cloisters were full of motifs of this type. 00:27:34
Each capital is the representation of a biblical passage. 00:27:40
We have this whole part here, and the whole part above. 00:27:46
These are the monasteries' cloisters. 00:27:50
Well, here we have an example of Romanesque painting. 00:28:20
We see that this is a fresco painting. 00:28:23
The main things we have to see here are the absence of perspective. 00:28:30
There is no background. 00:28:36
They are monochromatic backgrounds of a single color. 00:28:38
There are no landscapes, there are no places. 00:28:42
It is simply a background of a color, normally of a living color. 00:28:45
Or sometimes they are strange architectures. 00:28:48
There is an absence of lighting. 00:28:52
There are no lighter areas than others. 00:28:55
They are flat colors. 00:28:59
The perspective is hierarchical. 00:29:02
Hierarchical means that it is represented, just as we do in architecture, 00:29:05
it is represented to the most important, greatest characters. 00:29:09
It is the law of respect. 00:29:14
Not only in the figures, but also in the different themes. 00:29:16
Each space is a theme. 00:29:20
This would be the mystical almond tree. 00:29:23
The outline of the figures is always delimited by thick and dark strokes. 00:29:26
You see that if we look closely, all the figures have a black line. 00:29:32
Definition of shapes through uniform color zones without gradation. 00:29:36
They are colors or there is no game with the scale of colors. 00:29:50
They are flat colors. 00:29:55
Another important thing is the absence of movement. 00:29:57
We see that hieratism, that is, static figures, are the ones that govern the paintings. 00:29:59
That is why we speak of hieratism and rigidity, solemnity. 00:30:10
Just as it happened with sculpture and architecture, 00:30:15
painting will adapt to space and the architectural framework. 00:30:20
And it will also give that vacuum horror that we talked about earlier, 00:30:30
just as it happened in sculpture. 00:30:34
Geometrization and symmetry will be taken care of. 00:30:37
That is, if we draw a line, we will have symmetry. 00:30:42
Although we see that each arm has a shape, we see that there are symmetrical elements. 00:30:48
If we look, for example, at the face, we see that symmetry. 00:30:59
One part is equal to the other. 00:31:06
And the colors, which are varied, intense, but there are no degrees of color. 00:31:09
Another thing that is very common are the V-shaped feet that I mentioned before, 00:31:20
which are in the shape of a duck, and the superposition of the heads. 00:31:28
It is also important to say that, if you look at the figures, 00:31:31
they do not represent happiness or sadness, nor do they try not to have feelings. 00:31:39
Well, the most important paintings were inside the churches. 00:31:47
Human figures were rigid and schematic. 00:31:53
Some were painted much bigger than the rest, because of the importance of this figure. 00:31:58
Now, the bright colors were used. 00:32:05
Figures were outlined in black, as I told you before. 00:32:08
And the eyes and hands were emphasized. 00:32:13
That means that they were bigger than the rest of the body. 00:32:17
That's why these paintings were unrealistic. 00:32:22
Now, there were no background landscapes important to compare with the Gothic. 00:32:25
Here you have an example of Romanesque painting, 00:32:32
which is the Pantocrator of the Apse of St. Clement of Toul, here in the peninsula. 00:32:37
We have a thick line drawing. 00:32:42
The colors are flat, that is, there is no color degradation. 00:32:47
There is a lack of depth and light. 00:32:52
It is simply a flat color behind. 00:32:55
There is a hierarchization of figures. 00:33:00
Here we only see the figure of Jesus, but on the rest of the sides there are smaller figures. 00:33:03
They are geometric columns. 00:33:11
If we see the complete figure, we see a certain geometry. 00:33:15
There is a juxtaposed composition that is superimposed. 00:33:19
There is a clear absence of movement, that is, a hieratism that gives solemnity. 00:33:23
And it is devoid of detail to reflect the essential. 00:33:29
And this is the key. 00:33:33
They want to reflect the essential. 00:33:35
They are symbols. 00:33:37
Well, schematic conventionalism. 00:33:39
Feet in V. 00:33:42
Here we have it, although it is not seen. 00:33:44
Symmetrical folds. 00:33:47
We see the different folds that the tunics have, for example, here. 00:33:49
Head superimposition. 00:33:55
In this case we do not see it, but if we saw it in full it would be seen. 00:33:57
Depth. 00:34:02
Sorry. 00:34:04
There is no depth. 00:34:06
Plasma of a certain movement through the repetition of gestures in several figures. 00:34:08
We can't see it in this one either, but if we saw it in full, we can see it. 00:34:13
Well, this is another example of Romanesque painting, but in this case it would be a manuscript. 00:34:19
That is, painting in a book. 00:34:24
But the same idea. 00:34:29
We see, for example, in the Romanesque, the child is not a child. 00:34:31
If you look at it, it is a Lord. 00:34:37
It is God. 00:34:39
And he is in a position of blessing. 00:34:41
There is no communication between mother and son. 00:34:44
In this case it would be the adoration of the Magi. 00:34:49
The main themes were Christ in glory and the Virgin and Child. 00:35:19
But they also used panel paintings, used in the altars, using small altarpieces, using wood. 00:35:25
The lives of saints and marches were also shown. 00:35:34
And the miniatures, these paintings to decorate manuscripts or books are also used. 00:35:39
Right here you have some examples of this fresco painting. 00:35:49
This is the apse of two churches. 00:35:53
This is the previous one. 00:35:56
As you can see, we can see right here all these characteristics we have been talking about. 00:35:58
And here the same. 00:36:08
This is a manuscript again. 00:36:14
Now, check the feet. 00:36:17
Check the heads. 00:36:21
Always like this. 00:36:25
If we draw a line, we see some symmetry between this part and the other one. 00:36:28
See the feet. 00:36:37
Always blessing position and the Bible. 00:36:39
Well, it's quite easy to understand the Romanesque style in painting. 00:36:44
Well, right here you have some other examples. 00:36:54
As you can see, more or less, it's always the same. 00:36:57
And some manuscripts about different stories. 00:37:01
This is just the Vikings' invasions. 00:37:06
And some other manuscripts, which are always with the same idea. 00:37:10
And that's all. 00:37:17
This is over. 00:37:19
I hope you like it. 00:37:21
Idioma/s:
en
Autor/es:
Lucas Úbeda Álvarez
Subido por:
Lucas U.
Licencia:
Reconocimiento - No comercial
Visualizaciones:
5
Fecha:
28 de julio de 2023 - 13:34
Visibilidad:
Clave
Centro:
CP INF-PRI PADRE GARRALDA
Duración:
37′ 25″
Relación de aspecto:
4:3 Hasta 2009 fue el estándar utilizado en la televisión PAL; muchas pantallas de ordenador y televisores usan este estándar, erróneamente llamado cuadrado, cuando en la realidad es rectangular o wide.
Resolución:
1024x768 píxeles
Tamaño:
1.30

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