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The revolution of 1848 - Contenido educativo

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Subido el 6 de noviembre de 2023 por Luis H.

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Hello class, after explaining the revolutions in the 20s and 30s, today we are going to 00:00:00
pay attention to the wave of revolutions in 1848. So let's start by explaining the breeding 00:00:09
ground of these revolutions. The revolutions in 1848 were more extensive because there 00:00:17
were more countries involved. They were also more radical because the revolutionaries in 00:00:26
the 20s and 30s wanted to implement only the liberal political system, but now the revolutionaries 00:00:35
wanted more. They wanted to set up a complete democratic system. For this reason, more people 00:00:44
were involved in the revolutions and they gave a boost to the revolution in order to implement a 00:00:52
complete democratic system. The revolution began in France in 1848 when Louis-Philippe, the Bourbon 00:01:01
king, was overthrown from power. What was the reason of that? If you remember, Louis-Philippe 00:01:11
came into power in 1830. At that moment, he promised many things to the revolutionaries, 00:01:19
but in the end, he was a conservative liberal. He implemented a limited liberal political system 00:01:27
and for this reason, he excluded commoners from power. That explains the origin of the revolution 00:01:41
in France. So, when the revolution succeeded, the second republic was implemented and the king 00:01:50
when he fled from France to the United Kingdom until he died. As a consequence of that, 00:01:59
as I said before, the second republic was implemented with a constitution based on 00:02:09
the universal male suffrage. So, at least men had the right to vote in France. 00:02:19
Very soon, the revolution from France spread to the German confederation in Prussia, in Austria, 00:02:32
and finally, there was also a wave of revolutions in what is now Italy. So, let's explain now what 00:02:41
happened in all of these countries. In Prussia, the authoritarian government managed to stop the 00:02:50
revolution. For example, one of the revolutionaries, Karl Marx, who became the Marxist leader, 00:02:59
fled from Prussia together with his family to France. He began to live in Paris and he had 00:03:10
an important meeting there with Friedrich Engels. This meeting changed history, but I will explain 00:03:18
that at the end of the lesson. In the Austrian Empire, the revolution succeeded in one way or 00:03:27
another because the prime minister Metternich was an absolutist. If you remember, Metternich 00:03:35
was the man who organized the conference in Vienna to implement again absolutism. Now, due to the 00:03:43
successful revolution in the Austrian Empire, Metternich was forced to resign and the Austrian 00:03:54
Empire implemented more liberal ideas and more liberal reforms. It was true that the Austrian 00:04:02
Empire carried on being authoritarian, but they, step by step, implemented more liberal reforms. 00:04:09
And what happened in Italy? Now, finally, in Italy, the most significant revolutionary was 00:04:17
Giuseppe Garibaldi. Please remember this name. Garibaldi was a socialist and he wanted to 00:04:26
implement in Italy a complete democracy. And also, he was in favor of the Italian unification 00:04:34
because Italy didn't exist at that moment. It was composed of different states and Garibaldi 00:04:44
was in favor of the Italian unification. And for this reason, he wanted to expel the Austrians 00:04:55
from the north, from the area of Venice, Milan. The revolution in 1848 had all of these goals in 00:05:02
mind, those two important goals, but the revolution did not succeed. And as a consequence, Giuseppe 00:05:12
Garibaldi was forced to flee. He fled from the Italian estates to South America and he had to 00:05:23
wait until 1870 for the unification. And the Austrians carried on controlling, they took over 00:05:34
the area of the north of Italy. So, let's carry on explaining the characteristics of these 00:05:44
revolutions. For example, in France, you want to know in depth what happened in the revolution. 00:05:55
In France, the revolutionaries set up barricades in order to get more rights because they were in 00:06:02
favor of the freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly, which was the 00:06:11
region of the political parties. And of course, they were in favor of the freedom of press. 00:06:18
They demanded popular sovereignty because, according to their opinion, power should be in 00:06:24
the hands of the people, not in the hands of the authoritarian kings. And as a consequence of that, 00:06:31
they demanded the universal male suffrage and social equality in the judiciary system. 00:06:39
So, imagine when the bourgeoisie saw all of these rights and changes that the commoners 00:06:47
claimed. Obviously, they were afraid of that. And at that moment, the bourgeoisie made an alliance 00:06:57
with the army because both of them wanted to suppress the revolutionary movement in order to 00:07:06
implement another way of conservative liberalism. And all of this happened in Spain and also in 00:07:15
other countries such as France. Let me explain in detail what happened in France. In France, 00:07:26
in my opinion, it was the best example because the revolution succeeded in June in 1848. 00:07:34
But very, very soon, the moderate bourgeoisie, together with the army, made an alliance 00:07:42
and Louis Napoleon, Napoleon's Bonaparte nephew, came into power. He started to be authoritarian. 00:07:48
He implemented just limited liberal reforms. But step by step, Louis Napoleon 00:08:01
began to implement even more authoritarian reforms. And he emerged as Napoleon III because he began 00:08:12
to be a despot. He, step by step, became more and more authoritarian. And I would say that from 00:08:24
1851 onwards, Napoleon III implemented an authoritarian state with certain and limited 00:08:32
liberal reforms. So, it was true that in one way or another, the revolution in 1848 00:08:45
succeeded. But what were the consequences of these revolutions in the 20s, 30s, and 40s? 00:08:55
The vast majority of the historians said that the outcome was positive because certain values from 00:09:06
the French Revolution were implemented in the Western countries, in countries such as Spain, 00:09:15
France, Italy, and also in what is now Germany. 00:09:24
Basically, the values from the French Revolution were implemented in the Western 00:09:33
countries. And it was true that from that moment, less countries were authoritarian and 00:09:39
liberal constitutions and liberalism in general was implemented based on male-sensitory suffrage, 00:09:47
at least. Because remember the difference between the universal suffrage and the sensitory 00:09:56
suffrage. In the universal suffrage, it was true that all men had the right to vote. 00:10:05
And in the sensory suffrage, only men with certain wealth and properties had the right to vote. 00:10:12
It was true that in general, broadly speaking, we had to wait more for a complete democracy 00:10:21
based on universal male suffrage. Because remember that women only had the right to vote 00:10:28
from the 20th century onwards. So it was true that at least we have to wait more for a complete 00:10:35
democracy. But in certain countries, they managed at least to implement a 00:10:48
sensory suffrage and a limited liberal system. And also, self-dom, which was 00:10:56
an important characteristic from the old regime, was abolished in the vast majority of the 00:11:06
Western countries in Europe, with the only exception of Russia. So this is a characteristic 00:11:14
which explains that the old regime was giving its final steps because self-dom, la servidumbre, 00:11:21
with the selfs, disappeared, ended in Western Europe, with the only exception of Russia. 00:11:32
So, to conclude with the lesson, I will say that after all of these revolutions in the 20s, 30s, 00:11:41
and 40s, the bourgeoisie took control. They managed also to defend the public order. 00:11:49
And on the other hand, the commoners, common people, were defeated and they were not able to 00:11:59
implement the political and social transformations that they had hoped to change. 00:12:09
But it was true also that after all of these revolutions, commoners began to develop 00:12:17
social consciousness, confiancia social, and as a consequence, they, step by step, 00:12:28
began to organize themselves so as to stand up against the bourgeoisie 00:12:35
and the limited liberal political systems that they had helped to create. 00:12:43
So, I would say that it was true that the bourgeoisie took control of the political 00:12:53
system, but it is also the moment when the commoners began to develop their social 00:13:00
consciousness so as to stand up against the bourgeoisie. And the best example of this was 00:13:06
the Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich 00:13:13
Engels together with the help of their wives. For example, Jenny, Karl Marx's wife, 00:13:23
had an important role together with Friedrich Engels' wife to write the Communist Manifesto. 00:13:30
The Communist Manifesto contained or compiled the ideas from the workers, the ideas from the 00:13:40
common people, in order to have the feelings to fight against the bourgeoisie. So, as a consequence, 00:13:50
there were many, many events in history that happened after the Communist Manifesto 00:14:01
that gave, in general, more rights to the commoners. After the Communist Manifesto, 00:14:08
which was written, remember, in 1848, there were also other events and other revolutions that gave 00:14:21
step by step more power and more rights to the common people. But this is another lesson, 00:14:31
so don't skip the following lessons because we will explain that. 00:14:39
Thank you for your attention and have a good day. Bye-bye. 00:14:44
Autor/es:
Luis Horrillo Sánchez
Subido por:
Luis H.
Licencia:
Dominio público
Visualizaciones:
173
Fecha:
6 de noviembre de 2023 - 9:48
Visibilidad:
Público
Centro:
IES CERVANTES
Duración:
14′ 57″
Relación de aspecto:
1.66:1
Resolución:
3126x1882 píxeles
Tamaño:
40.21 MBytes

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